High-pressure study on calcium azide(Ca(N_(3))_(2)):Bending of azide ions stabilizes the structure

The high-pressure structure and elastic properties of calcium azide(Ca(N_(3))_(2))were investigated using in-situ highpressure x-ray diffraction and Raman scattering up to 54 GPa and 19 GPa,respectively.The compressibility of Ca(N_(3))_(2)changed as the pressure increased,and no phase transition occurred within the pressure from ambient pressure up to 54 GPa.The measured zero-pressure bulk modulus of Ca(N_(3))_(2)is higher than that of other alkali metal azides,due to differences in the ionic character of their metal-azide bonds.Using CASTEP,all vibration modes of Ca(N_(3))_(2)were accurately identified in the vibrational spectrum at ambient pressure.In the high-pressure vibration study,several external modes(ext.)and internal bending modes(ν_(2))of azide anions(N_(3)^(-))softened up to~7 GPa and then hardened beyond that pressure.This evidence is consistent with the variation observed in the F_(E)–f_(E)data analyzed from the XRD result,where the slope of the curve changes at 7.1 GPa.The main behaviors under pressure are the alternating compression,rotation,and bending of N_(3)^(-)ions.The bending behavior makes the structure of Ca(N_(3))_(2)more stable under pressure.

Dry Mix Slag—High-Calcium Fly Ash Binder. Part Two: Durability

This work investigates durability of cement-free mortars with a binder comprised of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) activated by high-calcium fly ash (HCFA) and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3): the soundness, sulfate resistance, alkali-silica reactivity and efflorescence factors are considered. Results of tests show that such mortars are resistant to alkali-silica expansion. Mortars are also sulfate-resistant when the amount of HCFA in the complex binder is within a limit of 10 wt%. The fineness of fly ash determines its’ ability to activate GGBFS hydration, and influence soundness of the binder, early strength development, sulfate resistance and efflorescence behavior. The present article is a continuation of authors’ work, previously published in MSA, Vol. 14, 240-254.

Dry Mix Slag—High-Calcium Fly Ash Binder. Part One: Hydration and Mechanical Properties

High-calcium fly ash (HCFA)—a residue of high-temperature coal combustion at thermal power plants, in combination with sodium carbonate presents an effective hardening activator of ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS). Substitution of 10% - 30% of GGBFS by HCFA and premixing of 1% - 3% Na2CO3 to this dry binary binder was discovered to give mortar compression strength of 10 - 30 to 30 - 45 MPa at 7 and 28 days when moist cured at ambient temperature. High-calcium fly ash produced from low-temperature combustion of fuel, like in circulating fluidized bed technology, reacts with water readily and is itself a good hardening activator for GGBFS, so introduction of Na2CO3 into such mix has no noticeable effect on the mortar strength. However, low-temperature HCFA has higher water demand, and the strength of mortar is compromised by this factor. As of today, our research is still ongoing, and we expect to publish more data on different aspects of durability of proposed GGBFS-HCFA binder later.

Transcriptome and metabolome analysis of preharvest internal browning in Nane plum fruit caused by high temperature

The preharvest internal browning of Nane plum fruit,with no visible effects on the appearance of the fruit,has become a serious problem in recent years in its production area in Guangdong Province,China.This study investigated the effects of environmental factors,including temperature,on Nane plum internal browning.Plum orchards at different elevations with different incidences of internal browning were selected.Using fruits with different internal browning incidence levels,the internal browning mechanism was analyzed with transcriptome and metabolome analyses.The results revealed decreased internal browning at high altitudes.Shading treatment significantly reduced internal browning,whereas bagging and insect-proof net-covering treatments significantly increased internal browning.Because bagging and net coverings increase the local ambient temperature,the findings suggest that high temperature is an important factor influencing the internal browning of Nane plum.The metabolome experiments showed that with increased internal browning,the levels of phenolic hydroxyls such as catechol increased,with simultaneous increases in hydrogen peroxide content and oxidase activity.It can be speculated that the oxidation of phenolic hydroxyl substances is the main cause of the preharvest browning of Nane plum.Transcriptome analysis revealed the increased expression of calcium signaling-related and downstream effector genes and indicated an important role of calcium in internal browning,possibly due to its increased content in the fruit.Further,with increasingly serious internal browning,genes related to photosynthesis were down-regulated,while genes related to senescence were up-regulated,thus suggesting the up-regulation of the process of cell senescence during internal browning.In conclusion,heat stress should be eliminated to reduce preharvest internal browning in Nane plum.

