Evaluation of ultra-fine grained tungsten under transient high heat flux by high-intensity pulsed ion beam

Pure tungsten, oxide dispersion strengthened tungsten and carbide dispersion strengthened tungsten were fabricated by high-energy ball milling and spark plasma sintering process. In order to evaluate the properties of the tungsten alloys under transient high heat flues, four tungsten samples with different grain sizes were tested by high-intensity pulsed ion beam with a heat flux as high as 160 MW/（m^2·s^-1/2）. Compared with the commercial tungsten, the surface modification of the oxide dispersion strengthened tungsten by high-intensity pulsed ion beam is completely different. The oxide dispersion strengthened tungsten shows inferior thermal shock response due to the low melting point second phase of Ti and Y2O3, which results in the surface melting, boiling bubbles and cracking. While the carbide dispersion strengthened tungsten shows better thermal shock response than the commercial tungsten.

Influence of Late Springtime Surface Sensible Heat Flux Anomalies over the Tibetan and Iranian Plateaus on the Location of the South Asian High in Early Summer

Variation in the location of the South Asian High （SAH） in early boreal summer is strongly influenced by elevated surface heating from the Tibetan Plateau （TP） and the Iranian Plateau （IP）. Based on observational and ERA-Interim data, diagnostic analyses reveal that the interannual northwestward-southeastwaxd （NW-SE） shift of the SAH in June is more closely correlated with the synergistic effect of concurrent surface thermal anomalies over the TP and IP than with each single surface thermal anomaly over either plateau from the preceding May. Concurrent surface thermal anomalies over these two plateaus in May are characterized by a negative correlation between sensible heat flux over most parts of the TP （TPSH） and IP （IPSH）. This anomaly pattern can persist till June and influences the NW-SE shift of the SAH in June through the release of latent heat （LH） over northeastern India. When the IPSH is stronger （weaker） and the TPSH is weaker （stronger） than normal in May, an anomalous cyclone （anticyclone） appears over northern India at 850 hPa, which is accompanied by the ascent （descent） of air and anomalous convergence （divergence） of moisture flux in May and June. Therefore, the LH release over northeastern India is strengthened （weakened） and the vertical gradient of apparent heat source is decreased （increased） in the upper troposphere, which is responsible for the northwestward （southeastward） shift of the SAH in June.

Behavior of Brazed W/Cu Mockup Under High Heat Flux Loads

In order to transfer the heat from the armor to the coolant, tungsten has to be connected with a copper heat sink. The joint technology is the most critical issue for manufacturing plasma facing components. Consequently, the reliability of the joints should be verified by a great number of high-heat-flux （HHF） tests to simulate the real load conditions. W/Cu brazed joint technology with sliver free filler metal CuMnNi has been developed at Southwestern Institute of Physics （SWIP）. Screening and thermal fatigue tests of one small-scale fiat tile W/CuCrZr mockup were performed on a 60 kW electron-beam Material testing scenario （EMS-60） constructed recently at SWIP. The module successfully survived screening test with the absorbed power density （Pabs） of 2 MW/m2 to 10 MW/m2 and the following 1000 cycles at Pabs of 7.2 MW/m2 without hot spots and overheating zones during the whole test campaign. Metallurgy and SEM observations did not find any cracks at both sides and the interface, indicating a good bonding of W and CuCrZr alloy. In addition, finite element simulations by ANSYS 12.0 under experimental load conditions were performed and compared with experimental results.

Radial Non-uniformity Index Research on High-density,High-flux CFB Riser with Stratified Injection

A high-density, high-flux circulating fluidized bed （CFB） riser （100 mm in ID and 10.614 m in height） was ap- plied in a wide range of operating conditions （with solid fluxes up to 400 kg/m2s and superficial gas velocities up to 12 m/s） to examine its radial non-uniformity dynamics. The solids holdup was determined through the use of a fiber-optic probe at 11 axial levels. The results indicated that under all operating conditions, the high superficial gas velocity and low solid flux- es maintained a low radial non-uniformity index （RNI）. The high-density/flux CFB riser had several unique characteristics, so that the peak of the radial solids holdup profile occurred at a position with r/R=0.8. The RNI and solids holdup at the cross-sectional position had a good logarithmic relationship at the low-density condition （with a mean solids holdup of 〈0.2）, and the RNI decreased when the mean solids holdup exceeded 0.2. Investigation of the dynamics of stratified injec- tion revealed that the feed ratio had an important effect on G, and on solids holdup distribution. A novel ＂〈＂ shaped axial solids holdup profile was found. Gs decreased sharply when the up-flow feed ratio exceeded 0.5, and RNI was lowest when the up-flow feed ratio was 1.

