Effect of forging on the microstructure and texture of a high Nb containing γ-TiAl alloy

The effect of forging on the microstructure and texture evolution of a high Nb containing Ti-45Al-7Nb-0.3W(at.%)alloy was investigated by X-ray diffractometer(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and transmission electron microscopy(TEM).The results show that the as-cast alloy is mainly composed of α_(2)/γ lamellar colonies with a mean size of 70μm,but the hot-forged pancake displays a near duplex microstructure(DP).Kinking and bending of lamellar colonies,deformation twinning and dynamic recrystallization(DRX)occur during hot forging.Meanwhile,dense dislocations in theβphase after forging suggest that the high-temperature β phase with a disordered structure is favorable for improving the hot-workability of the alloy.Unlike the common TiAl casting texture,the solidification process of the investigated as-cast alloy with high Nb content is completely via the β phase region,resulting in the formation of a<110>γ fiber texture where the<110>γ aligns parallel to the heat-flow direction.In comparison,the relatively strong<001>and weak<302>texture components in the as-forged alloy are attributed to the deformation twinning.After annealing,static recrystallization occurs at the twin boundary and intersections,which weakens the deformation texture.

Effect of Nb and alloying elements on interface reaction between high Nb-containing TiAl alloys and ZrO_2-based ceramic moulds

In the present study, Ti-45Al-(6, 7, 8)Nb(at%) and Ti-45Al-8Nb-0.5(Mn, Si, Y, B) alloys were prepared by arc melting and casting into Zr O2(Y2O3 stabilized) ceramic moulds to study the effect of alloying elements Nb and Mn, Si, Y, B on the interfacial reaction between casting Ti Al alloys and ceramic moulds by SEM, and the elements' distribution in the interface reaction layer by line scanning. The results showed that with an increase in Nb content, the interfacial reaction weakened and the thickness of the reaction layer decreased gradually. The interface reaction thickness of the alloys with Nb content of 6, 7, 8at% were 60, 34 and 26 μm, respectively. Clearly, the addition of 8at% Nb to Ti-45 Al is the best for the thickness of the reaction layer. The addition of Nb would form a Nb-rich film in the reaction layer, which could reduce the solubility of oxygen in the interface, and suppress further diffusion of oxygen to the matrix. If the same content of Mn, Si, Y, or B alloying elements were added respectively to Ti-45Al-8Nb, the thickness of the interface reaction layer from large to small was as follows: Mn>Si>Y>B. The interface reaction thickness increased after 0.5at% Mn added, had no obvious change after 0.5at% Si addition, and decreased after adding 0.5at% Y or B. The introduced elements, which formed a protective film or/and promoted the formation of a dense aluminum oxide layer, would be of benefit to the resistance of interfacial reaction.

Homogenization treatment of high Nb containing TiAl alloys with as-cast and as-forged microstructures

The effect of heat treatment on the microstructure evolution of a high Nb containing TiAl alloy has been studied. The results indicate that β-segregation, β-segregation and S-segregation in the as-cast and as-forged alloys can be effectively eliminated at the temperature above Tα （1350-1400℃） for long holding time （12-24 h） and the full lamellar （FL） microstructure is gained. For the two alloys, the lamellar colony sizes are 120 μm and 2000 μm, respectively after heat treatment at 1400℃ for 12 h. Meanwhile, the sizes are 210 μm and 3000 μm, respectively at 1350℃ for 24 h. To get a fine homogenous microstructure, the primary as-cast alloy is first subjected to preheat treatment for eliminating the segregations. After the preheat treatment, the ailoy is processed by the multi-step canned forging to attain the microstructure with fine grain size.

Reaction mechanism in high Nb containing TiAl alloy by elemental powder metallurgy

High Nb containing TiAl alloy was fabricated in argon atmosphere by reactive hot pressing process. Reaction mechanism was investigated by means of microstructural analyses and thermodynamic calculations. The results show that it is feasible to prepare high Nb containing TiAl alloy with fine lamellar colonies by reactive hot pressing process. The reaction between Ti and Al powders is dominant in Ti-Al-Nb system. Nb powders dissolve into the Ti-Al matrix by diffusion. Pore nests are formed in situ after Nb powders diffusion. The hot pressing atmosphere is optimized by thermodynamic calculations. Vacuum or argon protective atmosphere should be adopted.

