Monte Carlo simulation for bremsstrahlung and photoneutron yields in high-energy x-ray radiography

This paper reports on the results of calculations using a Monte Carlo code （MCNP5） to study the properties of photons, electrons and photoneutrons obtained in the converted target and their transportations in x-ray radiography. A comparison between measurements and calculations for bremsstrahlung and photoneutrons is presented. The radiographic rule and the effect of the collimator on the image are studied with the experimental model. The results provide exact parameters for the optimal design of radiographic layout and shielding systems.

Areal density and spatial resolution of high energy electron radiography

Ultrafast imaging tools are of great importance for determining the dynamic density distribution in high energy density(HED)matter.In this work,we designed a high energy electron radiography(HEER)system based on a linear electron accelerator to evaluate its capability for imaging HED matter.40 MeV electron beams were used to image an aluminum target to study the density resolution and spatial resolution of HEER.The results demonstrate a spatial resolution of tens of micrometers.The interaction of the beams with the target and the beam transport of the transmitted electrons are further simulated with EGS5 and PARMELA codes,with the results showing good agreement with the experimental resolution.Furthermore,the experiment can be improved by adding an aperture at the Fourier plane.

Production and Characterization of Nano Structured Silicon Carbide by High Energy Ball Milling

The article has been retracted due to the investigation of complaints received against it. The Editorial Board found that substantial portions of the text came from other published paper. Comparing with the paper published in International Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology Vol. 3, No. 4, 2011, pp. 82-88 (www.ijest-ng.com), these two papers have the same contents before Figure 7 and the author added Fig. 8, 9, 10 on the 2012 paper. The scientific community takes a very strong view on this matter, and the Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering (JMMCE) treats all unethical behavior seriously. This paper published in Vol.11 No.5, 529-541, 2012 has been removed from this site.

Investigation and Application of High Megavoltage X-Ray Imaging Mode in Radiotherapy

After drawbacks and shortages of using conventional kV or MV imaging mode were analyzed, this study proposes a new position verification mode with using the energy larger than 15 MeV or nominal accelerating potential greater than 25 MV X-Ray. The new position verification mode is named HMV imaging mode. Along with the comparison of theoretical analyses, phantom experiments and clinical results to the original imaging modes, this report is going to demonstrate the HMV imaging mode is superior to traditional kV and MV imaging modes. This report first theoretically analyzed three main effects of X-ray interacting with medium by numerous equations and compared their mass attenuation coefficient with different types of tissue. X-ray irradiated on a “Catphan 500” cylinder phantom with different energies to verify these theoretical results. Furthermore, based on phantom experiments’ results, we have done numerous clinical trials and comparisons with patient’s clinical results. The theoretical and experimental results illustrate that the scanned images from HMV mode have a good quality and have ability to identify different tissue components clearly. HMV imaging mode overcomes drawbacks of position verification from both kV and MV level imaging mode as well as keeping advantages of kV and MV imaging mode. The result indicates that HMV is a good position verification mode in radiotherapy.

Application of Dual-Energy X-Ray Image Detection of Dangerous Goods Based on YOLOv7

X-ray security equipment is currently a more commonly used dangerous goods detection tool, due to the increasing security work tasks, the use of target detection technology to assist security personnel to carry out work has become an inevitable trend. With the development of deep learning, object detection technology is becoming more and more mature, and object detection framework based on convolutional neural networks has been widely used in industrial, medical and military fields. In order to improve the efficiency of security staff, reduce the risk of dangerous goods missed detection. Based on the data collected in X-ray security equipment, this paper uses a method of inserting dangerous goods into an empty package to balance all kinds of dangerous goods data and expand the data set. The high-low energy images are combined using the high-low energy feature fusion method. Finally, the dangerous goods target detection technology based on the YOLOv7 model is used for model training. After the introduction of the above method, the detection accuracy is improved by 6% compared with the direct use of the original data set for detection, and the speed is 93FPS, which can meet the requirements of the online security system, greatly improve the work efficiency of security personnel, and eliminate the security risks caused by missed detection.

Ultrahard X-ray multifunctional application beamline at the SSRF

The ultrahard X-ray multifunctional application beamline(BL12SW)is a phase-II beamline project at the Shanghai Syn-chrotron Radiation Facility.The primary X-ray techniques used at the beamline are high-energy X-ray diffraction and imaging using white and monochromatic light.The main scientific objectives of ultrahard X-ray beamlines are focused on two research areas.One is the study of the structural properties of Earth’s interior and new materials under extreme high-temperature and high-pressure conditions,and the other is the characterization of materials and processes in near-real service environments.The beamline utilizes a superconducting wiggler as the light source,with two diamond windows and SiC discs to filter out low-energy light(primarily below 30 keV)and a Cu filter assembly to control the thermal load entering the subsequent optical components.The beamline is equipped with dual monochromators.The first was a meridional bending Laue monochromator cooled by liquid nitrogen,achieving a full-energy coverage of 30-162 keV.The second was a sagittal bending Laue monochromator installed in an external building,providing a focused beam in the horizontal direction with an energy range of 60-120 keV.There were four experimental hutches:two large-volume press experimental hutches(LVP1 and LVP2)and two engineering material experimental hutches(ENG1 and ENG2).Each hutch was equipped with various near-real service conditions to satisfy different requirements.For example,LVP1 and LVP2 were equipped with a 200-ton DDIA press and a 2000-ton dual-mode(DDIA and Kawai)press,respectively.ENG1 and ENG2 provide in situ tensile,creep,and fatigue tests as well as high-temperature conditions.Since June 2023,the BL12SW has been in trial operation.It is expected to officially open to users by early 2024.