Heat transfer in boundary layer stagnation-point flow towards a shrinking sheet with non-uniform heat flux

In this paper, the effect of non-uniform heat flux on heat transfer in boundary layer stagnation-point flow over a shrinking sheet is studied. The variable boundary heat fluxes are considered of two types： direct power-law variation with the distance along the sheet and inverse power-law variation with the distance. The governing partial differential equations （PDEs） are transformed into non linear self-similar ordinary differential equations （ODEs） by similarity transformations, and then those are solved using very efficient shooting method. The direct variation and inverse variation of heat flux along the sheet have completely different effects on the temperature distribution. Moreover, the heat transfer characteristics in the presence of non-uniform heat flux for several values of physical parameters are also found to be interesting.

High Heat Flux Testing of B_4C/Cu and SiC/Cu Functionally Graded Materials Simulated by Laser and Electron Beam

B4C, SiC and C, Cu functionally graded-materials (FGMs) have been developed by plasma spraying and hot pressing. Their high-heat flux properties have been investigated by high energy laser and electron beam for the simulation of plasma disruption process of the future fusion reactors, And a study on eroded products of B4C/Cu FGM under transient thermal load of electron beam was performed. In the experiment, SEM and EDS analysis indicated that B4C and SiC were decomposed, carbon was preferentially evaporated under high thermal load, and a part of Si and Cu were melted, in addition, the splash of melted metal and the particle emission of brittle destruction were also found. Different erosive behaviors of carbon-based materials (CBMs) caused by laser and electron beam were also discussed.

Hydrothermal analysis of non-Newtonian fluid flow(blood)through the circular tube under prescrib e d non-uniform wall heat flux

The present article aims to investigate the Graetz-Nusselt problem for blood as a non-Newtonian fluid obeying the power-law constitutive equation and flowing inside the axisymmetric tube subjected to nonuniform surface heat flux.After the flow field is determined by solving the continuity and the momentum equations,the energy equation is handled by employing the separation of variables method.The resulting Eigen functions and Eigen values are numerically calculated using MATLAB built-in solver BVP4C.The analysis is first conducted for the situation of constant heat flux and subsequently generalized to apply to the case of sinusoidal variation of wall heat flux along the tube length,using Duhamel’s Theorem.Furthermore,an approximate analytic solution is determined,employing an integral approach to solve the boundary layer equations.With respect to the comparison,the results of approximate solution display acceptable congruence with those of exact solution with an average error of 7.4%.Interestingly,with decreasing the power-law index,the discrepancy between the two presented methods significantly reduces.Eventually,the influences of the controlling parameters such as surface heat flux and power-law index on the non-Newtonian fluid flow’s thermal characteristics and structure are elaborately discussed.It is found that switching from constant wall heat flux to non-uniform wall heat flux that sinusoidally varies along the tube length significantly improves the simulation’s accuracy due to the better characterization of the heat transport phenomenon in non-Newtonian fluid flow through the tube.In the presence of sinusoidally varying wall heat flux with an amplitude of 200 W/m 2 and when the power-law index is 0.25,the maximum arterial wall temperature is found to be about 311.56 K.

Manufacturing and High Heat Flux Testing of Brazed Flat-Type W/CuCrZr Plasma Facing Components

Water-cooled flat-type W/Cu Cr Zr plasma facing components with an interlayer of oxygen-free copper（OFC） have been developed by using vacuum brazing route.The OFC layer for the accommodation of thermal stresses was cast onto the surface of W at a temperature range of 1150oC-1200 oC in a vacuum furnace.The W/OFC cast tiles were vacuum brazed to a Cu Cr Zr heat sink at 940 oC using the silver-free filler material Cu Mn Si Cr.The microstructure,bonding strength,and high heat flux properties of the brazed W/Cu Cr Zr joint samples were investigated.The W/Cu joint exhibits an average tensile strength of 134 MPa,which is about the same strength as pure annealed copper.High heat flux tests were performed in the electron beam facility EMS-60.Experimental results indicated that the brazed W/Cu Cr Zr mock-up experienced screening tests of up to 15 MW/m^2 and cyclic tests of 9 MW/m^2 for 1000 cycles without visible damage.

