Numerical Analysis on Temperature Distribution in a Single Cell of PEFC Operated at Higher Temperature by1D Heat Transfer Model and 3D Multi-Physics Simulation Model

This study is to understand the impact of operating conditions, especially initial operation temperature (Tini) which is set in a high temperature range, on the temperature profile of the interface between the polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) and the catalyst layer at the cathode (i.e., the reaction surface) in a single cell of polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC). A 1D multi-plate heat transfer model based on the temperature data of the separator measured using the thermograph in a power generation experiment was developed to evaluate the reaction surface temperature (Treact). In addition, to validate the proposed heat transfer model, Treact obtained from the model was compared with that from the 3D numerical simulation using CFD software COMSOL Multiphysics which solves the continuity equation, Brinkman equation, Maxwell-Stefan equation, Butler-Volmer equation as well as heat transfer equation. As a result, the temperature gap between the results obtained by 1D heat transfer model and those obtained by 3D numerical simulation is below approximately 0.5 K. The simulation results show the change in the molar concentration of O2 and H2O from the inlet to the outlet is more even with the increase in Tini due to the lower performance of O2 reduction reaction. The change in the current density from the inlet to the outlet is more even with the increase in Tini and the value of current density is smaller with the increase in Tini due to the increase in ohmic over-potential and concentration over-potential. It is revealed that the change in Treact from the inlet to the outlet is more even with the increase in Tini irrespective of heat transfer model. This is because the generated heat from the power generation is lower with the increase in Tini due to the lower performance of O2 reduction reaction.

Maximum heat transfer capacity of high temperature heat pipe with triangular grooved wick

A mathematical model was developed to predict the maximum heat transfer capacity of high temperature heat pipe with triangular grooved wick. The effects of the inclination angle and geometry structure were considered in the proposed model.Maximum heat transfer capacity was also investigated experimentally. The model was validated by comparing with the experimental results. The maximum heat transfer capacity increases with the vapor core radius increasing. Compared with the inclination angle of0°, the maximum heat transfer capacity increases at the larger inclination angle, and the change with temperature is larger. The performance of heat pipe with triangular grooved wick is greatly influenced by gravity, so it is not recommended to be applied to the dish solar heat pipe receiver.

CONJUGATE MODEL FOR HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER OF POROUS WALL IN THE HIGH TEMPERATURE GAS FLOW

Heat and mass transfer of a porous permeable wall in a high temperature gas dynamical flow is considered. Numerical simulation is conducted on the ground of the conjugate mathematical model which includes filtration and heat transfer equations in a porous body and boundary layer equations on its surface. Such an approach enables one to take into account complex interaction between heat and mass transfer in the gasdynamical flow and in the structure subjected to this flow. The main attention is given to the impact of the intraporous heat transfer intensity on the transpiration cooling efficiency.

Application of high temperature heat pipe in hypersonic vehicles thermal protection

In order to develop further the application of high temperature heat pipe in hypersonic vehicles thermal protection,the principles and characteristics of high temperature heat pipe used in hypersonic vehicles thermal protection were introduced.The methods of numerical simulation,theory analysis and experiment research were utilized to analyze the frozen start-up and steady state characteristic of the heat pipe as well as the machining improvement for fabricating irregularly shaped heat pipe which is suitable for leading edge of hypersonic vehicles.The results indicate that the frozen start-up time of heat pipe is long(10 min) and there exists large temperature difference along the heat pipe(47 °C/cm),but the heat pipe can reduce the temperature in stagnation area of hypersonic vehicles from 1 926 to 982 °C and work normally during 1 000-1 200°C.How to improve the maximum heat transfer capability and reduce the time needed for start-up from frozen state of the heat pipe by optimizing thermostructure such as designing of a novel wick with high performance is the key point in hypersonic vehicles thermal protection of heat pipe.