Effect of Calcium Oxide Additive on the Performance of Iron Oxide Sorbent for High-Temperature Coal Gas Desulfurization

The effect of calcium oxide additive in iron oxide sorbent for hot gas desulfurization was investigated by XRD and TPR techniques.XRD characterization showed that CaO was highly dispersed after the calcination of sorbents.Calcium sulfate formed in the desulfurization was decomposed and regenerated to CaO by reacting with CO before the next sulfidation process.Calcium participated in every sulfidation/regeneration cycle and contributed to the enhancement of sulfur capacity.The TPR results showed that the reduction temperature of the sorbent increased with the increase of the content of calcium.Calcium played a role of retarding reduction.Therefore,the addition of calcium oxide additive will benefit the utilization of iron oxide sorbent in strongly reducing atmospheres.

Effect of Calcium on the Vanadium Extraction from High Calcium Type Stone Coal

The high calcium type stone coal from Hubei province was leached by water and dilute acid separately after being roasted with different dosage of Na Cl. The water leaching rate of vanadium（WLRV） was low and only 26.8% of vanadium can be leached by water when 4% Na Cl was added, but the acid leaching rate of vanadium（ALRV） was relatively high. Calcium in the high calcium type stone coal is greatly superfl uous relative to vanadium, hence, the calcium reacts with vanadium to form Ca（VO3）2, Ca2V2O7 and Ca3（VO4）2orderly during the stone coal roasting process and high temperature is beneficial to the reactions between calcium and vanadium, which was validated by simulated reactions between pure calcium carbonate and vanadium pentoxide. These calcium vanadates are all water insoluble but acid soluble and this causes the low WLRV and relatively high ALRV. After calcium removal by HCl, the WLRV is highly enhanced and reaches about 50% when only 2% Na Cl was added. If the HCl content is too high, the stone coal is easily sintered and the formed glass structure can enwrap vanadium, which leads the WLRV to decline. Single water leaching process is not appropriate to extract vanadium from high calcium type stone coal.

Research on Preparation and Influencing Fctors of High Calcium High Sulfate Ash to Autoclaved Aerated Concrete

In this paper, a high calcium high sulfate ash as the main material, adding fly ash, lime, cement, gypsum and some modifiers to prepare autoclaved aerated concrete. The products complies with the technical requirements of GB/T11968-2006. This paper also studies the influence of the physical methods and water ratio on autoclaved aerated concrete by high calcium high sulfate ash aerated concrete. The best ratio of water and Grinding time were found in practice study.

X-ray diffraction investigation of amorphous calcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite under ultra-high hydrostatic pressure

The changes in the crystal structures of synthetically prepared amorphous calcium phosphate（ACP） and hydroxyapatite（HAP） in water（1：1 mass ratio） were studied by synchrotron X-ray diffraction（XRD） under ultra-high hydrostatic pressures as high as 2.34 GPa for ACP and 4 GPa for HAP. At ambient pressure, the XRD patterns of the ACP and HAP samples in capillary tubes and their environmental scanning electron micrographs indicated amorphous and crystalline characteristics for ACP and HAP, respectively. At pressures greater than 0.25 GPa, an additional broad peak was observed in the XRD pattern of the ACP phase, indicating a partial phase transition from an amorphous phase to a new high-pressure amorphous phase. The peak areas and positions of the ACP phase, as obtained through fitting of the experimental data, indicated that the ACP exhibited increased pseudo-crystalline behavior at pressures greater than 0.96 GPa. Conversely, no structural changes were observed for the HAP phase up to the highest applied pressure of 4 GPa. For HAP, a unit-cell reduction during compression was evidenced by a reduction in both refined lattice parameters a and c. Both ACP and HAP reverted to their original structures when the pressure was fully released to ambient pressure.

