Surviving winter on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau:Extensive reversible protein phosphorylation plays a dominant role in regulating hypometabolism in hibernating Nanorana parkeri

Changes in protein abundance and reversible protein phosphorylation(RPP)play important roles in regulating hypometabolism but have never been documented in overwintering frogs at high altitudes.To test the hypothesis that protein abundance and phosphorylation change in response to winter hibernation,we conducted a comprehensive and quantitative proteomic and phosphoproteomic analysis of the liver of the Xizang plateau frog,Nanorana parkeri,living on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.In total,5170 proteins and 5695 phosphorylation sites in 1938 proteins were quantified.Based on proteomic analysis,674 differentially expressed proteins(438 up-regulated,236 down-regulated)were screened in hibernating N.parkeri versus summer individuals.Functional enrichment analysis revealed that higher expressed proteins in winter were significantly enriched in immune-related signaling pathways,whereas lower expressed proteins were mainly involved in metabolic processes.A total of 4251 modified sites(4147 up-regulated,104 down-regulated)belonging to 1638 phosphoproteins(1555 up-regulated,83 down-regulated)were significantly changed in the liver.During hibernation,RPP regulated a diverse array of proteins involved in multiple functions,including metabolic enzymatic activity,ion transport,protein turnover,signal transduction,and alternative splicing.These changes contribute to enhancing protection,suppressing energy-consuming processes,and inducing metabolic depression.Moreover,the activities of phosphofructokinase,glutamate dehydrogenase,and ATPase were all significantly lower in winter compared to summer.In conclusion,our results support the hypothesis and demonstrate the importance of RPP as a regulatory mechanism when animals transition into a hypometabolic state.

Value of Low Dose Dobutamine Doppler Tissue Imaging for Detecting Hibernating Myocardium

Summary: In order to assess the value of Doppler tissue imaging (DTI) in detecting viable hibernating myocardium, 20 patients with coronary artery disease and chronic left ventricular dysfunction underwent low dose dobutamine stress echocardiography and low dose dobutamine stress DTI. The results showed that among the 100 asynergic segments, 35 segments showed improvement after dobutamine infusion (group H) and no changes were observed in the remaining 65 segments (group N). The left ventricular echocardiographic score index decreased from 1.60±0. 35 to 1.44±0.36 ( n =20, P <0.01). During low dose dobutamine stress DTI, there was no difference in the values of velosity of S wave (V s) before dobutamine infusion between two groups. However, after dobutamine infusion, the values of V s and VR in group H were significantly higher than those in group N (V s:10.1±3.0 cm/s vs 7.3±2.2 cm/s, P <0.01; VR: 60 %±41 % vs 25 %±32 %, P <0.001). 95.7 % asynergic myocardial segments with VR≤0 had no viability while 86 % asynergic segments with VR>80 % were viable myocardium. It is concluded that the different reactions to dobutamine stress between hibernating and necrosis myocardium could be showed by DTI and it is more clinically significant when VR≤0 and VR>80 %.

Effect of pharmaceutical intervention on AT_1R, AT_2R, ERK and JNK activity in chronic hibernating myocardium in rabbits

Objective： To investigate in chronic hibernating myocardium in rabbits and the influence and significance of captopril, betaloc, valsartan in angiotensin Ⅱ subtype 1 receptor（AT1R）, angiotensin Ⅱ subtype 2 receptor（AT2R）, extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 （ERK1/2）, c-Jun N-terminal kinase（JNK）. Methods： The model of chronic hibernating myocardium（CHM） was established. The changes of AT1R, AT2R, ERK1/2, JNK in different groups were assessed by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Results： The amount of AT1R decreased while AT2R increased in the CON group compared with in sham group, and both AT1R and AT2R decreased in drug groups compared with the CON group. The content of ERK had no change in each group, while that of ＂expression＂ p-ERK increased in CON group compared with in sham group, and was lower in drug intervention groups than in CON and sham groups. The contents of JNK and p-JNK decreased in CON and drug intervention groups compared with in sham group. The protein levels of JNK, p-JNK in drug intervention groups were lower than in the CON group. Three drugs can inhibit interstitial fibrosis and reduce apoptotic cells. The expression levels in the groups（with different doses） had statistical difference as well as between groups of captopril and other drugs; however the results between betaloc and valsartan had no significant difference. Conclusion： AT1R, AT2R may be the upper stream receptor of ERK and JNK and may participate in generation and evolution of CHM. Captopril, valsartan and betaloc may preserve CHM by inhibiting ATIR, AT2R and JNK activity.

