Using irrigation intervals to optimize water-use efficiency and maize yield in Xinjiang,northwest China

Worldwide, scarce water resources and substantial food demands require efficient water use and high yield.This study investigated whether irrigation frequency can be used to adjust soil moisture to increase grain yield and water use efficiency(WUE) of high-yield maize under conditions of mulching and drip irrigation.A field experiment was conducted using three irrigation intervals in 2016: 6, 9, and 12 days(labeled D6, D9, and D12) and five irrigation intervals in 2017: 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 days(D3, D6, D9, D12, and D15).In Xinjiang, an optimal irrigation quota is 540 mm for high-yield maize.The D3, D6, D9, D12, and D15 irrigation intervals gave grain yields of 19.7, 19.1–21.0, 18.8–20.0, 18.2–19.2, and 17.2 Mg ha^-1 and a WUE of 2.48, 2.53–2.80, 2.47–2.63, 2.34–2.45, and 2.08 kg m-3, respectively.Treatment D6 led to the highest soil water storage, but evapotranspiration and soil-water evaporation were lower than other treatments.These results show that irrigation interval D6 can help maintain a favorable soil-moisture environment in the upper-60-cm soil layer, reduce soilwater evaporation and evapotranspiration, and produce the highest yield and WUE.In this arid region and in other regions with similar soil and climate conditions, a similar irrigation interval would thus be beneficial for adjusting soil moisture to increase maize yield and WUE under conditions of mulching and drip irrigation.

Assessment of Nutrient Leaching Losses and Crop Uptake with Organic Fertilization,Water Saving Practices and Reduced Inorganic Fertilizer

The increasing world population has forced excessive chemical fertilizer and irrigation to complete the global food demand,deteriorating the water quality and nutrient losses.Short-term studies do not compile the evidences;therefore,the study aimed to identify the effectiveness of reduced doses of inorganic fertilizer and water-saving practices,hence,a six-year experiment(2015-2020)was conducted in China to address the knowledge gap.The experimental treatments were:farmer accustomed fertilization used as control(525:180:30 kg NPK ha^(-1)),fertilizer decrement(450:150:15 kg NPK ha^(-1)),fertilizer decrement+water-saving irrigation(450:150:15 kg NPK ha^(-1)),application of organic and inorganic fertilizer+water-saving irrigation(375:120:0 kg NPK ha^(-1)+4.5 tones organic fertilizer ha^(-1)),and application of controlled-release fertilizer(80:120:15 kg NPK ha^(-1)).Each treatment was replicated thrice following a randomized complete block design.The results achieved herein showed that control has the highest losses in the six-year study for total nitrogen(225.97 mg L^(-1)),total soluble nitrogen(121.58 mg L^(-1)),nitrate nitrogen(0.93 mg L^(-1)),total phosphorus(0.57 mg L^(-1)),and total soluble phosphorus(0.57 mg L^(-1))respectively.Reduced fertilizer and water application improved crop nutrient uptake,nitrogen concentration was significantly enhanced with organic and inorganic fertilizer+water-saving irrigation,P concentration was increased with fertilizer decrement+water-saving irrigation,and K concentration was improved with fertilizer decrement+water-saving irrigation.Hence,this study concludes that reduced inorganic fertilizer dose combined with water-saving practices is significantly helpful in reducing nutrient leaching losses and improving nutrient uptake and water pollution.Further studies are needed to explore the impacts of reduced fertilization and water-saving irrigation on leaching losses.The benefits at different climatic conditions,soil types,and fertilizer types with application methods are also a research gap.

Effects of Continuous Plastic Film Mulching on Soil Bacterial Diversity, Organic Matter and Rice Water Use Efficiency

Two field experiments were conducted to study the effects of 6-year plastic film mulching on bacterial diversity, organic matter of paddy soil and water use efficiency on different soils with great environmental variabilities in Zhejiang Province, China, under non-flooding condition. The experiment started in 2001 at two sites with one rice crop annually. Three treatments included plastic film mulching with no flooding (PM), no plastic film mulching and no flooding (UM), and traditional flooding management (TF). Soil samples were collected and analyzed for bacterial diversity by DGGE and organic matter content, and water use efficiency (WUE) was calculated. The results showed that PM treatment favored the development of a more total bacterial community compared with TF management, the total number of bands was 33.3, 31.7 at tiller stage and heading stage (p < 0.05*). Hence, organic matter content was decreased by 36.7% and 51.4% under PM at two sites. PM also produced similar rice grain yield as TF at Duntou site and Dingqiao site, the average was 7924 kg?ha?1 and 7015 kg?ha?1 for PM and 8150 kg?ha?1 and 6990 kg?ha?1 for TF, respectively. Compared to TF, WUE and irrigation water use efficiency were increased significantly by 70.2% - 80.4% and 273.7% - 1300.0% for PM. It is essential to develop the water-saving agriculture.

