A Study of High-Temperature and High-Pressure Experiment of Correlativity between Deformational System of Au-Bearing Rocks and Element Adjustment

Modelling of migration and accumulation of elements Au and Ag in rocks under temperatures of 350–450°C and a confining pressure of 300 MPa and axial pressure of 100–150 MPa is conducted. It is found that the contents of gold and silver get higher in metallic sulphides such as pyrite, chalcopyrite and sphalerite as well as in quartz and muscovite, and get lower in chlorite, biotite, seriate, albite and calcite, showing that tectono-dynamics is one of the important factors for petrogenesis and metallogenesis.

Experimental analysis of high temperature capacitance variance of MLCC

High temperature capacitance variance of multi-layer ceramic capacitor （MLCC） is researched.Combined with the characteristics of MLCC,the application of MLCC in fuze is proposed,and the temperature stability of MLCC is also discussed.The experimental results indicate that the capacitance of low frequency MLCC is largely affected by temperature.

An Experimental Study on the Drag Property of High-Temperature Particles Falling into Cold Liquid Pool

This experiment is to study the special resistant induced by the high-speed evaporation surrounding themoving high-temperature particles. An observable equipment was designed, in which the first 11 experiments wereperformed by pouring one or several Zirconia spheres with various high-temperature and a diameter of 3～ 10 mminto a water pool. The particles falling-down speeds were recorded by high-speed photographic instrumentation,and pressures and water temperatures were measured. A comparison between the experiments with cold and hotspheres respectively, employing three different sphere types each, was presented. The experimental data, com-pared with the theory of the evaporation drag model, are nearly identical.

An experimental study of interaction between pure water and alkaline feldspar at high temperatures and pressures

Due to the important scientific significance of the interaction between alkaline feldspar and high-temperature and high-pressure fluids. We have conducted a series of autoclave experiments of feldspar dissolution and secondary mineral precipitation in conditions of 250–500℃, 8-50 MPa, and pH = 3.0 and 5.5. Based on the interaction experiments between alkaline feldspar and fluid of high-temperatures and high-pressures, we get the main results as follows:(1) The law that people have grasped below the critical point about the influence of temperature, pressure, and pH value on the alkaline feldspar dissolution behavior is still held above the critical point.(2) Due to the experimental techniques of autoclave flip 180°—sharp quenching and based on electron microprobe analysis of mineral new formed, theoretical analysis has determined that the new altered minerals distributed on the island dissolution surface of feldspar are products of precipitation on a feldspar surface after saturation of the relative ion concentration in water fluid.

The Research Status and Major Problems of High Temperature and High Pressure Experiment on Petrogenesis and mineralization

1 Introduction In contrast,1experimental geochemistry is a young subject,but in recent years,the research on experiment of high temperature and high pressure has become an important branch in the parallel subjects of traditional mineralogy,petrology,geochemistry and geophysics.It is not only an important and essential way and window to understand geological processes in depth and geological

Temperature in High Temperature SHPB Experiments

As an experimental technique, it’s desired that the temperature in specimen is uniform in high temperature split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) experiments. However, the temperature in specimen decreases and the temperature of bars increases when specimen starts to contact with bars, which induces the nonuniform temperature distribution in specimen, and may result in inac-curacy of experimental results. In this paper, the temperature distributions of specimen and bars in high temperature SHPB experiments were investigated while the specimen was heated alone. Firstly, the temperature history of specimen was measured at different initial temperatures by ex-periments, then simulation was carried out. Simulation results were consistent with experimental results by adjusting the thermal contact coefficient between specimen and bars. By this way, the thermal contact coefficient and simulation results were validated, and the proper cold contact times of specimen and bars in high temperature SHPB experiments were discussed. Finally, the results were compared with those in references.

Experimental study on liquid immiscibility of lamprophyre-sulfide melt at high temperature and high pressure and its geological significance

With lamprophyre and pyrite from the Laowangzhai gold deposit, Yunnan Province, China, as starting materials, and at pressures from 1.5 to 3.0 GPa and temperatures from 1160 to 1560℃ , an experimental study was carried out on the liquid immiscibility of lamprophyre-sulfide melt at high temperature and ultra-high pressure in the DS-29A cubic 3600T/6-type high pressure apparatus. Results showed that the liquid immiscibility of lampro-pyre-sulfide melt in the magmatic system would happen during the early magmatic evolution (high temperature and high pressure conditions) and was controlled by temperature and pressure. The sulfide melt which was separated from the lamprophyric melt would make directional movement in the temperature and pressure field and assemble in the low-temperature and low-pressure region. Because the density of SM is higher than that of the lamprophyric melt, the former would gather together at the bottom of the magma chamber and there would exist a striking boundary between the two melts. On the other hand, the results also suggested that there would be little possibility for lampro-phyric magma to carry massive gold, and lamprophyres can't provide many of oreforming materials (Au) in the processes of gold mineralization.