850℃等温时效对高Nb-TiAl合金组织和力学性能的影响

采用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪和显微硬度仪等手段,系统研究了850℃等温时效对高Nb-TiAl合金的显微组织及硬度的影响。结果表明:锻态高Nb-TiAl合金显微组织为近片层组织结构,片层团尺寸约为112μm,片层间距约为1.6μm,具有锯齿状晶界,主要由γ和α2相组成;合金在850℃等温时效分别为5 min、5 h、10 h、20 h的过程中,其显微组织主要由γ相、α2相和少量β相形成的片层组织结构组成,随着等温时间的延长,合金片层团和片层间距均存在明显的粗化现象;在不同的等温时效过程中,合金的表面皆表现出比较高的硬度值(420~460 HV),其显微硬度随保温时间的延长呈下降趋势。

A high-Nb TiAl alloy with highly refined microstructure and excellent mechanical properties fabricated by electromagnetic continuous casting

In the present research, microstructure refinement of a high-Nb TiAl alloy(Ti-48Al-8Nb-0.15B) was realized by means of the electromagnetic continuous casting(EMCC) technique. The microstructure of an ingot obtained by EMCC was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy(SEM). As compared with the raw as-cast al oy, the obtained EMCC alloy presented a much finer microstructure with lamellar colonies with a mean size of about 50-70 μm because the electromagnetic stirring broke initial dendrites and enhanced the heterogeneous nucleation. As the grains were refined, the properties of the TiAl alloy were improved significantly. This implies that the EMCC technique could offer the possibility of application for high-Nb TiAl alloys with a refined microstructure and excel ent properties to be used as a structural material.

Ti-44Al-6Nb-2Fe合金低温超塑性及高温拉伸组织演化

为改善高Nb TiAl基合金的热变形能力,本研究利用Fe部分替代高Nb TiAl基合金中的Nb,熔炼制备新型高Nb含Fe的Ti-44Al-6Nb-2Fe合金。首先对合金铸锭进行包套锻造,再对锻造合金在800~1 000℃、1×10^(-4)s^(-1)初始应变速率下进行高温拉伸实验,对合金的高温拉伸变形行为和组织演化行为进行研究。结果表明,合金中含有较多B2相,占30%~40%,随高温拉伸温度升高,合金动态再结晶作用增强,位错减少,晶粒尺寸增大,晶粒长径比降低,这些组织演化特征与合金的应力-应变状态和热变形能力提升相对应。合金在800℃和850℃拉伸变形时,B2相为硬脆相,B2相及B2/γ相界面处的应力集中导致该区域形成大量裂纹及孔洞(800℃时孔洞百分比为14.5%),延伸率较低(800℃时延伸率为123.1%),甚至发生提早断裂,试样断裂处颈缩现象明显;合金在900℃拉伸变形时,应变速率敏感指数m=0.284,延伸率明显提高(900℃时延伸率为163.0%),试样断裂处仍有颈缩现象;合金在950℃和1 000℃拉伸变形时,B2相转化为“软”相,发挥了很好的应力-应变协调作用,B2相与γ相之间发生了广泛的晶界滑动,组织中几乎无裂纹孔洞出现,延伸率陡然提高(950℃时延伸率为307.9%),试样断裂处无颈缩现象,合金具备超塑性,但该合金在TiAl基合金中属于低温超塑性。较高的B2相含量及其所发挥的优异的应力-应变协调作用是该合金具备低温超塑性的重要原因和特色之处。

AlCrCuFeNb_(x)NiTi高熵合金的摩擦磨损及高温氧化性能

采用真空电弧熔炼方法制备了AlCrCuFeNb_(x)NiTi高熵合金,并研究了铸态合金的组织、摩擦磨损性能和高温氧化性能。结果表明:Nb元素的添加促进了Laves相的形成,使AlCrCuFeNiTi合金的相结构由L2_(1)相、BCC相和FCC相转变为AlCrCuFeNb_(0.5)NiTi合金的L2_(1)相、Laves相和FCC相。Nb元素的添加会降低AlCrCuFeNiTi合金的耐磨性能,磨损速率从AlCrCuFeNiTi合金的1.572×10^(-5) mm^(3)/(N·m)提高到AlCrCuFeNb_(0.5)NiTi合金的4.483×10^(-5) mm^(3)/(N·m),合金的室温磨损机制均为粘着磨损。合金的氧化动力学遵循抛物线速率定律,Nb元素对AlCrCuFeNb_(x)NiTi合金高温氧化性能的影响随着温度的改变而改变,800和900℃时能提高其高温氧化性能,但1000℃时Laves相的内氧化现象严重导致其高温氧化性能恶化。