Preparation of High Percentage α-Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate via a Hydrothermal Method

α-calcium sulfate hemihydrate (α-HH) is known to be suitable for application as bone void filler. High percentage of α-HH is obviously needed for medical applications, especially for implantation. Three commercially available calcium sulfate dihydrates (DH, CaSO4·2H2O) with different sizes and surface morphologies were used as starting materials to synthesize high percentage α-HH via a hydrothermal method. The median particle sizes of the three types of DH were 946.7 μm, 162.4 μm and 62.4 μm, respectively. They were named as DH-L, DH-M and DH-S in this paper. The particle size distribution, morphology and phase composition of the raw materials were evaluated before synthesis. SEM results revealed that DH-L consisted of irregular large particles, while DH-M and DH-S were composed of plate-like particles with some small ones. High percentage HH can be obtained with proper synthesis parameters by hydrothermal method, specifically, 105 °C/90 min for DH-L (achieving 98.8% HH), 105°C/30 min for DH-M (achieving 96.7% HH) and 100°C/45 min for DH-S (achieving 98.4% HH). All the synthesized HH were hexagonal columns, demonstrating that they were α-phase HH. The particle size and morphology of starting material (DH) have significant influences on not only the rate of phase transition but also the morphology of the synthesized α-HH. Calcium sulfate dihydrate cements were prepared by the synthesized α-HH. The highest compressive strength of calcium sulfate dihydrate cement was 17.2 MPa. The results show that the preparation of high percentage α-HH is feasible via a hydrothermal method and the process can be further scaled up to industrial scale production.

EFFECT OF ADDED DIETARY CALCIUM ON ESOPHAGEAL EPITHELIAL-CELL PROLIFERATION IN SUBJECTS AT HIGH RISK FOR ESOPHAGEAL CANCER: A DOUBLE-BLIND INTER-VENTION STUDY

A randomized double-blind intervention trial was carried determine whether oral calcium supplementation could lower the proliferation of epithelial cells of the esophagus. 41 subjects identified with precancerous lesions by histopathology were randomized to receive oral supplementation of their conventional diets with 0.6 g of calcium as calcium carbonate or placebo. Both at the entry to the study and at the end of the treatment, seven months later, the subjects were examined, with an emphasis on the frequency and distribution of proliferating epithelial cells of the esophagus. Patterns of cell proliferation was defined by dividing the esophageal epithelium into cell columns oriented perpendicularly to the basal cell layer and by comparing the numbers and fractions of tritiated thymidine-labeled epithelial cells in the various cell columns and cell compartments.Before dietary supplementation with calcium, the profile of proliferating epithelial cells in the esophageal compartments in calcium group is similar to that in the placebo group, which is comparable to that previously observed in subjects with high risk for esophageal cancer. Seven months after supplementation having been started, in calcium group, proliferation was significantly reduced and the profile of the esophageal columns approached to that previously observed in subjects at low risk for esophageal cancer, however, in the placebo group, the proliferation and profile maintain at the same level as that before supplementation. Our findings indicate that oral calcium supplementation induces a more quiescent equilibrium in epithelial-cell proliferation in the esophageal mucosa of the subjects at high-risk for esophageal cancer, similar to that observed in subjects at low risk.

