High temperature and high pressure rheological properties of high-density water-based drilling fluids for deep wells

To maintain tight control over rheological properties of high-density water-based drilling fluids, it is essential to understand the factors influencing the theology of water-based drilling fluids. This paper examines temperature effects on the rheological properties of two types of high-density water-based drilling fluids （fresh water-based and brine-based） under high temperature and high pressure （HTHP） with a Fann 50SL rheometer. On the basis of the water-based drilling fluid systems formulated in laboratory, this paper mainly describes the influences of different types and concentration of clay, the content of a colloid stabilizer named GHJ-1 and fluid density on the rheological parameters such as viscosity and shear stress. In addition, the effects of aging temperature and aging time of the drilling fluid on these parameters were also examined. Clay content and proportions for different densities of brine-based fluids were recommended to effectively regulate the rheological properties. Four theological models, the Bingham, power law, Casson and H-B models, were employed to fit the rheological parameters. It turns out that the H-B model was the best one to describe the rheological properties of the high-density drilling fluid under HTHP conditions and power law model produced the worst fit. In addition, a new mathematical model that describes the apparent viscosity as a function of temperature and pressure was established and has been applied on site.

Rheological properties of oil-based drilling fluids at high temperature and high pressure

The rheological properties of two kinds of oil-based drilling fluids with typically composition were studied at pressures up to 138 MPa and temperatures up to 204 ℃ using the RheoChan 7400 Rheometer.The experimental results show that the apparent viscosity,plastic viscosity and yield point decrease with the increase of temperature,and increase with the increase of pressure.The effect of pressure on the apparent viscosity,plastic viscosity and yield point is considerable at ambient temperature.However,this effect gradually reduces with the increase of temperature.The major factor influencing the rheological properties of oil-based drilling fluids is temperature instead of pressure in the deep sections of oil wells.On the basis of numerous experiments,the model for predict the apparent viscosity,plastic viscosity and yield point of oil-based drilling fluids at high temperature and pressure was established using the method of regressive analysis.It is confirmed that the calculated data are in good agreement with the measured data,and the correlation coefficients are more than 0.98.The model is convenient for use and suitable for the application in drilling operations.

Development of a High Temperature and High Pressure Oil-Based Drilling Fluid Emulsion Stability Tester

When drilling deep wells and ultra-deep wells, the downhole high temperature and high pressure environment will affect the emulsion stability of oil-based drilling fluids. Moreover, neither the demulsification voltage method nor the centrifugal method currently used to evaluate the stability of oil-based drilling fluids can reflect the emulsification stability of drilling fluids under high temperature and high pressure on site. Therefore, a high-temperature and high-pressure oil-based drilling fluid emulsion stability evaluation instrument is studied, which is mainly composed of a high-temperature autoclave body, a test electrode, a temperature control system, a pressure control system, and a test system. The stability test results of the instrument show that the instrument can achieve stable testing and the test data has high reliability. This instrument is used to analyze the factors affecting the emulsion stability of oil-based drilling fluids. The experimental results show that under the same conditions, the higher the stirring speed, the better the emulsion stability of the drilling fluid;the longer the stirring time, the better the emulsion stability of the drilling fluid;the greater the oil-water ratio, the better the emulsion stability of the drilling fluid. And the test results of the emulsification stability of oil-based drilling fluids at high temperature and high pressure show that under the same pressure, as the temperature rises, the emulsion stability of oil-based drilling fluids is significantly reduced;at the same temperature, the With the increase in pressure, the emulsion stability of oil-based drilling fluids is in a downward trend, but the decline is not large. Relatively speaking, the influence of temperature on the emulsion stability of oil-based drilling fluids is greater than that of pressure.

Gas-hydrate formation,agglomeration and inhibition in oil-based drilling fluids for deep-water drilling

One of the main challenges in deep-water drilling is gas-hydrate plugs,which make the drilling unsafe.Some oil-based drilling fluids（OBDF） that would be used for deep-water drilling in the South China Sea were tested to investigate the characteristics of gas-hydrate formation,agglomeration and inhibition by an experimental system under the temperature of 4 ？C and pressure of 20 MPa,which would be similar to the case of 2000 m water depth.The results validate the hydrate shell formation model and show that the water cut can greatly influence hydrate formation and agglomeration behaviors in the OBDF.The oleophobic effect enhanced by hydrate shell formation which weakens or destroys the interfacial films effect and the hydrophilic effect are the dominant agglomeration mechanism of hydrate particles.The formation of gas hydrates in OBDF is easier and quicker than in water-based drilling fluids in deep-water conditions of low temperature and high pressure because the former is a W/O dispersive emulsion which means much more gas-water interfaces and nucleation sites than the later.Higher ethylene glycol concentrations can inhibit the formation of gas hydrates and to some extent also act as an anti-agglomerant to inhibit hydrates agglomeration in the OBDF.