Effect of Dietary Vitamin C on the Antioxidant Defense System of Hibernating Juvenile Three-keeled Pond Turtles (Chinemys reevesii)

Juvenile three-keeled pond turtles(Chinemys reevesii) were fed diets supplemented with vitamin C(Vc) at doses of 0(basal diet, Vc0), 100(Vc100), 200(Vc200), 500(Vc500) and 2500(Vc2500) mg/kg diets at 28°C for 4 weeks, respectively. Then, the water temperature was gradually reduced to 10°C, and the turtles were induced into hibernation. Liver tissue samples were collected at three time points: start of hibernation(T1), 4 and 6 weeks’ hibernation(T2 and T3). A control group fed with the basal diet was set to parallel the whole treatment process, but reared at 28°C constantly. The results showed that hibernation mildly affected the antioxidant system and the influence varied with hibernating time. Hepatic malondialdehyde content of the Vc100 group was significantly lower than that of the other groups at T1. At T2, hepatic MDA in the groups of Vc500 and Vc2500 decreased significantly, while no clear differences were found among all groups at T3. The activities of antioxidant enzymes showed a positive correlation with dietary Vc dose before hibernation. After hibernation, total antioxidant capability was not affected by Vc. Superoxide dismutase activity became similar in different groups at T2, but decreased in higher Vc groups(≥ 200 mg/kg) at T3. Glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase activities decreased significantly with dietary Vc supplementation(≥ 100 mg/kg) at T2, but recovered at T3. The result indicates that under normal rearing condition, low dietary Vc supplementation(< 100 mg/kg) might be beneficial to the antioxidant defense system. The effect of dietary Vc on the antioxidant defense system differed during hibernation.

Application of artificial hibernation technology in acute brain injury

Controlling intracranial pressure,nerve cell regeneration,and microenvironment regulation are the key issues in reducing mortality and disability in acute brain injury.There is currently a lack of effective treatment methods.Hibernation has the characteristics of low temperature,low metabolism,and hibernation rhythm,as well as protective effects on the nervous,cardiovascular,and motor systems.Artificial hibernation technology is a new technology that can effectively treat acute brain injury by altering the body’s metabolism,lowering the body’s core temperature,and allowing the body to enter a state similar to hibernation.This review introduces artificial hibernation technology,including mild hypothermia treatment technology,central nervous system regulation technology,and artificial hibernation-inducer technology.Upon summarizing the relevant research on artificial hibernation technology in acute brain injury,the research results show that artificial hibernation technology has neuroprotective,anti-inflammatory,and oxidative stress-resistance effects,indicating that it has therapeutic significance in acute brain injury.Furthermore,artificial hibernation technology can alleviate the damage of ischemic stroke,traumatic brain injury,cerebral hemorrhage,cerebral infarction,and other diseases,providing new strategies for treating acute brain injury.However,artificial hibernation technology is currently in its infancy and has some complications,such as electrolyte imbalance and coagulation disorders,which limit its use.Further research is needed for its clinical application.

The future of artificial hibernation medicine:protection of nerves and organs after spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injury is a serious disease of the central nervous system involving irreversible nerve injury and various organ system injuries.At present,no effective clinical treatment exists.As one of the artificial hibernation techniques,mild hypothermia has preliminarily confirmed its clinical effect on spinal cord injury.However,its technical defects and barriers,along with serious clinical side effects,restrict its clinical application for spinal cord injury.Artificial hibernation is a futureoriented disruptive technology for human life support.It involves endogenous hibernation inducers and hibernation-related central neuromodulation that activate particular neurons,reduce the central constant temperature setting point,disrupt the normal constant body temperature,make the body adapt"to the external cold environment,and reduce the physiological resistance to cold stimulation.Thus,studying the artificial hibernation mechanism may help develop new treatment strategies more suitable for clinical use than the cooling method of mild hypothermia technology.This review introduces artificial hibernation technologies,including mild hypothermia technology,hibernation inducers,and hibernation-related central neuromodulation technology.It summarizes the relevant research on hypothermia and hibernation for organ and nerve protection.These studies show that artificial hibernation technologies have therapeutic significance on nerve injury after spinal co rd injury through inflammatory inhibition,immunosuppression,oxidative defense,and possible central protection.It also promotes the repair and protection of res pirato ry and digestive,cardiovascular,locomoto r,urinary,and endocrine systems.This review provides new insights for the clinical treatment of nerve and multiple organ protection after spinal cord injury thanks to artificial hibernation.At present,artificial hibernation technology is not mature,and research fa ces various challenges.Neve rtheless,the effort is wo rthwhile for the future development of medicine.