Effects of biodegradable mulch on soil water and heat conditions,yield and quality of processing tomatoes by drip irrigation

To combat the problem of residual film pollution and ensure the sustainable development of agriculture in oasis areas,a field experiment was carried out in 2019 at the Wuyi Farm Corps Irrigation Center Test Station in Urumqi,Northwest China.Four types of biodegradable mulches,traditional plastic mulchs and a control group(bare land;referred to as CK)were compared,including a total of six different treatments.Effects of mulching on soil water and heat conditions as well as the yield and quality of processing tomatoes under drip irrigation were examined.In addition,a comparative analysis of economic benefits of biodegradable mulches was performed.Principal component analysis and gray correlation analysis were used to evaluate suitable mulching varieties for planting processing tomatoes under drip irrigation.Our results show that,compared with CK,biodegradable mulches and traditional plastic mulch have a similar effect on retaining soil moisture at the seedling stage but significantly increase soil moisture by 0.5%-1.5%and 1.5%-3.0%in the middle and late growth periods(P<0.050),respectively.The difference in the thermal insulation effect between biodegradable mulch and plastic mulch gradually reduces as the crop grows.Compared with plastic mulch,the average soil temperature at 5-20 cm depth under biodegradable mulches is significantly lowered by 2.04°C-3.52°C and 0.52°C-0.88°C(P<0.050)at the seedling stage and the full growth period,respectively,and the water use efficiency,average fruit yield,and production-investment ratio under biodegradable mulches were reduced by 0.89%-6.63%,3.39%-8.69%,and 0.51%-6.33%(P<0.050),respectively.The comprehensive evaluation analysis suggests that the black oxidized biological double-degradation ecological mulch made from eco-benign plastic is the optimal film type under the study condition.Therefore,from the perspective of sustainable development,biodegradable mulch is a competitive alternative to plastic mulch for large-scale tomato production under drip irrigation in the oasis.

川渝地区农业绿色高效用水科技攻关方向与对策建议

川渝地区农业种植面积大、从业人员多、产业份额大、战略意义强,但该地区长期面临严重的季节性干旱和工程性缺水,且农业绿色高效用水发展水平与经济发展、区域地位并不匹配,需提高农业节水抗旱减灾保产能力和水资源利用效率,推动川渝现代节水农业高质量发展。总结了川渝地区农业用水现状和高水效农业发展面临的问题,分析了该地区农业绿色高效用水的实际需求,在此基础上提出开展川渝农业绿色高效用水关键科技项目攻关、构建农业绿色高效用水专家智库、构建西南季节性干旱区农业绿色高效用水技术体系、建设特色水果产业节水科技创新中心、建立川渝农业绿色高效用水产业联盟等一系列对策建议。

新疆灌区农业节水发展现状与对策建议

水是新疆可持续发展的生命线,也是新疆农业发展的瓶颈。农业是新疆用水大户,占经济社会总用水量的90%以上,南疆农业用水占比更高。新疆节水潜力重点在农业,农业节水是新疆经济社会可持续发展的根本出路。为提高新疆农业水资源利用效率,促进农业高质量发展,本文梳理回顾了新疆灌区农业节水发展历程,分析了农业节水发展现状及存在问题,结合新时期国家对新疆农业发展的新定位、新要求,提出了大力发展适水型现代农业、加大高效节水工程建设、持续推进降盐节水、加强数字化灌区建设、加强农业节水宣传培训、健全农业节水服务体系等对策建议,以期为新疆现代农业可持续发展和保障国家粮棉油安全提供有力支撑。

山东省高水效农业发展对策研究

高水效农业是一种精准、高效、科学的新型农业用水体系,发展高水效农业,对缓解农业用水紧缺、保障粮食安全意义重大。本文基于山东省农业节水现状,深入探讨高水效农业概念,指出山东省发展高水效农业存在的主要问题,并提出对策措施,可为新时期更高效率、更高标准的节水农业发展提供参考。

守住生命之源:高标准农田建设与农业用水效率

高标准农田建设有助于推动“粮田”变“良田”,在保障国家粮食安全和推动农业高质量发展中发挥着重要作用。以高标准农田建设政策为准自然实验,探究高标准农田建设对农业用水效率的影响效应及作用机理。研究结果发现:高标准农田建设对农业用水效率具有显著提升作用,且具有长期提升效应,这一结论通过一系列稳健性检验后依然成立。异质性分析表明,在强水资源禀赋、高农业依赖程度的地区及粮食主产区,高标准农田建设的农业用水效率提升效应相对更强。机理分析发现,高标准农田建设通过高效节水灌溉、农业种植结构调整等渠道提升农业用水效率。此外,高标准农田建设的农业节水效应也将带来显著的农村节能效应与农民增收效应。本文研究结论为中国提升农业用水效率提供一定借鉴与证据。