Impact of Separator Thickness on Temperature Distribution in Single Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Based on 1D Heat Transfer

It is known from the New Energy and Industry Technology Development Organization (NEDO) roam map Japan, 2017 that the polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) power generation system is required to operate at 100°C for application of mobility usage from 2020 to 2025. This study aims to clarify the effect of separator thickness on the distribution of the temperature of reaction surface (Treact) at the initial temperature of cell (Tini) with flow rate, relative humidity (RH) of supply gases as well as RH of air surrounding cell of PEFC. The distribution of Treact is estimated by means of the heat transfer model considering the H2O vapor transfer proposed by the authors. The relationship between the standard deviation of Treact-Tini and total voltage obtained in the experiment is also investigated. We can know the effect of the flow rate of supply gas as well as RH of air surrounding cell of PEFC on the distribution of Treact-Tini is not significant. It is observed the wider distribution of Treact-Tini provides the reduction in power generation performance irrespective of separator thickness. In the case of separator thickness of 1.0 mm, the standard deviation of Treact-Tini has smaller distribution range and the total voltage shows a larger variation compared to the other cases.

Numerical Analysis of Temperature Distributions in Single Cell of PEFC by Heat Transfer Model Considering Vapor Transfer

Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell(PEFC)is required to be operated at temperature at 100℃ for fuel cell vehicle applications during the period from 2020 to 2025 in Japan.It is expected that micro porous layer(MPL)and thinner polymer electrolyte membrane(PEM)would enhance the power generation performance of PEFC at this temperature.The key objective of this study is to analyse the impact of MPL and thickness of PEM on the temperature distributions of interface between the PEM and catalyst layer at the cathode(i.e.,the reaction surface)in a single PEFC.A 1D multi-plate heat transfer model,considering vapor transfer,which is based on temperature data of separator measured using thermograph in power generation process.It is developed to evaluate temperature at the reaction surface.This study is investigated the effect of flow rate and relative humidity of supply gases on temperature distribution on reaction surface.The study reveals that the impact of flow rate of supply gas on temperature distribution on reaction surface is smaller with and without MPL.It is observed that the even temperature distribution on reaction surface as well as higher power generation performance can be obtained with MPL irrespective of thickness of PEM and relative humidity conditions.

Temperature in High Temperature SHPB Experiments

As an experimental technique, it’s desired that the temperature in specimen is uniform in high temperature split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) experiments. However, the temperature in specimen decreases and the temperature of bars increases when specimen starts to contact with bars, which induces the nonuniform temperature distribution in specimen, and may result in inac-curacy of experimental results. In this paper, the temperature distributions of specimen and bars in high temperature SHPB experiments were investigated while the specimen was heated alone. Firstly, the temperature history of specimen was measured at different initial temperatures by ex-periments, then simulation was carried out. Simulation results were consistent with experimental results by adjusting the thermal contact coefficient between specimen and bars. By this way, the thermal contact coefficient and simulation results were validated, and the proper cold contact times of specimen and bars in high temperature SHPB experiments were discussed. Finally, the results were compared with those in references.

氦气风机驱动电机转子径向通风结构研究

氦气风机驱动电机是高温气冷堆一回路唯一能动设备,其安全性直接影响到高温气冷堆的安全稳定运行。针对高温高压环境及氦气传热工质对驱动电机风路结构设计及相关参数影响引发的新问题,通过建立双侧转子铁心三维风路结构流固耦合传热模型,计算分析了高温高压环境下传热工质氦气在转子径向风沟内的流动特性,研究了转子分别在动态和静态情况下,通风结构内流体流动规律及转子铁心和导条的温升变化规律。同时,对不同种类传热工质的对应规律进行了对比研究,搭建了模拟实验测试装置,实测数据与数值计算结果吻合较好,验证了计算分析结果的合理性和正确性,为氦气风机驱动电机转子风路结构优化、冷却性能的有效提升提供一定的理论参考。