Artificial Hybrid Solid Electrolyte-Mediated Ca Metal for Ultradurable Room Temperature 5 V Calcium Batteries

The anodic stability and reversibility of Ca metal electrodeposition/dissolution have always been hampered by surface passivation and anion corrosion,especially in F-based carbonate ester electrolytes at high device voltages.To avoid direct Ca metal/electrolyte reactions,an artificial hybrid solid electrolyte layer(AHSEL),which is characteristic of sodium/calcium carbonate and calcium hydride nitride nanocrystals of size<10 nm encapsulated by amorphous C,N species,is constructed on calcium with good ion conductivity(≈0.01 mS cm^(-1))and uniform coating of thickness≈20μm.After cycling in the KPF_(6) electrolyte,AHSEL is transformed into Na/K/Ca hybrid solid electrolyte interphases(SEIs),which is a compact layer composed of monodisperse nanocrystals(mostly Ca_(2)NH)and small amorphous zones,thus greatly suppressing the fluoridation of the Ca deposit.Consequently,the plating/stripping performance of AHSEL-modified Ca(AHSEL-Ca)is markedly improved compared with that of pristine Ca,lasting for>1400 h at a polarization shift of<0.4 mV/h.The AHSEL-Ca anode also endows Ca batteries with superior anodic stability with a ceiling voltage of up to 5.0 V,a high discharge voltage(>3.3 V),a large capacity of≈80 mAh g^(-1)at 200 mA g^(-1),and an ultralong lifespan≈5000 cycles.

Relationship between coronary calcium score and high-risk plaque/significant stenosis

AIM To investigate the relationship between coronary calcium score(CCS) and vulnerable plaque/significant stenosis using coronary computed tomographic angiography(CCTA). METHODS CCTA was performed in 651 patients and these patients were divided into the four groups(CCS 0, 1-100, 101-400 and > 400). We studied the incidence of high-risk plaque, including positive remodeling, low attenuation plaque, spotty calcification, and napkin-ring sign, and significant stenosis in each group. RESULTS High-risk plaque was found in 1.3%, 10.1%, 13.3% and 13.4% of patients with CCS 0, 1-100, 101-400 and > 400, respectively(P < 0.001). The difference was only significant for patients with zero CCS. The incidence of significant stenosis was 0.6%, 7.6%, 13.3% and 26.9% for each patient group, respectively(P < 0.001), which represented a significant stepwise increase as CCS increased. The combined incidence of high-risk plaque and significant stenosis was 1.9%, 17.7%, 26.9% and 40.3% in each patient group, respectively(P < 0.001), again representing a significant stepwise increase with CCS. The rate of major coronary event was 0%, 4.0%, 7.9% and 17.2% in each patient group, respectively(P < 0.001), another significant stepwise increase as CCS increased. CONCLUSION Stepwise increased risk of coronary events associated with increasing CCS is caused by increasing incidence of significant stenosis, while that of high-risk plaque remains the same.

高通量血液透析联合血液透析滤过序贯治疗慢性肾衰竭的临床效果及对钙磷代谢、预后的影响

目的分析高通量血液透析(HFHD)联合血液透析滤过(HDF)序贯治疗慢性肾衰竭(CRF)的临床效果。方法选取2020年1月至12月我院接收的90例CRF患者为研究对象,随机将其分为常规组(45例,常规HFHD治疗)和联合组(45例,HFHD联合HDF序贯治疗)。比较两组的治疗效果。结果联合组的治疗总有效率高于常规组(P<0.05)。治疗后,联合组的血尿素氮(BUN)、血肌酐(Scr)、甲状旁腺素(PTH)及β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)水平低于常规组,内生肌酐清除率(Ccr)显著高于常规组(P<0.05)。治疗后,联合组的钙(Ca)水平高于常规组,磷(P)、成纤维细胞生长因子-23(FGF-23)、镁(Mg)、降钙素(CT)及碱性磷酸酶(ALP)水平低于常规组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,联合组的肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、C反应蛋白(CRP)及白细胞介素-8(IL-8)水平低于常规组,白细胞介素-10(IL-10)水平高于常规组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。联合组的不良反应总发生率低于常规组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论HFHD联合HDF序贯治疗CRF可取得理想的效果。