Comparison and application of different empirical correlations for estimating the hydrate safety margin of oil-based drilling fluids containing ethylene glycol

As the oil and gas industries continue to increase their activity in deep water, gas hydrate hazards will become more serious and challenging, both at present and in the future. Accurate predictions of the hydrate-free zone and the suitable addition of salts and/or alcohols in preparing drilling fluids are particularly important both in preventing hydrate problems and decreasing the cost of drilling operations. In this paper, we compared several empirical correlations commonly used to estimate the hydrate inhibition effect of aqueous organic and electrolyte solutions using experiments with ethylene glycol （EG） as a hydrate inhibitor. The results show that the Najibi et al. correlation （for single and mixed thermodynamic inhibitors） and the Ostergaard et al. empirical correlation （for single thermodynamic inhibitors） are suitable for estimating the hydrate safety margin of oil-based drilling fluids （OBDFs） in the presence of thermodynamic hydrate inhibitors. According to the two correlations, the OBDF, composed of 1.6 L vaporizing oil, 2% emulsifying agent, 1% organobentonite, 0.5% SP-1, 1% LP-1, 10% water and 40% EG, can be safely used at a water depth of up to 1900 m. However, for more accurate predictions for drilling fluids, the effects of the solid phase, especially bentonite, on hydrate inhibition need to be considered and included in the application of these two empirical correlations.

Development of key additives for organoclay-free oil-based drilling mud and system performance evaluation

Traditional oil-based drilling muds(OBMs) have a relatively high solid content, which is detrimental to penetration rate increase and reservoir protection. Aimed at solving this problem, an organoclay-free OBM system was studied, the synthesis methods and functioning mechanism of key additives were introduced, and performance evaluation of the system was performed. The rheology modifier was prepared by reacting a dimer fatty acid with diethanolamine, the primary emulsifier was made by oxidation and addition reaction of fatty acids, the secondary emulsifier was made by amidation of a fatty acid, and finally the fluid loss additive of water-soluble acrylic resin was synthesized by introducing acrylic acid into styrene/butyl acrylate polymerization. The rheology modifier could enhance the attraction between droplets, particles in the emulsion via intermolecular hydrogen bonding and improve the shear stress by forming a three-dimensional network structure in the emulsion. Lab experimental results show that the organoclay-free OBM could tolerate temperatures up to 220 ?C and HTHP filtration is less than 5 m L. Compared with the traditional OBMs, the organoclay-free OBM has low plastic viscosity, high shear stress, high ratio of dynamic shear force to plastic viscosity and high permeability recovery, which are beneficial to penetration rate increase, hole cleaning and reservoir protection.

Study on a Polyamine-Based Anti-Collapse Drilling Fluid System

In complex strata, oil-based drilling fluid is the preferred drilling fluid system, but its preparation cost is high, and there are hidden safety risks. Therefore, the new progress of high-performance anti-collapse water-based drilling fluid at home and abroad is analyzed. It is difficult to prevent and control the well collapse. Once the well wall instability problem occurs, it will often bring huge economic losses to the enterprises, and the underground safety accidents will occur. In order to ensure the stability of the well wall and improve the downhole safety, the key treatment agent of water-based collapse drilling fluid is selected, the anti-collapse drilling fluid system is formulated, the evaluation method of drilling fluid prevention performance is established, and a set of water-based drilling fluid system suitable for easy to collapse strata in China is selected to ensure the downhole safety. The development trend of high performance anti-collapse water-based drilling fluid is expected to provide a reference for the research of high performance anti-collapse water-based drilling fluid system and key treatment agent.