轴向柱塞泵热特性及热力学建模实验研究

针对轴向柱塞泵在高压和高速工况下发热过快的问题,对柱塞泵热特性和热力学建模进行了仿真分析与实验研究。首先,在摩擦副发热理论基础上,考虑了泵内油液搅动摩擦与轴承摩擦发热源,研究了柱塞泵内发热机理和传热分析的热特性理论;然后,根据柱塞泵部件复杂和固流态域区分度高的特点,阐述了所采用的控制体积法原理,将泵划分为5个控制体积后,建立了以各个控制体温度变化为导向的热力学模型;最后,采用光纤光栅温度传感器和蓝牙无线温度传感器,针对不同的控制体节点设计了传感器封装结构和布置方法,共同组成了轴向柱塞泵在线热监测系统,并进行了在不同压力条件下的对照实验,对理论模型进行了有效性验证与分析。研究结果表明:对比实验和仿真结果,模型温度变化与实际误差值在5%左右,验证了该模型能准确地反映和预测泵热力学变化过程。该结果为柱塞泵热力学状态监测提供了故障诊断基础,并为液压系统热管理系统设计提供了理论基础和设计依据。

高温钠热管启动传热振荡及热疲劳安全分析

高温热管的启动是复杂的相变及流动过程,若发生传热振荡将造成温度波动,进而影响热管堆运行安全。本文通过实验及仿真方法研究高温钠热管在启动过程中的传热振荡现象及热疲劳后果。在竖直工况中,不同输入热流密度将引起钠蒸发速率变化,呈现不同振荡特征;热流密度提升时振幅下降,周期缩短;振荡发生时,若输入功率骤降,波形将从锯齿状转变为梯形状;在水平工况中,传热振荡被明显抑制。热管在堆内发生传热振荡时,应力风险区为热管蒸发段内壁中部;异相振荡时相较同相振荡工况应力均值升高,振幅下降,疲劳损伤减轻;当安全因子K低于1.4时热管不存在疲劳失效风险,K达1.4以上后损伤逐渐显著;其中同相工况疲劳损伤最严重,K=1.6时管壁材料疲劳寿命已降低至3.29年。本研究对高温钠热管传热振荡的机理分析及完善热管可靠性评估具有重要意义。

基于Workbench的高压圆盘气体轴承共轭传热研究

高压圆盘气体轴承流道间隙内高速气流的对流换热与轴承圆盘内部热传导紧密耦合在一起,是一个典型的共轭传热问题。基于ANSYS Workbench工作平台的Fluid Flow(Fluent)模块对高压圆盘气体轴承进行共轭传热数值模拟,获得轴承流道间隙内的速度和压力分布、流体域与固体域的温度分布以及共轭传热时流固耦合壁面的热流密度分布,并将其与非共轭传热恒温壁面条件下的计算结果进行对比,得到高压圆盘气体轴承共轭传热的一些基本特性。结果表明:2种情况下的计算结果存在较大差异,非共轭传热恒温壁面条件下,间隙内的气体只吸热,流体域耦合壁面上的热流密度均为正值;而共轭传热条件下流体域耦合壁面热流密度存在正负值,间隙内气体的吸热和放热同时存在,显示出轴承圆盘的热传导与间隙内气体的对流换热具有复杂的共轭作用机制;相比之下,采用共轭传热模型可以得到更为符合实际的结果。研究结果为该类轴承的设计和制造提供了有益的指导。

高温环路热管设计方法研究与传热极限分析

高超声速飞行器在以高超声速飞行时尾喷管会面临严酷的燃烧热考验,结合高温热管导热性强和环路热管传热距离长等优势,高温环路热管可以作为尾喷管热防护的新方法.根据液态钠高导热系数及高表面张力的物性设计了一种新型蒸发器,提出了一套高温环路热管的设计流程.使用这套设计流程设计了一根高温环路热管,结合热管传热极限的计算方法,对钠热管进行仿真计算,分析了温度和结构对热管传热极限的影响.研究发现在高温环路热管的运行温区内,热管的传热性能随着温度升高一般由声速极限、毛细极限和沸腾极限依次决定.结合研究结论提出了热管结构优化方法,为热管设计提供了理论依据.