Microchannel cooling technique for dissipating high heat flux on W/Cu flat-type mock-up for EAST divertor

As an important component of tokamaks,the divertor is mainly responsible for extracting heat and helium ash,and the targets of the divertor need to withstand high heat flux of 10 MW m-2 for steady-state operation.In this study,we proposed a new strategy,using microchannel cooling technology to remove high heat load on the targets of the divertor.The results demonstrated that the microchannel-based W/Cu flat-type mock-up successfully withstood the thermal fatigue test of 1000 cycles at 10 MW m^(-2)with cooling water of 26 l min^(-1),30°C(inlet),0.8 MPa(inlet),15 s power on and 15 s dwell time;the maximum temperature on the heat-loaded surface(W surface)of the mock-up was 493°C,which is much lower than the recrystallization temperature of W(1200°C).Moreover,no occurrence of macrocrack and‘hot spot’at the W surface,as well as no detachment of W/Cu tiles were observed during the thermal fatigue testing.These results indicate that microchannel cooling technology is an efflcient method for removing the heat load of the divertor at a low flow rate.The present study offers a promising solution to replace the monoblock design for the EAST divertor.

Evaluation of The Thermal Performance of Multi-Element Doped Graphite under Steady-State High Heat Flux

Multi-element doped graphite, GBST1308 has been developed as a plasma facing material (PFM) for high heat flux components of the HT-7U device. The thermal performance of the material under steady-state (SS) high heat flux was evaluated under actively cooling conditions, the specimens were mechanically joined to copper heat sink with supercarbon sheet as a compliant layer between the interfaces. The experiments have been performed in a facility of ACT (actively cooling test stand) with a 100 kW electron gun in order to test the suitability and the loading limit of such materials. The surface temperature and bulk temperature distribution of the specimens were investigated. The experimental results are very encouraging that when heat flux is not more than 6 MW/m2, the surface temperature of GBST1308 is less than 1000℃, which is the lowest, compared with IG-430U and even with CX-2002U (CFC); The primary results indicate that the mechanically-joined material system by such a proper design as thin tile, super compliant layer, GBST as a PFM and copper-alloy heat sink, can be used as divertor plates for HT-7U in the first phase.

SEASONAL PERSISTENCE OF THE WEST PACIFIC SUBTROPICAL HIGH AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH THE SURFACE HEAT FLUX ANOMALY

This paper investigates the interannual variation of the West Pacific Subtropical High(WPSH) intensity based on the data compiled by the Chinese National Climate Center.Monthly reanalysis data from National Centers for Environmental Prediction and National Center for Atmospheric Research(NCEP/NCAR) are also used to study the lead-lag relationship between WPSH intensity and surface heat flux anomalies.The three major findings are as follows:First,WPSH intensity presents good seasonal persistence,especially from winter to the ensuing summer.Persistence is more significant after 1977,especially from spring to summer,and from summer to autumn;persistence of anticyclonic anomalies are significantly better than cyclonic anomalies.Second,surface heat flux tends to present opposite anomalous patterns between the strong and weak years of the WPSH intensity,which is especially valid at the latent heat flux over the ocean.Simultaneous correlations between surface heat flux and WPSH intensity in each of the seasons are marked by similar key areas.Finally,surface heat flux from the preceding winter of a strong summer WPSH is quite similar to strong spring WPSH,but the positive anomalies over the northwest Pacific and south of Japan are notably stronger.The situations in the weak years are similar except for those over the northwest Pacific:winter surface heat flux shows negative anomalies for a weak spring WPSH,but positive anomalies for a weak summer WPSH.It is suggested that surface heat flux in the previous winter plays an important role in maintaining the WPSH intensity in the ensuing spring and summer.