Sources of Nitrogen in Combination with Systems of Irrigation Influence the Productivity of Modern Rice(Oryza sativa L.)Cultivars during Dry Season in Sub-Tropical Environment

In irrigated agricultural systems,nitrogen(N)and water are the vital resources for sustainability of the crop production in the modern era of climate change.The current study aimed to assess the impact of water and N management on the productivity of irrigated rice cultivars.In the context,a field observation was done at the research farm of Bangladesh Agricultural University,Mymensingh,during dry seasons in consecutive two years(2018–2019 and 2019–2020).The experiments were set up following split-plot design assigning water management in the main plots,nitrogen management in the sub-plots,and the cultivars were approved in the split-split plot with three replications.After two years observation,it was revealed that rice cultivar Binadhan-8 gave the maximum value of leaf area index,number effective tillers hill-1 and grains panicle-1 which lead to the higher grain yield(GY).Substantial relationships were observed among the concentration of N,growth,total dry matter(TDM)and N content,N uptake,N utilization effectiveness,and GY.However,with little exception,the Combined effect of water and N,cultivars and water management were varied significantly for all parameters.Finally,the results of the current study concluded that application of irrigation at 8 days after the disappearance of ponded water and source of 105 kg N ha-1 from PU+Poultry manure are the best management approach for the excellent performance of rice cultivar Binadhan-8.

黄河流域农业水资源绿色效率动态演化及驱动机理

遵循绿色发展理念,构建包含非期望产出的投入产出指标体系,基于EBM模型,测度2000—2020年黄河流域农业水资源绿色效率,分析其时空演化特征,采用Tobit模型,探究其驱动机理。研究表明:黄河流域农业水资源绿色效率低于全国平均水平且低于长江流域,但效率差距呈收敛态势;黄河流域农业水资源绿色效率历年均值下游最高、上游最低;研究期内,青海、甘肃、宁夏、陕西、河南、山东的农业水资源绿色效率显著提高,山西持续低下,但四川、内蒙古均存在不同程度的退化;人均水资源量、节水农业发展水平、水库总库容量、经济发展水平对农业水资源绿色效率呈现显著正向影响,固定资产投资力度呈现显著负向影响,其中经济发展水平对效率的影响程度最高。

农业高效节水灌溉技术在蔬菜种植中的应用

我国农业灌溉用水利用率低一直困扰着广大农户,特别是蔬菜开花期与结果期,需水量大,为确保产量,必须灌溉。灌溉方法不当,灌溉水利用率会下降。本文以番茄为例,采用农业高效节水灌溉技术中使用频率较高的滴灌灌溉技术和渗灌灌溉技术,并结合高、中、低灌水下限,分析农业高效节水灌溉技术与灌水下限对番茄生长过程中株高、茎粗、根系生长情况及果实产量的影响,以期为更加适宜蔬菜种植的农业高效节水灌溉技术的研发提供参考。

Water use efficiency data from 2000 to 2019 in measuring progress towards SDGs in Central Asia

Central Asia,located in the hinterland of the Eurasian continent,is characterized with sparse rainfall,frequent droughts and low water use efficiency.Limited water resources have become a key factor restricting the sustainable development of this region.Accurately assessing the efficiency of water resources utilization is the first step to achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)in Central Asia.However,since the collapse of the Soviet Union,the evalua-tion of water use efficiency is difficult due to low data availability and poor consistency.To fill this gap,this paper developed a Water Use Efficiency dataset(WUE)based on the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)Gross Primary Production(GPP)data and the MODIS evapotranspiration(ET)data.The WUE dataset ranges from 2000 to 2019 with a spatial resolution of 500 m.The agricultural WUE was then extracted based on the Global map of irrigated areas and MODIS land use map.As a complementary,the water use amount per GDP was estimated for each country.The present dataset could reflect changes in water use efficiency of agriculture and other sectors.