Natural gas density under extremely high pressure and high temperature: Comparison of molecular dynamics simulation with corresponding state model

This work applied molecular dynamics(MD)simulation to calculate densities of natural gas mixtures at extremely high pressure(>138 MPa)and high temperature(>200℃)conditions(x HPHT)to bridge the knowledge and technical gaps between experiments and classical theories.The experimental data are scarce at these conditions which are also out of assumptions for classical predictive correlations,such as the Dranchuk&Abou-Kassem(DAK)equation of state(EOS).Force fields of natural gas components were carefully chosen from literatures and the simulation results are validated with experimental data.The largest relative error is 2.67%for pure hydrocarbons,2.99%for C1/C3 mixture,7.85%for C1/C4 mixture,and 8.47%for pure H2S.These satisfactory predictions demonstrate that the MD simulation approach is reliable to predict natural-and acid-gases thermodynamic properties.The validated model is further used to generate data for the study of the EOS with pressure up to 276 MPa and temperature up to 573 K.Our results also reveal that the Dranchuk&Abou-Kassem(DAK)EOS is capable of predicting natural gas compressibility to a satisfactory accuracy at x HPHT conditions,which extends the confidence range of the DAK EOS.

Compressional elastic wave velocities of serpentinized pyroxenite at high pressures and high temperatures and its geological significance

Center for Analysis and Prediction, China Seismological Bureau, Beijing 100036, China 2) Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China

The Observation of Blood Biochemistry and HSP72 Expression Changing Rules in Peripheral Blood of Flying-saucer-athletes under High Temperature Training

Objective:To study the effect of training under high temperature on blood and heat shock protein 72(HSP72)expression of flying saucer athletes.Methods:The numbers of training group and control group are 30.Twenty-four flying saucer athletes in Zhejiang province were selected and randomly divided into training group and control group,15 in each group.Peripheral venous blood of each group was taken before and after the experiment.The HSP72 content of lymphocyte,blood routine and biochemical indexes were measured respectively.Results:There was significant difference in white blood cell in training group count before and after the experiment(P<0.05).The expression of HSP72 and the white blood cell in training group was higher than that control group(P<0.05).Conclusions:Organism could be affected and turned to stress state due to training under high temperature.It is necessary to provide the safeguard for the flying saucer athletes under high temperature in order to prevent the damage.

Upper Limit for Rheological Strength of Crust in Continental Subduction Zone:Constraints Imposed by Laboratory Experiments

The transitional pressure of quartz coesite under the differential stress and highly strained conditions is far from the pressure of the stable field under the static pressure. Therefore, the effect of the differential stress should be considered when the depth of petrogenesis is estimated about ultrahigh pressure metamorphic (UHPM) rocks. The rheological strength of typical ultrahigh pressure rocks in continental subduction zone was derived from the results of the laboratory experiments. The results indicate the following three points. (1) The rheological strength of gabbro, similar to that of eclogite, is smaller than that of clinopyroxenite on the same condition. (2) The calculated strength of rocks (gabbro, eclogite and clinopyroxenite) related to UHPM decreases by nearly one order of magnitude with the temperature rising by 100 ℃ in the range between 600 and 900 ℃. The calculated strength is far greater than the faulting strength of rocks at 600 ℃, and is in several hundred to more than one thousand mega pascals at 700-800 ℃, which suggests that those rocks are located in the brittle deformation region at 600 ℃, but are in the semi brittle to plastic deformation region at 700-800 ℃. Obviously, the 700 ℃ is a brittle plastic transition boundary. (3) The calculated rheological strength in the localized deformation zone on a higher strain rate condition (1.6×10 -12 s -l ) is 2-5 times more than that in the distributed deformation zone on a lower strain rate condition (1.6×10 -14 s -1 ). The average rheological stress (1 600 MPa) at the strain rate of 10 -12 s -1 stands for the ultimate differential stress of UHPM rocks in the semi brittle flow field, and the average rheological stress (550-950 MPa) at the strain rate of l0 -14 - 10 -13 s -l stands for the ultimate differential stress of UHPM rocks in the plastic flow field, suggesting that the depth for the formation of UHPM rocks is more than 20-60 km below the depth estimated under static pressure condition due to the effect of the differential stress.