X-ray emission from 424-MeV/u C ions impacting on selected target

The K-shell x-rays of Ti, V, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn induced by 424-MeV/u C^（6＋） ion impact are measured. It is found that the K x-ray shifts to the high energy side and the intensity ratio of Kβ/Kα is larger than the atomic data, owing to the L-shell multiple-ionization. The x-ray production cross sections are deduced from the experimental counts and compared with the binary encounter approximation（BEA）, plane wave approximation（PWBA） and energy-loss Coulomb-repulsion perturbed-stationary-state relativistic（ECPSSR） theoretical predictions. The BEA model with considering the multipleionization fluorescence yield is in better consistence with the experimental results. In addition, the cross section as a function of target atomic K-shell binding energy is presented.

Development and application of a high energy X-ray digital radiography nondestructive testing system for a driving mechanism

A high energy X-ray digital radiography(DR)nondestructive testing(NDT)system has been developed to detect the operating state of a driving mechanism.The system consists of five main subsystems,namely,X-ray generator,image intensifier,image processor,mechanical platform and control subsystem.Owning to the mechanical platform,the X-ray generator and image intensifier are able to rotate around the vertical axis from 0°to 360°in 35 s and move along vertical axis within the range of 500 mm in 20 s.The 450 kV X-ray generator provides a maximum 100 mm penetration depth and a coverage angle of 40°,and the resolution of the scanned image is 66 lp/cm.As is indicated by its applications,the system is featured with fast scanning speed,wide detection range and high imaging quality.It can be applied to inspect the defects in the driving mechanism as well.

Goss Texture Evolution of Grain Oriented Silicon Steel by High-Energy X-ray Diffraction

High energy synchrotron diffraction offers great potential to study the recrystallization kinetics of metallic materials. To study the formation of Goss texture （{ [10}（001）） of grain oriented （GO） silicon steel during secondary recrystallization process, an in situ experiment using hi gh energy X-ray diffraction was designed. The results showed that the secondary recrystallization began when the heating temperature was 1,494 K, and the grains grew rapidly above this temperature. With an increase in annealing temperature, the large grains with 7 orientation [〈111〉//normal direction] formed and gradually occupied the dominant position. As the annealing temperature increased even further, the grains with Goss orientation to a very large size by devouring the 7 orientation grains that formed in the early annealing stage. A single crystal with a Goss orientation was observed in the GO silicon steel when the annealing temperature was 1,540 K.

Establishment of Energy Dispersive X-ray Diffraction Experimental System With Synchrotron Radiation Under High Pressure

Because the interactions between molecules and atoms in mediums can be dramatically changed by compression, high pressure studies on materials can provide much information on fundamental properties including phase transition and

Novel correction method for X-ray beam energy fluctuation of high energy DR system with a linear detector

A high energy digital radiography （DR） testing system has generated diverse scientific and technological interest in the field of industrial non-destructive testing. However, due to the limitations of manufac-turing technology for accelerators, an energy fluctuation of the X-ray beam exists and leads to bright and dark streak artifacts in the DR image. Here we report the utilization of a new software-based method to correct the fluctuation artifacts. The correction method is performed using a high pass filtering operation to extract the high frequency information that reflects the X-ray beam energy fluctuation, and then subtracting it from the original image. Our experimental results show that this method is able to rule out the artifacts effectively and is readily implemented on a practical scanning system.

高能电子成像研究进展

本文通过蒙特卡罗程序EGS模拟研究了电子束与靶的相互作用,对成像束流光学进行了设计,并对束流匹配对空间分辨的影响、超快分束技术和产生横向均匀束技术等进行了模拟研究。实验验证了高能电子成像能达到μm量级的空间分辨,并可实现厚度、密度分辨及明-暗场成像等特点。同时给出了后续实验及研究计划,希望进一步提高高能电子成像性能并拓宽其应用领域。

高能闪光照相中陡坡准直体成像性能实验研究

在针对FTO样品的高能闪光照相实验中,比较了一般准直体与陡坡准直体对FTO样品的成像性能。结果表明,陡坡准直体对降低散射及缩小照射量量程非常有效,可得到层次分明的底片图像;采用一般准直体则无法得到有意义的样品图像。对实验进行了蒙卡模拟,模拟结果与实验结果一致。