DIRECTIONALLY SOLIDIFIED MICROSTRUCTURE OF AN ULTRA-HIGH TEMPERATURE Nb-Si-Ti-Hf-Cr-Al ALLOY

The directionally solidified samples of an ultra-high temperature Nb-Si-Ti-Hf-Cr-Al alloy have been prepared with the use of an electron beam floating zone melting (EBFZM) furnace, and their microstructural characteristics have been analyzed. All the primary dendrites of Nb solid solution (Nbss), eutectic colonies of Nba, plus (Nb, Ti)3 Si/(Nb, Ti)5 Si3 and chains of (Nb, Ti)3 Si/(Nb, Ti)5 Si3 plates align along the growth direction of the samples. With increasing of the withdrawing rate, the microstructure is refined, and the amounts of Nbss+ (Nb, Ti)3 Si/(Nb, Ti)5 Si3 eutectic colonies and (Nb, Ti)3 Si/(Nb, Ti)5 Si3 plates increase. There appear nodes in the (Nb, Ti)3 Si/(Nb, Ti)5 Si3 plates.

FORMATION OF SILICONIZED LAYER ON TiAl-BASED ALLOY AND THE OXIDATION RESISTANCE

The Ti-48Al alloy was pack siliconized with 15%Si+85%Al2O3. The microstructure of the siliconized coating on the TiAl-based alloy was analyzed and its effect on oxidation resistance was investigated. The specimens before and after cycle oxidation were examined by XRD and SEM equipped with XEDS. The results showed that the coating is composed of a thin Al2O3 outer layer and a composite inner layer of Ti5Si3 with an appropriate amount of Al2O3 dispersed in. Cycle oxidation tests showed that the high temperature oxidation resistance of TiAl-based alloy was greatly improved by forming such composite coating. No spaliation and crack happened and the weight gain was very small after cycle oxidation at 900℃ for 314h.

High-temperature oxidation behavior of Nb_(67-x)W_(15)Si_(18)Hf_x(x=0, 5 and 10) alloys

The oxidation behaviors of Nb67-xW15Si18Hfx (x=0, 5, 10) alloys were studied at 1 250℃in air. It is found that the Nb67W15Si18 alloy has the best oxidation resistance among the three alloys; and Hf addition is harmful to the oxidation resistance of the Nb67W15Si18 alloy. The oxides formed on the Nb67W15Si18 alloy are mainly Nb12WO33 and NbO2, and that on the Nb62W15Si18Hf5 and Nb57W15Si18Hf10 alloys is Nb2O5. Effect of Hf on the oxidation behavior of the Nb67-xW15Si18Hfx alloys has been discussed based on microstructures and kinetics of oxidation.

Electron Beam-Physical Vapor Deposited TiAl-based Laminated Composite Sheet with Nb Layer Toughening

The TiAl-based laminated composite sheet of 150 mm × 100 mm × 0.2 mm, with 24 TiAl layers and 23 Nb layers laid alternately one on another, was successfully fabricated using the electron beam-physical vapor deposition （EB-PVD） method. The microstructure and properties of the sheet were investigated on an atomic force microscope （AFM）, a scanning electron microscope （SEM） and a tensile testing machine. The results indicate that the evenly distributed Nb layers are well joined with the TiAl layers, and the interfaces between layers are transparent, and every interlayer spacing is of about 8μm. The fractures appear to be a mixture of intergranular fractures and somewhat ductile quasi-cleavage ones. Despite its slight influence on ultimate tensile strength, the inserts of Nb layers efficiently increase the room temperature ductility of TiAl-based alloys due to the crack deflection effect.