世界典型高温地热田回灌经验及对谷露热田回灌井部署的启示

地热尾水回灌是地热田开发过程中必不可少的环节,对热田开发具有重要意义。对世界上不同类型高温地热田回灌策略进行系统梳理,发现不同类型地热田常采取不同的回灌策略:气相为主的气液两相地热田常进行内场回灌;液相为主的气液两相地热田和水热型地热田常采用内场回灌与外场回灌相结合的方式。重点分析与谷露地热田相似的美国Brady Hot Spring地热田、Beowawe地热田和中国羊易地热田三个水热型高温地热田在生产过程中的回灌情况,对上述地热田在回灌过程中的回灌距离、回灌深度及回灌后对热田生产的影响进行总结。上述地热田多采用同构造回灌的方式进行回灌;一般无特定的回灌距离,常采用内场回灌与外场回灌相结合的方式进行;回灌目的层常选择渗透性好的断裂构造;回灌深度以大于500 m的深层回灌为主。这些热田在回灌过程中,为了达到良好效果,需要平衡生产区的压力下降和热突破之间的关系。结合谷露地热田实际地质情况,认为谷露地热田应该采取同构造回灌,且采用内场回灌与外场回灌相结合的深层回灌方式。初步在热田生产区1 km以外的位置选择3片回灌区域。其中回灌1区是主要回灌区域,位于热田生产区的北侧约1~1.5 km范围内。为了防止发生热突破,需要在回灌井实施过程中,进行回灌试验,尽早确定回灌井与生产区之间的水力联系。

PVA-ECC高温冷却后力学特性与微观损伤机理

为研究工程水泥基复合材料(engineered cementitious composite,ECC)高温后的力学性能和微观特征,对ECC进行了高温后材料力学性能试验和微观特征观测。对常温(25℃)、200℃、300℃、400℃及500℃自然冷却和喷水冷却后的ECC试件开展了抗压和抗折性能试验,并结合扫描电镜分析了ECC微观结构损伤特征以及探究了ECC高温后损伤机理。实验结果表明:高温后ECC表面未发生剥落,500℃以内未见爆裂现象,随着温度升高,纤维由混凝土表面逐渐向内部熔化,且失水增多,最大烧失率13.9%;力学性能方面,ECC自然冷却后抗压强度随温度升高呈现先降低后升高再降低的现象,而喷水冷却后抗压强度随温度的升高单调降低,且强度降低显著;高温后抗折强度随温度升高逐步下降,自然冷却降低幅度较喷水冷却显著;结合微观结构变化,ECC经历高温时,纤维部分熔化导致纤维与基体的黏结性能减弱;随着温度升高水化产物之间逐渐呈现独立存在的分散体,但喷水冷却后未水化颗粒二次水化现象明显,使ECC抗折强度较自然冷却提升17%。ECC具有良好的热稳定性,且冷却方式影响ECC材料的表观特性、力学性能和微观特征。

Experimental study of the electrical conductivity of hydrous minerals in the crust and the mantle under high pressure and high temperature

Hydrous minerals are important water carriers in the crust and the mantle, especially in the subduction zone. With the recent development of the experimental technique, studies of the electrical conductivity of hydrous silicate minerals under controlled temperature, pressure and oxygen fugacity, have helped to constrain the water distribution in the Earth's interior. This paper introduces high pressure and temperature experimental study of electrical conductivity measurement of hydrous minerals such as serpentine, talc, brucite, phase A, super hydrous phase B and phase D, and assesses the data quality of the above minerals. The dehydration effect and the pressure effect on the bulk conductivity of the hydrous minerals are specifically emphasized. The conduction mechanism of hydrous minerals and the electrical structure of the subduction zone are discussed based on the available conductivity data. Finally, the potential research fields of the electrical conductivity of hydrous minerals is presented.

Genesis of granulite in Himalayan lower crust:Evidence from experimental study at high temperature and high pressure

Here we present an insight into the genesis of Himalayan granulitic lower crust based on the experimental studies on the dehydration melting of natural biotite-plagioclase gneiss performed at the temperatures of 770-980°C and the pressures of 1.0-1.4 GPa. The experiments produce peraluminous granitic melt and residual phase assemblage (Pl+Qz+Gat+Bio+Opx±Cpx+Ilm/Rut±Kfs). The residual mineral assemblage is similar to those of granu-lites observed at the eastern and western Himalayan syntax-ises, and the chemical compositions of characteristic minerals-garnet and pyroxene in the residual phase and the granu-lite are identical. Additionally, the modeled wave velocities of the residual phase assemblage are comparable well with those of the top part of lower crust beneath Himalayas. Hence, we suggest that (1) the top part of lower crust beneath Himalayas is probably made up of garnet-bearing intermediate granulite; (2) the formations of granulite and leucogranites in Himalayas are interrelated as the