高能闪光照相中Sobel算子的边缘检测方法

针对高能闪光照相中投影图像的特点,对数字图像处理中具有代表性的Sobel边缘检测算法进行了分析,发现该算法存在检测出的边缘粗和人为进行阈值的选取会造成边缘点的误判的缺点;为此提出了一种阈值确定方法和基于最大梯度的定位准则算法。改进的算法实测结果表明:该方法有效地解决了Sobel算子检测出的边缘过粗的问题,得到的边缘较细,定位精确,提高了边缘检测精度,可用于高能辐射照相中的边缘提取。

高能中子照相转换屏性能初步研究

高能中子照相技术因其超强的样品透视能力而成为射线无损检测技术近年来研究的热点,转换屏是中子照相装置的一种关键部件。目前耦合科学级中子数字相机系统用到的高能中子照相转换屏主要有塑料闪烁体、光纤阵列、压制荧光屏和光纤转换屏等,其性能差异很大,需进行性能测试以确定不同转换屏的应用特点或场景。本文针对传统中子照相转换屏探测效率的定义问题,在物理原理基础上对其定义进行了修正,通过实验方法对各类转换屏的高能中子探测效率、空间分辨力等性能指标进行了测试。结合实验系统参数对转换屏绝对效率进行了反推计算,结果表明:压制荧光屏和光纤转换屏分别具有最高的空间分辨率和探测效率。

含系统模糊的闪光照相正向成像技术研究及应用

正向成像技术是正向计算与反演相结合的密度重建技术的基础。为了正确获取闪光照相面光源下复杂客体的正向计算数值图像,提出了面光源点源化的思想,并用窗口化的探测系统模糊、径迹法等技术得到了更加准确的、含系统模糊的正向投影矩阵以及方程。利用含系统模糊的正向投影方程计算实验客体的正向投影,获得了与实验结果一致的边界信息。含系统模糊的正向投影方程和逆问题求解的约束共轭梯度法合成了整体密度重建方法。整体密度重建方法应用于FTO客体的模拟图像和实验图像,都能够将模糊控制在1~2个像素。

X射线点投影技术在高能量密度物理相关实验中的应用

利用激光驱动4.8 keV左右的Ti等离子体X射线源作为背光,通过静态成像实验研究了针孔辅助点投影诊断方法及其特点。进行了点投影技术动态诊断应用探索,建立了光子能量约4.8 keV、时间分辨力约100 ps、空间分辨约10μm的动态诊断实验平台。并简要介绍了此诊断平台上开展的流体力学不稳定性研究、激光加速射流、材料预压缩特性研究等一系列实验结果。

铁道货车铸钢件高能X射线数字化辐射成像无损检测系统研制及应用

针对目前铁道货车铸钢摇枕和侧架无损检测需要,研制高能X射线数字化辐射成像无损检测系统。系统由加速器射线源、探测、数据采集、控制、机械、图像处理分析等子系统组成。实现摇枕和侧架流水线式自动检测,对工件可进行绕水平轴线任意角度翻转和±15°范围偏摆的透视检测,检测的圆形缺陷气孔直径≤1mm,像质计灵敏度≤1.5%,最大成像像素矩阵可达2 700×18 000,4 min可检测2个工件(相差90度各扫描1次)。为了便于分析和评定,给出局部灰度自动调节方法和气孔深度估算方法。在实际生产检测线上的应用情况表明:系统检测速度快、自动化程度高、成像质量好,能有效检测铁道货车铸钢摇枕和侧架内部的气孔、砂眼、缩孔、疏松等缺陷,并可应用于其他铸钢件的质量检测。

小型中子源高能中子照相装置准直屏蔽系统设计

准直屏蔽系统是中子照相装置的必要设备。本文采用蒙特卡洛中子输运程序(MCNP)等软件对高能中子准直屏蔽系统进行理论设计,初步确定了其材料构成和外观尺寸,从理论上确定了装置包括成像处注量率、成像距离及相应视场等关键参数。

高能质子照相的成像方程

与X射线闪光照相相比，GeV级质子照相因质子的穿透能力更强而更能满足流体动力学最佳光程、更小不确定度的要求。质子照相用于提取阴影客体信息的过程比X射线闪光照相复杂。为了便于分析质子照相过程及其特性，以质子照相的输运过程为基础，逐步考虑了质子与物质相互作用的各种过程——核反应、多次库仑散射、准弹性散射和弹性散射，并获得含各种过程的质子照相理论计算表达式。在含准直的系统中，理论计算公式中包含了多次弹性散射和准弹性散射项。通过与QMCPrad计算结果的对比得知弹性散射高斯近似下的理论计算结果与蒙特卡罗方法（MC）计算结果一致，与更准确的“黑体”模型的相对误差为3％～5％。这意味着在某种程序上，当研究质子照相规律或设计系统时，高能质子照相的理论计算公式能够替代MC模拟。