Nb和Al对γ-TiAl基合金高温强度的影响

研究了Nb对γ TiAl基合金性能的影响 ,结果表明 ,高Nb合金化能大大提高γ TiAl基合金的高温强度 ,合金含Nb量越高 ,强度就越高。TEM观察表明 ,Nb对γ TiAl性能的影响类似于氧元素 ,增强d—d键的方向性 ,增加普通位错的P N力 ,提高普通位错开动的临界分切应力和滑移阻力。Al对γ TiAl合金性能的影响是通过影响合金中的α2 相含量来影响其性能的。随合金中Al含量升高 ,α2 相含量减少 ,位错运动非热激活阻力降低 ,合金的强度下降。

热处理消除大尺寸铸态高Nb-TiAl基合金组织中的β相偏析

研究了热处理对大尺寸铸态高Nb-TiAl基合金组织中β相偏析的影响。实验结果表明,通过在α+γ两相区保温适当时间可以消除合金组织中的β相偏析。合金试样经1250℃/24h+900℃/30min/AC热处理后,可以有效消除晶界处的β-偏析和片层内的α-偏析;而经1280℃/6h+900℃/30min/AC就可以达到1250℃保温24h的效果,保温12h后β相完全被消除,但片层团平均晶粒尺寸有所长大,从原来的75μm增长到123μm左右。

包套锻造对高Nb-TiAl基合金组织的影响

通过两次包套锻造工艺细化了高 Nb- Ti Al合金铸态近片层组织。研究发现 ,两次锻造后接近二次锻造表面基本上是由大量的直线型或者流线型片层组织和少量的再结晶组织组成 ,而除此以外的大部分区域都发生了较大程度的再结晶 ,并且晶粒均匀细小。在 (α+γ)两相区长时间热处理二次锻后组织可以有效消除 β相 。

Nb合金化γ-TiAl的氧化热力学理论分析

利用亚点阵的准亚规则溶体模型计算了Ｔｉ－ＡＬ－Ｎｂ三元系合金热力学活度，根据金属氧化反应用热力学计算了相应的 Ｔｉ／ＴｉＯ和 Ａｌ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３的氧平衡分压．讨论了 Ｎｂ合金化对γ－ＴｉＡｌ金属间化合物热力学活度和氧化反应的氧平衡分压的影响，计算的热力学活度与Ｋｎｕｄｓｅｎ池隙透法测量的规律相符． 由Ｎｂ合金化γ－ＴｉＡｌ的热力学活度以及氧化反应的氧平衡分压变化不能判定Ｔｉ－Ａｌ－Ｎｂ三元系合金生成氧化物的种类及其稳定性．

合金元素Nb在TiAl高温氧化行为中的作用

研究了Ti 4 5Al 10Nb(at%)合金在 80 0℃～ 96 0℃氧气和空气中的氧化行为 ,并与Ti 5 0Al(at%)合金作一对比 ,表明该合金具有较好的高温抗氧化性能 ,其氧化增重速率略优于文献报道的铁基耐热不锈钢 .发现了Ti 4 5Al 10Nb合金在空气中的氧化增重速率明显低于在纯氧中的氧化增重速率 ,X -射线相分析与能谱分析表明氧化产物主要由TiO2 与Al2 O3 组成 ,但空气中氧化后的氧化产物中含TiN相 ,认为它是降低氧化速率的主要原因 ,并且认为合金元素Nb稳定了氧化层中的TiN相 ,因而提高了合金在空气中的抗氧化性能 .

热处理对大尺寸铸态高Nb-TiAl合金组织中S-偏析的影响

研究了热处理对铸态高Nb-TiAl合金组织中S-偏析的影响。试验结果表明,对合金试样在Tα温度以上(1350-1400℃)进行热处理可以消除S-偏析,短时间内保温组织中会再次出现大量的β相,长时间保温后β相完全溶解并转变为α相,其冷却到室温变为片层组织;在Tα温度以下α+γ两相区(1250-1330℃)由于γ相的存在不能消除S-偏析。合金试样经过1350℃/24h+900℃/30min/AC和1400℃/12h+900℃/30min/AC处理后,S-偏析都得到了有效的消除,并分别获得平均晶粒尺寸为210μm和120μm的片层组织。

热处理对二次锻造高Nb-TiAl基合金组织的影响

研究了热处理对二次锻造高Nb-TiAl基合金组织的影响。通过对Ti-45Al-9(Nb,W,B,Y)金属间化合物进行不同的热处理,得到不同的显微组织。结果表明,经1310℃/20min+1250℃/2h/AC热处理后,β相被有效地消除,得到细小均匀的双态组织。此后直接加热到α单相区,得到条带状的全片层组织。增加在两相区的停留,得到相对比较均匀细小的全片层组织。将锻造组织先转变为近γ组织再进行全片层组织处理,得到最均匀细小的全片层组织。