极端环境下恒温晶体振荡器的传热过程仿真

晶体是恒温晶体振荡器的核心部件,需要保持温度恒定不变,外部环境温度的巨大变化必将影响晶振输出频率信号的稳定性。根据恒温晶体振荡器的工作状态和机制,建立其在稳态下传热过程的数学模型,探究晶体在高低温环境下的热稳定性,重点分析不同环境温度下功率管输出功率对晶体温度的影响,并利用恒温晶体振荡器实际运行过程中的数据进行验证。结果表明通过仿真得到的数据与实测数据基本一致,当环境温度分别为-40℃、25℃和70℃时,要使稳定后的晶体温度恒定为85℃,相应功率管稳定后的输出功率应为3.95 W、1.42 W和0.74 W。通过调节功率管的输出功率来使晶体在极端环境下达到预设温度并保持恒定,进而使晶振有较高的频率稳定度和较低的相位噪声水平,保证高精度的时钟信号输出。

二异丙基萘的开发与应用

二异丙基萘是一种性能优异的高温导热油,也是合成高级聚酯材料的重要原料。文章论述了由萘与丙烯烷基化合成二异丙基萘的工艺流程,阐述了分子筛催化剂、固体超强酸、负载型固体酸催化剂对萘异丙基化的研究;总结从二异丙基萘混合物中分离提纯2,6-二异丙基萘的方法,如普通结晶分离法、高压结晶分离法、络合分离法以及吸附分离法等;并给出二异丙基萘的应用方向和展望。

The Experimental Study on Regenerative Heat Transfer in High Temperature Air Combustion

For the purpose of decomposing the processing gases CF4 from semiconductor manufacturers, ceramic honeycomb regenerative burner system is suggested by using the principle of HTAC. A simulated high temperature air combustion furnace has been used to determine the features of HTAC flames and the results of the decomposition of CF4. The preheat air temperature of it is above 900℃. The exhaust gas released into the atmosphere is lower than 150℃. Moreover, the efficiency of recovery of waste heat is higher than 80%, the NOx level in exhaust gas is less than 198 mg/m3 and the distribution of temperature in the furnace is nearly uniform. The factors influencing on heat transfer, temperature profile in chamber and NOX emission were discussed. Also some CF4 can be decomposed in this system.

澄清剂对废液晶玻璃熔制耐热玻璃的影响

基于废液晶玻璃原料设计了一种新型耐热硼硅玻璃,针对所制耐热玻璃澄清困难,导致玻璃气泡含量多的问题,借助玻璃配合料高温视像研究方法,研究了CeO_(2)、NaCl、Na_(2)SO_(4)、SnO_(2)四种澄清剂对耐热玻璃澄清质量的影响。实验通过高温视像系统对玻璃液澄清过程进行观测,结果表明:在1600℃熔化温度下,NaCl和Na_(2)SO_(4)作为单一澄清剂的添加量分别为0.50%(质量分数)、0.20%(质量分数)时,达到最佳澄清效果;CeO_(2)、SnO_(2)分别与NaNO_(3)复合作为复合澄清剂的添加量为0.40%(质量分数)CeO_(2)+2.60%(质量分数)NaNO_(3)、0.40%(质量分数)SnO_(2)+2.40%(质量分数)NaNO_(3)时,达到最佳澄清效果;玻璃熔体泡沫开始回落时间分别为22、10、20、28 min;开始回落温度分别为1110、1050、1103、1143℃;在最佳保温时长下,采用0.50%(质量分数)NaCl澄清效果最佳。

华龙一号堆顶排气管线温度报警定值分析

为监测堆顶排气电磁阀出现泄漏或者误动作的情况,在两列堆顶排气管线和总管分别设置了3个温度监测仪表,在主控室可监测这3个温度信号,并设置了报警。对于报警定值的设定,需考虑正常运行工况下,反应堆压力容器的热量通过管道传递至温度计处,但不能触发温度报警;当阀门的泄漏流量超过可接受的限值时,在考虑与环境对流散热的前提下,温度计处的温度值应触发报警。本文通过CFD分析,确定电磁阀零泄漏的流量情况下,将堆顶排气管线的温度分布作为温度报警设定值的理论依据。