HI-OILFREE钻井液技术

大庆长垣外预探水平井具有油层物性和连续性差、储层辨识难度大、水平位移长、钻井周期长,储层含有大段泥页岩等技术难点。以往使用油包水钻井液施工,环境保护及成本压力较大,后期回收处理难度高。因此,室内优选出了HI-OILFREE钻井液,该钻井液利用胺基抑制剂AP-1对泥页岩及黏土的优良抑制作用及阳离子聚合物CAL-90对黏土的高效端面吸附作用控制水化及维护井眼稳定;利用极压润滑剂HLX-069、白油和乳化剂、固体润滑剂MRH的协同作用提高钻井液润滑性;用硅类表面活性剂作防水锁剂。室内评价及龙平1井的现场应用表明,HI-OILFREE钻井液抑制性强、流变性好、润滑效果好,荧光级别小于5,现场维护处理工艺简单,能够满足水平井钻井施工要求,储层保护效果显著,且成本与油包水钻井液相比下降了70%。

Novel Eco-friendly Additives for Aqueous and Non-aqueous Fluid Design

The global oil and gas industry has a long standing initiative to develop and use the most environment friendly solutions in the exploration and exploitation of oil and gas resources to prevent any damage or degradation of other marine and terrestrial resources. This is reflected by increasing research in academics, research institutes and organizations around the globe to develop better and more environment friendly base fluids, viscosifiers, fluid loss additives, emulsifiers, lubricants, etc. to protect the local, regional and global environments, eco-systems, habitats and also the OHS of workers and professionals working in the oil and gas industry. This paper describes the development, testing and evaluation of several novel additives to demonstrate their suitability for oil and gas field applications to avoid any negative impact to the surrounding environment. Experimental results indicate that the newly developed additives provide desirable, similar or better performance with respect to conventional additives used by the industry and thus demonstrate their suitability for application in aqueous and non-aqueous fluid design. The plant-based organic additive identified to use as an ecofriendly viscosifier for aqueous mud system can also control the fluid loss behavior of clay free system and thus can act as a bi-functional additive. Several waste vegetable oil-based eco-friendly additives have been developed for their application as spotting fluids, base oil and emulsifiers for invert emulsion oil based mud. These additives have similar or better technical performance than the equivalents and the eco-friendly nature of the mud additives demonstrates their ability to perform the functional tasks with better protection of the surrounding environments.

增效型无土相仿生油基钻井液技术的研究与应用

针对深井超深井钻井过程中钻遇高温高压、井壁失稳及井下复杂情况的难题,基于仿生学、超分子化学以及岩石表面润湿性理论,通过优选仿生增效剂、仿生提切剂及仿生降滤失剂,配套相关处理剂,最终形成了一套适用于深井、超深井地层钻探的增效型无土相仿生油基钻井液体系。研究发现,建立的增效型无土相仿生油基钻井液体系可抗220℃高温,配制密度为2.4 g/cm^(3),破乳电压大于400 V,高温高压滤失量为3.2 mL,人造岩心在该体系中220℃下老化后的抗压强度达到7.1 MPa,平均渗透率恢复值为93.9%。现场应用情况表明,体系流变性能稳定,平均机械钻速比邻井提高16%,平均井径扩大率仅为1.25%,可有效解决深井超深井钻井过程中出现的井壁失稳难题,为我国深井超深井的钻探提供了技术保障。

井研地区筇竹寺组页岩储层水平井钻井井壁稳定性评价

川西南井研区块筇竹寺组页岩气具有良好的开发前景,但由于对其岩矿组分、力学性质、水化特征等认识程度较低,钻井井壁稳定性认识不清,导致出现掉块、阻卡等复杂情况。为了充分认识该区寒武系筇竹寺组地层的井壁稳定性,明确粉砂质页岩水化作用及其对坍塌压力的影响规律,在岩石力学实验的基础上,研究不同钻井液浸泡时间对岩石力学参数的影响规律,建立考虑水化作用的井壁稳定性预测模型,分析不同井斜方位下坍塌压力的差异。研究结果表明:筇竹寺组伊蒙混层含量高,具有一定膨胀性,水化作用后导致岩石强度降低,对井壁稳定性有较大影响;不同钻井液体系对井壁稳定性的影响有差异,总体上油基钻井液更有利于井壁稳定;考虑了水化作用的井壁稳定预测模型更加符合实际,以此为依据,通过优化钻井液设计可以有效降低井壁失稳风险,提高钻井时效。