高钙镁油藏悬浮微晶聚合物体系研究

为了解决高钙镁油藏聚丙烯酰胺类聚合物抗盐性能差、无法开展聚合物驱现场应用的问题。悬浮微晶聚合物体系通过自研的增黏剂将水中钙镁离子变成微晶,从而使注入水的高浓度钙镁离子变害为利,大幅度提高了聚合物溶液抗钙镁、增黏的性能。研究表明:悬浮微晶聚合物体系具有良好的增黏性,其黏度是相同浓度聚合物溶液黏度的3.1~4.0倍。悬浮微晶聚合物体系中分散剂最佳浓度为0.2%,成晶剂最佳浓度为0.3%。聚合物优选疏水缔合型聚丙烯酰胺类聚合物。悬浮微晶聚合物体系在高钙镁油藏具有良好的应用潜力。

电石渣和煤矸石对型煤固硫性能的影响及作用机制研究

研制高效低成本的耐高温固硫剂和添加剂有助于解决型煤高温燃烧环境下钙基固硫产物的分解问题。电石渣和煤矸石属于典型的工业固体废弃物,利用固废作为添加剂制备固硫型煤有助于降低固硫型煤成本和挖掘固废资源价值,发挥这两种固废中矿物组分协同作用可改善高温条件下型煤固硫效果。开展了电石渣和煤矸石分别作为固硫剂和添加剂制备环保型煤的研究,考察了固硫剂种类(碳酸钙、氧化钙、氢氧化钙和电石渣)、钙硫物质的量比(1.5~4.0)、燃烧温度(900℃~1300℃)、煤矸石用量(2%~7%)对型煤固硫效果的影响。通过型煤燃烧评价实验发现,仅用电石渣作为固硫剂,在钙硫物质的量比为3.0时制得的型煤在燃烧温度低于1000℃时固硫率能达到80%以上,燃烧温度提高到1300℃时型煤固硫率下降40%,结合分析表征数据发现主要原因是固硫产物硫酸钙的高温分解。添加的煤矸石在高温条件下被电石渣组分活化后起到辅助固硫作用,当添加的煤矸石的质量分数达到5%时型煤的固硫率能维持在60%以上,在此基础上增加煤矸石用量并不能明显提升型煤固硫率。通过固硫产物热稳定性研究并结合分析表征数据发现,高铝煤矸石灰渣活性组分发生高温反应生成硫铝酸钙、钙黄长石、硅酸三钙等耐高温稳定物相,在一定程度上抑制了CaSO_(4)的分解,从而提高了型煤的高温固硫率。

适宜高钙环境的桑种质资源筛选

桑树是一种兼具经济效益和生态效益的树种,适宜在石漠化地区推广种植.高钙是石漠化地区土壤的重要特征之一,也是限制植物生长发育的主要因素之一.因此,了解我国大面积栽植的不同杂交桑品种的高钙耐受性,并筛选耐高钙胁迫的品种具有重要意义.以7个杂交桑品种幼苗为材料,研究不同桑树品种在高钙胁迫下的生理生化响应,并通过隶属函数法综合评价各品种的耐钙胁迫特性.结果表明:不同桑树品种在高钙胁迫下生长受到显著抑制,脯氨酸质量分数显著上升,而品种间抗氧化酶响应胁迫的模式存在差异.基于隶属函数值,聚类分析发现丰驰和桂桑优62为强高钙耐受品种,粤桑11和桂桑优12为中等高钙耐受品种,塘10×伦109、桂桑6和桂桑优2为高钙敏感品种.