Numerical Simulation of Subcooled Boiling Inside High-Heat-Flux Component with Swirl Tube in Neutral Beam Injection System

In order to realize steady-state operation of the neutral beam injection（NBI） system with high beam energy,an accurate thermal analysis and a prediction about working conditions of heat-removal structures inside high-heat-flux（HHF） components in the system are key issues.In this paper,taking the HHF ion dump with swirl tubes in NBI system as an example,an accurate thermal dynamic simulation method based on computational fluid dynamics（CFD） and the finite volume method is presented to predict performance of the HHF component.In this simulation method,the Eulerian multiphase method together with some empirical corrections about the inter-phase transfer model and the wall heat flux partitioning model are considered to describe the subcooled boiling.The reliability of the proposed method is validated by an experimental example with subcooled boiling inside swirl tube.The proposed method provides an important tool for the refined thermal and flow dynamic analysis of HHF components,and can be extended to study the thermal design of other complex HHF engineering structures in a straightforward way.The simulation results also verify that the swirl tube is a promising heat removing structure for the HHF components of the NBI system.

Preliminary High Heat Flux Tests of Small-Scale Be/Cu Mock-Ups

China, as one of the members of ITER （international thermonuclear experimental reactor） project, one of the most important construction tasks is the fabrication of the first wall panel and shield blankets, which is the key engineering technology of ITER construction and might be one of the crucial issues of the future reactor too. Since 2004, an associated research team including Southwestern Institute of Physics （ SWIP ）, Ninxia Non-ferrous Metal Co. Itd and Chinese Institute of Engineering Physics, as well as Nuclear Power Institute of China has been established. Up to now, several series of interlayer for hot isostatic press （ HIP ） connection of beryllium and CuCrZr alloy have been tested. They are titanium film or coating, Cu coating and Al or AISiMg alloy etc. The bonding strength （tensile or shear strength ） of HIPed Be/Cu joints is up to 100 MPa.

SIMULATION OF TEMPERATURE FIELD IN ULTRA-HIGH FREQUENCY INDUCTION HEATING AND VERIFICATION

An experimental and numerical study on the temperature field induced in the ultra-high frequency induction heating is carried out.With an aim of predicting the thermal history of the workpiece,the influence factors of temperature field,such as the induction frequency,the dimension of coil and the gap between coil and workpiece,are investigated considering temperature-dependent material properties by using FLUX 2Dsoftware.The temperature field characteristic in ultra-high induction heating is obtained and discussed.The numerical values are compared with the experimental results.A good agreement between them is observed with 7.9% errors.

基于热电堆的微型热流传感器制备及性能研究

航空发动机内部温度和热辐射的不均匀分布可能导致叶片表面出现热点,引起叶尖等区域的材料损坏。因此,监测单位时间内通过叶片表面的热量十分重要。热电堆型热流传感器以其测量范围广、稳定性好、精度高等优点,成为监测高温环境热流参数的常用方法。本文采用丝网印刷和高温烧结工艺,在10 mm×10 mm×1 mm的99%Al_(2)O_(3)陶瓷基片上制备了Pt-Rh10/Pt热电堆型热流传感器,并搭建了热流实验平台对传感器进行测试。结果表明,该热流传感器在1 019.4℃的高温环境下,所测热流密度为179.67 kW/m^(2),输出电压为0.462 3 mV。经过3次热循环测试可知,该热流传感器的重复性偏差小于5%,具有较好的重复性。

高焓流场球头外形气动热试验研究

再入地球大气层时,飞行器的再入速度极高,面临严重的气动加热问题。为了研究高焓流动导致的热化学非平衡现象,在高焓膨胀风洞FD-14X中开展了球头外形的热流测量试验以及CFD仿真模拟。FD-14X为中国空气动力研究与发展中心新建成的高焓膨胀风洞,速度模拟能力达到第二宇宙速度,总温模拟能力超过10000 K,能够产生总焓70 MJ/kg的试验气体。试验来流总焓16.9~63.5 MJ/kg,球头直径20~50 mm,流场采用自发光拍照,同时CFD仿真采用Park双温非平衡模型计算球头绕流流场。试验与仿真结果表明:来流总焓大于5 MJ/kg时,球头绕流场存在显著的热化学非平衡现象;304钢模型壁面在来流总焓小于20 MJ/kg时表现为非催化壁面特性,在来流总焓大于30 MJ/kg时表现为催化壁面特性;当球头表面镀氧化锆膜、来流总焓49.5 MJ/kg时,球头壁面表现为非催化壁面特性。