一种新型钾基磷酸盐无固相高密度封隔液

高温高密度封隔液是高温高压井完井关键技术之一,目前密度超过1.60 g/cm 3无固相盐水封隔液只有溴盐、锌盐或者甲酸铯溶液,溴盐毒性大,锌盐高温腐蚀性难以控制,而甲酸铯价格昂贵,难以满足高温高压井完井技术要求,开发针对高温高压井的新型无固相高密度清洁盐水封隔液势在必行。以磷酸三钾TKP为主剂并添加其他处理剂优化而成可溶性盐SW4,研发了一种新型钾基磷酸盐无固相高密度封隔液,测试了其密度调节能力、水溶液的流变性和流变模式、金属腐蚀性、高温稳定性、生物毒性等性能。结果表明,SW4封隔液常温条件下最大密度可达1.90 g/cm 3;随密度增大,其水溶液黏度上升,其流变模式为牛顿流体;密度1.85 g/cm 3的封隔液在150℃、7 d条件下对A3钢、N80钢、TN110Cr13S和TN110Cr13M钢的腐蚀速率均小于0.076 mm/a,N80钢在1.80 g/cm 3 SW4封隔液中的腐蚀性明显低于同等条件下的溴化钠、溴化钙和溴化锌,与甲酸铯相当;在同等加量条件下,SW4能够提供更多的K+,具有更优异的防膨性;高温稳定性强,能够满足高温高压井完井工况需求;生物毒性低,具有环境可接受性,可以满足作为无固相高密度封隔液加重剂的技术要求。

负压振动筛原理及在油基钻井液钻屑减量中的应用

经过几十年的发展,振动筛性能有很大提高,但其对钻屑的脱液能力已达极限。40年来,应用于钻井固控,效果不明显。十多年前,经过尝试与高频低幅振动相结合的真空过滤技术应用于钻井固控时,钻屑的脱液能力显著提高,排放钻屑体积大幅减小。近年来,多种负压振动筛在国内钻井中开展了应用试验。经过对常规振动筛复合负压过滤的负压振动筛的原理、主要技术参数、现场应用与国内外类似技术的对比分析及现场应用表明,所使用的负压振动筛的处理量、钻屑含液率、钻屑排放减少量、筛网寿命、能效、设备成本、使用经济效益等都均有明显优势。负压振动筛的应用对节能减排和实现“碳中和”具有重要作用,其逐渐替代常规振动筛,将是钻井固控技术发展的必然趋势。

页岩油储层环保型高性能水基钻井液体系研究及应用

为了满足页岩油储层钻井对钻井液环保性能的要求,以环保型页岩抑制剂HBY-S和环保型复合润滑剂HBR-L为主要处理剂,并结合其他环保型处理剂,研制出了一种适合页岩油储层钻井的环保型高性能水基钻井液体系。室内对钻井液体系的耐温性能、抗污染性能和环保性能进行了评价,结果表明:体系具有良好的耐温性能,经过160℃老化后钻井液体系的高温高压滤失量为9.6mL,岩屑滚动回收率可以达到90.6%,润滑系数为0.089;体系具有较强的抗污染能力,钻井液中加入10%NaCl、1.0%CaCl_(2)或者15%岩屑粉时流变性能和滤失性能均比较稳定;体系的环保性能优良,钻井液的EC_(50)值为85000(无毒),BOD_(5)/COD值为26.5%(易降解),重金属含量均低于行业标准值。环保型高性能水基钻井液在某页岩油区块水平井钻井过程中进行了成功应用,其中DG-1井钻井期间未出现井下复杂事故,现场钻井液性能稳定,环保性能达标,实现了安全高效钻井的目标,在页岩油水平井钻井中具有良好的推广应用前景。

亲油水泥浆界面封隔性能评价研究

页岩气井油基钻井液条件下固井时,套管与井壁表面附着油膜或油基钻井液易导致水泥环界面封隔能力下降,形成窜流通道,影响后期增产改造作业。虽然前置液能有效提高界面润湿反转,但受用量、冲洗效率等因素限制,界面仍会出现油膜附着情况。为此,在水泥浆中加入亲油表面活性剂,制备形成亲油水泥浆,赋予水泥环亲油能力。采用接触角、剪切胶结强度、界面水力封隔测试等评价了亲油水泥石的亲油能力及界面封隔效果。研究发现,非极性溶剂在亲油水泥石表面接触角远低于常规水泥石表面,具备良好的亲油性能;亲油水泥石与含白油、油基钻井液的套管、页岩岩芯胶结后,一、二界面抗流体窜流压力分别提升500%和400%,胶结强度分别提高205%和122%;亲油表面活性剂的加入不会对水泥水化程度、水泥浆工程性能及水泥石力学性能产生负面影响。结果表明,亲油表面活性剂掺入后可有效提高水泥环与含油界面的封隔能力,具备提高油基钻井液条件下水泥环套管地层界面胶结与封隔性能的潜力。