推进控水增效 助力山东农业高质量发展

山东省是农业大省,同时也是灌溉大省,灌溉用水量占比较大。然而由于山东省水资源短缺严重,加之农业节水水平不高、水资源利用率较低等因素,制约了经济社会的发展。本文深入调查分析了山东省水资源开发利用及农业发展现状,尝试提出了推进控水增效的建议,以期能够对山东省农业高质量发展提供参考和指导。

农业高效用水理论研究综述

农业高效用水包括节水灌溉和旱作农业 ,其核心是提高自然降水和灌溉水的利用效率和效益 .农田蒸散的测定方法各有利弊 .FAO先后建议用Penman修正式和Penman Monteith公式计算参考作物蒸散量 .Jensen乘法模型和Blank加法模型在作物水分生产函数研究中得到广泛应用 .土壤适宜含水量和土壤干旱下限指标的最新研究成果 ,为低定额的农业供水提供了土壤物理学的重要依据 .水分亏缺对与产量形成相关的各个生理过程影响的先后顺序为细胞扩张 >气孔运动 >蒸腾运动 >光合作用 >物质运输 .不很严重的干旱反而对物质运输有促进作用 .农田灌溉研究已由传统的充分灌溉 ,转向非充分灌溉、调亏灌溉和控制性分根交替灌溉 .未来农业高效用水理论将在界面、土壤水动力学、生物节水、缺水逆境等方面深入开展研究 .

我国农业水资源可持续利用面临的问题与对策

分析了我国农业水资源分布特点 ,从可持续发展角度论述了农业水资源存在着供需矛盾日益突出、污染和超采严重、地下水位和水质下降、农业用水效率低且浪费严重等问题 ,提出了实施农业高效用水技术、控制污染保护生态平衡、污水、海水。

高水效农业是我国农业发展的必由之路

本文提出了高水效农业是指同时追求和实现单位耗水的高水分利用效率、高经济效益、高生态效益及社会效益的一种具有高新科学技术体系和经济市场紧密结合的新型农业体系。是我国农业发展的必由之路。结合我国目前粮食生产下降的问题和节水农业发展,分析了我国粮食减产的原因主要是南方经济发达地区重工商业轻农业,因此粮食生产不足。因此,提出了我们不但要重视北方节水农业的发展,更要重视南方高水效农业的发展,以解决北粮南运的状况。从粮食安全和经济安全及水安全,南北方农业资源,农业结构调整,农艺抗旱节水措施,作物高产育种,高效的水管理体系等方面,论述了发展高水效农业发展的迫切性、可行性和必然性。

农业水土资源高效持续配置战略

水土资源对农业的约束不断硬化 ,并将成为 2 1世纪我国可持续发展诸多矛盾的焦点 ,2 0 1 0年缺水量将从现在的 4 0 0× 1 0 8m3扩大到 1 0 0 0× 1 0 8m3,1 996年～ 2 0 1 0年耕地占规模约 90 0× 1 0 4 hm2 。摆脱资源困境的基本思路是实施以“四个结合 ,六大体系”为核心的农业水土高效持续配置战略。“四个结合” : ①专业化与多元化相结合 ; ②开源与节约相结合 ; ③资源开发与保护相结合 ; ④国内资源与国际资源结合。“六大体系” : 农业资源高效持续配置的 ①生产体系 ; ②布局体系 ; ③技术体系 ; ④管理体系 ; ⑤保护体系 ; ⑥消费体系。

农业绿色高效节水研究现状与未来发展趋势

农业绿色高效节水是保障中国食物安全、农产品有效供给和农业可持续发展的重要措施。笔者分析了国内现代农业发展面临的新形势和国内外农业高效节水研究发展态势,指出了国内农业高效节水发展遇到的瓶颈和应关注的问题,提出了国内农业节水发展中应实现"四个转变",即由单一节水灌溉技术向与农艺技术相结合转变,由单一高效节水向节水节肥节药一体化转变,由单一节水高产向节水提质高效转变,由重视节水面积数量向重视工程质量和效益转变;搞好"四个完善",即完善节水科技推广与技术服务体系,完善农业节水试验与用水监测网络,完善农业节水补偿机制,完善节水产品市场准入机制;以及加强变化环境下农业高效节水科学研究工作的建议。指出了未来中国节水高效农业研究的关键科学问题,包括作物生命需水及对变化环境的响应、作物精量高效用水的多过程协同调控、作物生产-水资源-生态系统的互馈机制。

高产高效机械化节水农业技术体系初探

在分析中国水资源基本态势的基础上，提出高产高效机械化节水农业技术体系，对节水耕作栽培技术、节水灌溉技术、节水机械与装备技术和节水管理技术４个子系统分别作了论述，给出了这个技术体系的结构图，为各地发展节水农业提供了一个思路和框架。应强调指出，这是一个互相联系、互相协调的整体，必须按当时当地条件，选择适用技术，组成适用的技术体系才能收到高产高效节水的效果。

现代节水农业技术发展趋势与未来研发重点

在分析我国节水农业技术发展现状与趋势的基础上,结合现代节水农业技术发展与需求,提出未来我国现代节水农业技术研发重点和发展方向,即现代生物节水技术、非常规水高效安全利用技术、节水灌溉技术与装备、旱作高效用水技术与新材料、区域高效节水农业综合技术。