Comparative transcriptomic evidence of physiological changes and potential relationships in vertebrates under different dormancy states

Dormancy represents a fascinating adaptive strategy for organisms to survive in unforgiving environments.After a period of dormancy,organisms often exhibit exceptional resilience.This period is typically divided into hibernation and aestivation based on seasonal patterns.However,the mechanisms by which organisms adapt to their environments during dormancy,as well as the potential relationships between different states of dormancy,deserve further exploration.Here,we selected Perccottus glenii and Protopterus annectens as the primary subjects to study hibernation and aestivation,respectively.Based on histological and transcriptomic analysis of multiple organs,we discovered that dormancy involved a coordinated functional response across organs.Enrichment analyses revealed noteworthy disparities between the two dormant species in their responses to extreme temperatures.Notably,similarities in gene expression patterns pertaining to energy metabolism,neural activity,and biosynthesis were noted during hibernation,suggesting a potential correlation between hibernation and aestivation.To further explore the relationship between these two phenomena,we analyzed other dormancy-capable species using data from publicly available databases.This comparative analysis revealed that most orthologous genes involved in metabolism,cell proliferation,and neural function exhibited consistent expression patterns during dormancy,indicating that the observed similarity between hibernation and aestivation may be attributable to convergent evolution.In conclusion,this study enhances our comprehension of the dormancy phenomenon and offers new insights into the molecular mechanisms underpinning vertebrate dormancy.

Differential Expression of Mature MicroRNAs Involved in Muscle Maintenance of Hibernating Little Brown Bats, Myotis lucifugus: A Model of Muscle Atrophy Resistance

Muscle wasting is common in mammals during extended periods of immobility. However, many small hibernating mammals manage to avoid muscle atrophy despite remaining stationary for long periods during hibernation. Recent research has highlighted roles for short non-coding microRNAs （miRNAs） in the regulation of stress tolerance. We proposed that they could also play an important role in muscle maintenance during hibernation. To explore this possibility, a group of 10 miRNAs known to be normally expressed in skeletal muscle of non-hibernating mammals were analyzed by RT-PCR in hibernating little brown bats, Myotis lucifugus. We then compared the expression of these miRNAs in euthermic control bats and bats in torpor. Our results showed that compared to euthermic controls, sig- nificant, albeit modest （1.2-1.6 fold）, increases in transcript expression were observed for eight mature miRNAs, including miR-la-1, miR-29b, miR-181b, miR-15a, miR-20a, miR-206 and miR-128-1, in the pectoral muscle of torpid bats. Conversely, expression of miR-21 decreased by 80% during torpor, while expression of miR-107 remained unaffected. Interestingly, these miRNAs have been either validated or predicted to affect multiple muscle-specific factors, including myostatin, FoxO3a, HDAC4 and SMADT, and are likely involved in the preservation of pectoral muscle mass and functionality during bat hibernation.