HIGH EFFICIENCY COOLING TECHNOLOGY BASED ON GREEN MANUFACTURING

Green manufacturing （GM） and high efficiency machining technology are inevitable trends in the field of advanced manufacturing of the 21st century. To ensure green and high-efficiency machining, a new high efficiency cooling technology-cryogenic pneumatic mist jet impinging cooling （CPMJI） technology is presented. For obtaining the best cooling effect, a little quantity of coolant is carried by high speed cryogenic air （-20 C ） and reaches the machining zone in the form of mist jet to enhance heat transfer. Experimental results indicate that under the conditions of 40 m/s in the jet impinging speed and 10 mm in the jet impinging distance, the critical heat flux（CHF） nearly reaches 6× 10^7 W/m^2, more than six times of the CHF of the grinding burn with a value of （8～10）×10^6 W/m^2.

第二宇宙速度再入高焓烧蚀试验

针对国内无法进行高焓气动热地面试验的难题,中国航天空气动力技术研究院研究团队利用磁等离子动力加热器、高频感应加热器和电弧加热器相结合的试验技术,实现了第二宇宙速度再入气动热环境的复现。试验技术在采用ϕ60 mm-SR90 mm等热流驻点模型时,可实现气流焓值范围8~87 MJ/kg,热流密度范围500~6800 kW/m2,驻点压力范围1~66 kPa,获得了4种典型防热材料烧蚀性能随高焓流场参数的变化规律,印证了碳硅复合热解防热材料的高焓烧蚀机理。在气流总焓一定的情况下,防热材料的烧蚀率随热流密度的增大而增大;在热流密度一定的情况下,防热材料的烧蚀率随总焓的增大而减小。该试验技术已经服务于探月后续项目,同时可应用于高温非平衡效应研究中,更可为将来的载人登月和深空探测提供设备基础和技术储备。

热流密度对高速钢刀具多道熔覆WC/Co陶瓷层组织与性能的影响

目的研究高速钢刀具表面激光多道熔覆WC/Co陶瓷层时,热流密度对熔覆层道次间的影响规律,以及多道熔覆层制备时的参数选择。方法建立多道单层激光熔覆理论模型,并利用模拟仿真和实验的方法,以热流密度作为评价指标,对激光热源的不同参数和熔覆层组织与性能进行耦合分析。结果当热流密度小于24.06×10^(6) W/m^(2)时,熔覆层内形成细长的枝状晶。当热流密度在36.09×10^(6)~39.82×10^(6) W/m^(2)变化时,熔覆层内形成以胞状、枝状为主要强化相的多晶体混合组织。当热流密度大于44.11×10^(6) W/m^(2)时,熔覆层组织形成稳态的块状结构。不同热流密度下,熔覆层的物相组织均由Fe_(3)W_(3)C、Co_(3)W_(3)C、Mo_(3)Co_(3)C、W_(2)C、WC、Cr_(3)Mo、(Cr,Fe)_(7)C_(3)和多种间隙化合物组成。结论当第n道熔覆层制备完成后,受到后续第n+1道熔覆层制备时热流密度的影响较大,而此后道次的影响较小。熔覆层内部组织形态随着热流密度的增加从细长的枝状晶向胞状晶转变,再逐渐形成稳态块状晶。熔覆层内各位置的显微硬度值随着热流密度的增加而先增大,随后逐渐减小。较大的热流密度会导致基材参与熔覆的质量增加,但降低了基材的抗弯曲强度,加大了熔覆层及基材断裂的可能性。当热流密度为36.09×10^(6) W/m^(2)时,是一组较为理想的工艺参数选择。

高压高热流光学窗口气膜冷却设计与试验研究

光学窗口应用面临的环境愈发严苛,特别是极端严酷的气动加热条件将使局部表面温度快速升高,这不但会导致窗口发生碎裂,而且容易引发光学成像装置的饱和/干扰问题,为此通常采用气膜冷却的方式来隔离外流对窗口的直接对流加热。针对高压高热流条件下的光学窗口,设计用于极端压力和热流条件下的切向冷却气膜生成结构及装置,并通过地面试验设计、数值模拟及工程计算,对极端力热环境中影响窗口气膜冷却效能的主要因素开展研究。初步研究结果表明,所提的气膜冷却设计能够可靠降低极端环境下光学窗口表面的气动加热,可满足光学观察环境愈发恶劣的发展要求。