从高钙富硼老卤中提硼研究

以青海某高钙富硼老卤为研究对象开展了提硼研究。结果表明,合适的萃取条件为:磺化煤油为稀释剂、异辛醇用量50%、萃取相比1.0、萃取混合时间15 min;合适的反萃条件为:反萃剂为pH=1的稀盐酸、反萃相比1.5、反萃混合时间15 min。以此条件在5级混合澄清槽中完成了连续逆流萃取—反萃运转试验,连续运转45 h,硼萃取率为95.49%,硼与钾、钠、钙、镁的分离效果较好;硼反萃率为99.59%,反萃液中硼含量达17.17 g/L。采用“溶剂萃取—反萃—高温蒸发—低温冷却结晶—重溶—冷却结晶—过滤洗涤—干燥”工艺高效分离提取硼,硼总回收率为92.33%,制备出的硼酸产品达国家标准(GB/T 538—2018)要求。

钙基脱氯剂脱除重整高温烟气中HCl的研究

重整催化剂的再生过程主要为:卸料、烧焦、氧氯化、焙烧、冷却、隔离等步骤,其中烧焦和氧氯化为关键步骤。重整催化剂运行一定时间因表面积碳结焦而失活,“烧焦”是在氧气存在和高温条件下将催化剂上的积碳转化为二氧化碳,随着循环气带走,此过程中也伴随着催化剂上的关键组分氯的脱附,并以氯化氢的形式存在于循环气中。钙系脱氯剂使用精度高,脱氯效果好,在市场上广泛应用。实验以氢氧化钙和碳酸钙为主要活性组分,辅助加入其他提高脱氯效果的金属元素,增加金属直接协同作用,达到提高脱氯效果的目的。采用滚球成型的方式,对脱氯剂进行成型,可以有效保护活性组分的孔结构,通过脱氯评价对实验结果验证,使用后样品的氯含量可达36%以上。

含生活垃圾焚烧炉渣的碱矿渣水泥耐高温机理

为探究生活垃圾焚烧炉渣(MSWI-BA)对碱矿渣净浆耐高温性能的影响机理,将6%的矿渣等质量替换为MSWI-BA,制备碱矿渣水泥净浆(AASBp),研究不同温度对AASBp的质量损失率、干燥收缩率和强度的影响.以普通硅酸盐水泥净浆作为对照组,结合多种微观手段,揭示AASBp的耐高温机理,并与未掺MSWI-BA的碱矿渣水泥(AASp)进行对比.结果表明:随着温度的升高,AASBp中水化硅铝酸钙的钙硅比(C/S)先降低后升高;在400℃时,水化硅铝酸钙的聚合度最高,C/S最低;Al—O键在600℃断裂,而Si—O键在1000℃断裂;MSWI-BA可提高基体孔隙的连通性,高温处理后孔隙压力得到释放,因此AASBp比AASp具有更高的归一化抗压强度和耐高温性能.

硫酸钙晶须/SBS复合改性沥青性能研究

为分析硫酸钙晶须(Calcium Sulfate Whisker,CSW)与苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯嵌段共聚物(Styrene⁃buta⁃diene⁃styrene Block Copolymer,SBS)复合改性沥青的常规物理性能和高低温流变性,采用沥青三大指标、动态剪切流变(Dynamic Shear Rheology,DSR)和弯曲梁流变(Bending Beam Rheology,BBR)试验,研究了不同CSW掺量对复合改性沥青基本性能和高低温流变性能的影响,并设置CSW改性沥青为对照组。研究结果表明:随着CSW掺量增加,CSW改性沥青的温度敏感性和高温性能提高而低温性能下降;掺量10%CSW改性沥青的针入度指数PI为-0.83,车辙因子G^(*)/sinδ为27.70 kPa,蠕变劲度模量S为368 MPa,蠕变速率m为0.271;CSW/SBS复合改性沥青的温度敏感性和高低温流变性能较CSW改性沥青均明显提高,其中,PI、G^(*)/sinδ和m分别提升了147.0%、82.3%和7.4%,S降低了19.5%。同时,掺量8%CSW/SBS复合改性沥青的高温、低温PG等级分别为82℃和-18℃,比CSW改性沥青的高低温等级分别升了两级和一级。因此,CSW可明显改善沥青的高温性能和温度敏感性,但对沥青低温性能稍微不利,若将其与SBS进行复合改性,可保证沥青的低温性能。