Changes of characteristics of preoptic neurons and NA metabolism in hypothalamus of ground squirrel (Citelleus Dautieus) in different seasons and hibernating phases

The unit firing activities of neurons in the preoptic area (POA) of ground squirrel hypothalamic tissue slices were recorded and the metabolism of NA in hypothalamus was measured with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Thermosensitivity, proportions, the critical temperature (Tc) and the lowest temperature (TL) of firing activity of the above mentioned neurons, and NA metabolism in hypothalamus were compared in different seasons and hibernating phases. In comparison with that in summer euthermar, it was shown that (i) the percentage and thermosensitivity of the POA neurons varied respectively in the hibernating phases; (ii) TL and Tc of the POA neurons in winter, both euthermar and hibernation, were markedly decreased; (iii) the POA neurons in hibernation became much more sensitive to NA, and the response of cold sensitive neurons to NA changed from inhibiting pattern in summer to exciting one in hibernation; (iv) the contents and metabolism of NA in hypothalamus decreased significantly in the entering phase and deep hibernation phase, while the metabolism of NA increased remarkably in the arousal phase. These changes might explain the regulatory mechanism how ground squirrel actively decreases body temperature (Tb) in entering into hibernation and quickly recovers body temperature in arousal phase.

Up-regulation of Long Non-coding RNA TUG1 in Hibernating Thirteen-lined Ground Squirrels

Mammalian hibernation is associated with multiple physiological, biochemical, and molecular changes that allow animals to endure colder temperatures. We hypothesize that long non-coding RNAs（lnc RNAs）, a group of non-coding transcripts with diverse functions, are differentially expressed during hibernation. In this study, expression levels of lncRNAs H19 and TUG1 were assessed via qRT-PCR in liver, heart, and skeletal muscle tissues of the hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels（Ictidomys tridecemlineatus）. TUG1 transcript levels were significantly elevated 1.94-fold in skeletal muscle of hibernating animals when compared with euthermic animals. Furthermore, transcript levels of HSF2 also increased 2.44-fold in the skeletal muscle in hibernating animals. HSF2 encodes a transcription factor that can be negatively regulated by TUG1 levels and that influences heat shock protein expression. Thus, these observations support the differential expression of the TUG1-HSF2 axis during hibernation. To our knowledge, this study provides the first evidence for differential expression of lnc RNAs in torpid ground squirrels, adding lnc RNAs as another group of transcripts modulated in this mammalian species during hibernation.

Hibernation with rhythmicity:the circadian clock and hormonal adaptations of the hibernating Asiatic toads(Bufo gargarizans)

Hibernation is one of the fundamental strategies in response to cold environmental temperatures.During hibernation,the endocrine and circadian systems ensure minimal expenditure of energy for survival.The circadian rhythms of key hormones,melatonin(MT),corticosterone(CORT),triiodothyronine(T3),and thyroxine(T4),and the underlying molecular regulatory mechanisms of hibernation have been well determined in mammals but not in ectotherms.Here,a terrestrial hibernating species,Asiatic toad(Bufo gargarizans),was employed to investigate the plasma CORT,MT,T3,and T4;and the retina,brain,and liver mRNA expression of the core clock genes,including circadian locomotor output cycles kaput(Clock),brain and muscle ARNT-like 1(Bmal1),cryptochrome(Cry)1 and 2,and period(Per)1 and 2,at 7-time points over a 24-h period under acute cold(1 day at 4℃),and hibernation(45 days at 4℃).Our results showed that the circadian rhythms of the core clock genes were rather unaffected by acute cold exposure in the retina,unlike the brain and liver.In contrast,during hibernation,the liver clock genes displayed significant circadian oscillations,while those in the retina and brain stopped ticking.Furthermore,plasma CORT expressed circadian oscillations in both groups,and T3 in acute cold exposure group,whereas T4 and MT did not.Our results reveal that the plasma CORT and the liver sustain rhythmicity when the brain was not,indicating that the liver clock along with the adrenal clock synergistically maintains the metabolic requirements to ensure basic survival in hibernating Asiatic toads.

基于JavaEE的教师成果管理系统设计与实

教师成果管理信息化是高校信息建设的一部分。针对当前高校教师成果管理的实际情况,我们采用了MVC模式,并借助轻量级JavaEE框架SSH2以及MySQL等技术设计高校教师成果管理系统。我们将从系统开发背景、系统功能特点以及系统设计与实现等方面阐述整个系统的开发过程。经过测试,我们发现教师成果管理系统具有功能完善、健壮性强以及可维护性高等优点,能满足一般高校教师成果管理的需要。