有机层状硅酸盐改善油基钻井液沉降稳定性室内评价

基于油基钻井液有机土有机改性剂阳离子受高温易分解脱附,引起钻井液性能变差、加重材料沉降等问题,利用六水合氯化镁和十六烷基三甲氧基硅烷等为原料,合成了一种适用于柴油基钻井液体系的有机土(有机层状硅酸盐),用于改善油基钻井液的沉降稳定性;通过傅里叶红外光谱、X-射线衍射以及室内钻井液沉降实验进行结构表征和沉降稳定性评价。结果表明:该有机硅酸盐材料具备2∶1层状硅酸盐结构和以Si—C共价键连接的不对称链状有机官能团结构,且300℃无明显热分解;相比于大庆油田常用油基钻井液,该有机层状硅酸盐提高了油基钻井液的动切力、动塑比和储能模量,明显改善了1.4~2.0 g·cm^(-3)密度范围、150℃以下老化温度油基钻井液的悬浮性能和沉降稳定性能。

超深缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层超低密度钻井液技术

塔里木油田压力系数低于1.0的超深井碳酸盐岩低压储层常发生钻井液失返性井漏,其平均井深超过6000 m,井控风险极大,除了强钻再无更好手段,往往只能提前完井。为提升超深井水平段延伸能力,研究人员研发了高强度空心玻璃微珠,可配制密度为0.93~1.07 g/cm^(3)的超低密度水基钻井液。详述了中古262-H4C井井漏失返后利用低密度水基钻井液重建井筒循环、恢复常规定向钻进的施工过程。现场钻井液密度最低降至0.98 g/cm^(3),井漏失返后多钻373 m,实现了一井钻穿两个缝洞体的地质目的,保障了该井井漏失返后钻至设计井深,开创了空心玻璃微珠超低密度钻井液在国内垂深超6000 m的超深井应用先例,为我国类似老区低压地层应用提供了技术参考。

准噶尔盆地中部永进油田超深井井壁稳定钻井液技术

永进油田位于准噶尔盆地中部Ⅲ区块,储层为侏罗系西山窑组,油气埋藏深,地质构造复杂。前期勘探中采用四开制井身结构,随后调整为三开制,二开及以下地层钻进过程中复杂情况频发,井壁稳定性差,钻完井时效低,且前期已完钻井储层污染严重,制约了永进油田勘探与开发进程。为此,基于对该区超深井钻井液技术难点的分析,制定了相应的稳定井壁技术对策,据此针对二开长裸眼井段,研选聚胺强抑制钻井液体系;针对三开复杂地层,研选合成基强封堵钻井液体系。两种钻井液体系经过评价实验与现场应用,均获良好结果。评价实验结果表明,两种钻井液体系均具备较强的抑制性能、封堵性能,针对三开复杂地层的合成基强封堵钻井液体系兼具储层保护性能。两种钻井液体系在永进油田9口井的现场试验应用结果表明:(1)两种钻井液体系辅以现场施工工艺,所形成的超深井井壁稳定钻井液技术切实可行,能够保证应用井在二开长裸眼井段及三开复杂地层钻进过程中井壁稳定,起下钻通畅,中完及完井作业顺利;(2)对比前期完钻的8口井,应用超深井井壁稳定钻井液技术顺利完钻的9口井,井身质量明显提高,钻井、完井时效显著提升(平均钻井周期缩短69.61%,平均完井周期缩短65.29%,平均机械钻速提高80.88%),取得了良好的优快钻井效果;(3)钻井液对储层的污染性小,取得了良好的储层保护效果,应用井完井试油获得稳定高产工业油气流,首次实现了对永进油田油气储量的有效动用。结论认为,井壁稳定钻井液技术在永进油田超深井钻井中的成功应用,为该区块的后续勘探开发提供了有力保障,对其他区块超深井或存在井壁失稳问题井的钻井液技术研究亦有参考意义。

抗高温油基钻井液的室内研究与应用

针对YJ3-X超深大斜度井三开井段存在的裂缝发育、井漏风险高、斜井段位移长、携砂困难、摩阻扭矩大、完井下套管作业时间长等钻完井难题,室内通过乳化剂的优选对现有抗高温油基钻井液体系配方进行了优化,并根据临井出现的复杂情况模拟该井可能出现的风险,评价了优化后钻井液体系的抗岩屑污染和盐水污染性能。试验结果表明,优化后的抗高温油基钻井液具有良好的流变性,抗温达180℃,破乳电压高达1366 V,高温高压滤失量低至2 mL,抗岩屑污染达20%,抗CaCl2盐水污染达30%,静置120 h后沉降因子为0.52,可满足井下各类复杂环境的作业需求。现场应用效果表明,优化后的抗高温油基钻井液流变性稳定,具有较低的黏度和较强的触变性,井眼清洁良好,起下钻和下套管摩阻低,井壁稳定,较好地满足了YJ区块大斜度深井作业需求。