锂辉石在花岗质熔体中溶解度及其成矿意义

本次研究利用快速淬火高温高压实验装置,在100MPa和650~850℃条件下,开展了锂辉石在简单花岗质熔体中溶解度及其影响因素的高温高压实验。实验结果表明温度是影响锂辉石在简单花岗质熔体中溶解度最为重要的因素,其次为铝饱和指数(ASI),而熔体的Na/K比值对锂辉石的溶解度几乎没有影响。结合已有的数据,建立了锂辉石溶解度与温度、铝饱和指数的关系:logLi_(2)O(%)=-0.61×(1000/T)+0.53×ASI+0.10,R^(2)=0.60其中T为绝对温度。该关系式可以用来量化锂辉石的结晶温度或评价花岗伟晶岩的成矿潜力。本次研究结果表明,伟晶岩矿床中锂的成矿潜力受限于初始岩浆中锂的含量和伟晶岩的结晶温度。

Do lamprophyric magma carry gold?——Evidence from high temperature and ultrahigh pressure experiments

By taking lamprophyres in the Laowangzhai gold orefield, Yunnan Province, as starting materials, the melting experiments of lamprophyre + gold have been conducted under 1.5 and 3.0 GPa in a DS-29A cubic-type 3 600 t ultrahigh-pressure apparatus. The experimental results showed that gold powder (less than 0.045 mm) which even contributed in the samples be-

Possible seismic reflector in the lower crust: Evidence from fabrics and experiments of seismic velocity on layered gabbro at high temperature and high pressure

Lattice preferred orientations (LPO) of plagioclase and augite are measured on layered gabbro from the Panxi region, Sichuan Province. The LPO concentration [010] of plagioclase and [100] of augite are perpendicular to the foliation, which indicates a kind of growth fabric associated with crystallizing habits of minerals when the magma is solidifying under the compaction. Calculated seismic velocities based on LPO data of minerals give rise to rather strong anisotropy 5.81% and 5.54% for compressional seismic wave (Vp) and shear seismic wave (Vs), respectively. The experiments at high temperature and high pressure show that the P-wave velocity of layered gabbro is 6.44-6.97 km/s with the maximum Vp anisotropy 5.22% and the Poisson's ratio is between 0.28-0.31. According to the comparison of fabrics with seismic velocities of layered gabbro, it is uggested that the large-scale layered intrusive body or the similar layered geological body may exist in the lower crust of this area. Such a layered intrusive body which has strong seismic anisotropy may be the seismic reflector in the lower crust.

温差热电转换型空间热管冷却反应堆瞬态分析程序开发及验证

热管冷却反应堆采用固态堆芯设计、高温热管传热,具有结构简单、非能动、高可靠性等优点。为研究温差热电转换型空间热管冷却反应堆电源系统的瞬态特性,本文针对该型电源系统中最主要的系统(包括堆本体、高温热管、温差热电转换系统)建立了详细的数学物理模型,并开发了系统瞬态分析程序,其中堆本体模型基于OpenFOAM进行模块开发,耦合了点堆动力学模型和反应性反馈模型。通过文献和试验数据分别验证了高温热管及温差热电转换模型,结果与参考值符合较好,其中温差热电转换模块发电功率与试验值的相对偏差小于2.75%。采用该程序对KRUSTY进行了建模分析,开展了反应性引入、热电转换模块失效、负荷跟踪、主动冷却丧失工况下的瞬态分析,并与试验值进行了对比。结果表明,在上述瞬态工况下堆芯燃料表面温度与试验值的偏差小于4.1 K,程序计算结果与试验值符合较好。

煤变质作用的构造物理化学机理实验研究进展

煤作为对温度、压力等地质环境条件极敏感的有机岩,地质历史演化过程中各种构造-热事件必然导致煤发生一系列物理、化学、结构和构造变化,物理模拟实验则是揭示煤变质作用机理的重要手段。本文基于煤变质热模拟实验、高温高压模拟实验方面的研究成果,着重对煤变质作用机理、演化进程及煤变质作用模拟实验的应用和发展趋势进行阐述。煤变质作用包含煤化作用和石墨化作用两个阶段,体现为多尺度、多阶段的物理化学结构演化,基本特征趋向于分子结构有序化和化学成分单一化。温度是煤变质的主导因素,而力的作用方式同样约束着煤变质作用。热模拟实验基于“时间-温度补偿原理”,采用开放、半开放和封闭等不同实验体系,模拟不同温压条件和构造-热环境下的热解过程。高温高压模拟实验基于相似性原理,在热模拟基础上加入压力变量,模拟不同温压条件和应力-应变环境,以全面模拟煤在各种构造物理化学条件下所发生的物理化学变化,探究不同温压耦合条件下煤变质作用机理、影响因素与演化途径。煤变质的热模拟及高温高压模拟实验在油气生成、煤储层评价、煤成石墨化及煤中战略性金属元素迁移等多个领域得到广泛应用,今后将朝多学科交叉融合和多场耦合模拟实验方向发展,以期更精确地模拟地层构造作用下的复杂地质条件,为深入探究煤变质作用的构造物理化学机理提供更有效的技术手段。