基于数据挖掘的人力资源信息智能调配系统

现有的人力资源信息调配系统在进行调配时因整体框架不合理,存在连接速度慢、负载性能差等问题,提出基于数据挖掘的人力资源信息智能动态调配系统。通过数据挖掘算法确定人力资源信息数据,并计算员工忠诚度,设定人力资源信息调配过程中的入职流程、离职流程以及招聘流程;基于Struts2+Spring+Hibernate组合框架,设计人力资源信息智能动态调配系统的整体结构,通过人力资源信息管理功能、薪酬管理功能和教育培训管理功能模块,完成人力资源信息智能动态调配系统设计。结果表明,所提系统连接速度快、负载性能好。

SSH框架下网络维护及优化管理系统设计分析

伴随着网络规模的不断扩大,网站所承载的信息量也越来越多,硬件功能持续优化升级,系统结构也变得愈加复杂,导致在具体的运行过程中出现故障的频率越来越高。并且,用户对系统功能的需求也会越来越丰富,对网络系统功能的扩充已成为不可回避的问题。为快速解决网络故障,减少故障出现的频率,丰富网络系统的功能属性,可利用Struts-Spring-Hibernate集成框架开展网络维护和优化工作,根据具体情况设计出便捷性强、实用性高的网络维护和优化系统,从而提升网络系统的运行效率,延长使用周期。

数据仓库Hive搭建与应用——以网站流量统计分析为例

云计算等技术的发展,推动了海量数据存储和处理技术的发展,从海量数据中快速找到有价值的信息是进行数据挖掘的关键。Hive能够使用Hibernate查询语言(Hibernate Query Language,HQL)语句对数据进行查询和分析,帮助决策者从海量数据中挖掘出更高价值的信息。以网站流量统计分析为例,从Hive的环境搭建、数据仓库构建、数据查询等方面介绍了Hive的应用。

J2EE数据持久层的解决方案

在基于J2EE项目的开发过程中，数据持久层的设计往往是一个棘手的问题。该文在分析3种主流解决方案的基础上，介绍了开源O-R 映射开源项目Hibernate,并且对J2EE服务器端编程开发架构进行了比较，探讨了采用Hibernate开发架构的技术优势。

基于J2EE的应用框架技术研究

J2EE作为分布式架构的企业级应用平台,在企业的信息化建设中发挥出越来越重要的作用。一方面作为企业信息化应用系统的开发工具,另一方面又作为企业信息化应用系统的集成平台。但就具体的企业应用而言,直接采用J2EE应用服务器开发企业级应用具有较大的风险和难度,因此基于J2EE的各种应用框架技术应运而生,数据持久化层、业务逻辑层、表示层都有相应的框架技术。对于一个具体的企业应用系统,各层具体采用何种技术实现很难定夺。分析研究了基于J2EE的应用框架目的、应用框架的设计原则及方法,提出了应用框架总体结构,并在应用一些项目中得到了应用。

基于SSH整合架构的研究与应用

基于MVC模式的三层结构体系,以流行的Web开发技术—SSH构架为基础,利用ExtJS框架技术,提出了基于ExtJS框架与SSH的整合构架,并以此为基础设计、实现了Web应用平台.由于采用了SSH开源型框架,从而降低了开发成本、提高代码的利用率和系统的扩展性;并通过采用ExtJS框架技术,提高了与用户的交互速度,加强了系统的安全性.

基于J2EE多层架构的Web开发框架研究

在经典的J2EE四层体系结构的基础上增加数据持久层,提出了基于J2EE五层体系结构的Web开发框架;分析了基于Struts框架的J2EE架构中实现对象持久性的局限性,从中分离出对象持久层,并将Hibernate这个面向对象的轻量级对象持久性技术集成到该架构中;应用DAO设计模式在业务逻辑层与持久层之间设计了多源数据访问组件,抽象和封装了对不同数据源的数据访问操作,实现对不同类型、结构、环境、用法的异构数据库的统一访问。

基于Struts和Hibernate的J2EE快速开发框架的设计与实现

该文在Struts和Hibernate的基础上,利用Eclipse开发平台的插件标准,介绍了快速开发框架的原理图和实现结构,并实现了一种可以通过向导自动生成Web应用代码的J2EE快速开发框架。J2EE快速开发框架,易于设计构建。实验结果表明,程序运行可靠,其良好的扩展性满足实际应用的需要。