Support design method for deep soft-rock tunnels in non-hydrostatic high in-situ stress field

Due to the long-term plate tectonic movements in southwestern China,the in-situ stress field in deep formations is complex.When passing through deep soft-rock mass under non-hydrostatic high in-situ stress field,tunnels will suffer serious asymmetric deformation.There is no available support design method for tunnels under such a situation in existing studies to clarify the support time and support stiffness.This study first analyzed the mechanical behavior of tunnels in non-hydrostatic in-situ stress field and derived the theoretical equations of the ground squeezing curve(GSC)and ground loosening curve(GLC).Then,based on the convergence confinement theory,the support design method of deep soft-rock tunnels under non-hydrostatic high in-situ stress field was established considering both squeezing and loosening pressures.In addition,this method can provide the clear support time and support stiffness of the second layer of initial support.The proposed design method was applied to the Wanhe tunnel of the China-Laos railway in China.Monitoring data indicated that the optimal support scheme had a good effect on controlling the tunnel deformation in non-hydrostatic high in-situ stress field.Field applications showed that the secondary lining could be constructed properly.

Stress characteristics of surrounding rocks for inner water exosmosis in high-pressure hydraulic tunnels

Seepage and stress redistribution are the main factors affecting the stability of surrounding rock in high-pressure hydraulic tunnels.In this work,the effects of the seepage field were firstly simplified as a seepage factor acting on the stress field,and the equilibrium equation of high pressure inner water exosmosis was established based on physical theory.Then,the plane strain theory was used to solve the problem of elasticity,and the analytic expression of surrounding rock stress was obtained.On the basis of criterion of Norway,the influences of seepage,pore water pressure and buried depth on the characteristics of the stress distribution of surrounding rocks were studied.The analyses show that the first water-filling plays a decisive role in the stability of the surrounding rock; the influence of seepage on the stress field around the tunnel is the greatest,and the change of the seepage factor is approximately consistent with the logarithm divergence.With the effects of the rock pore water pressure,the circumferential stress shows the exchange between large and small,but the radial stress does not.Increasing the buried depth can enhance the arching effect of the surrounding rock,thus improving the stability.

Triaxial creep damage characteristics of sandstone under high crustal stress and its constitutive model for engineering application

The creep characteristics of rock under high crustal stress are of important influence on the long‐term stability of deep rock engineering.To study the creep characteristics and engineering application of sandstone under high crustal stress,this study constructed nonlinear creep damage(NCD)constitutive mode based on the triaxial graded loading‒unloading creep test of sandstone in the Yuezhishan Tunnel.A numerical NCD constitutive model and a breakable lining(BL)model were developed based on FLAC3D and then applied to the stability analysis of the Yuezhishan Tunnel.Based on the creep test results of sandstone,a power function of creep rate and stress level was constructed,by which the long‐term strength was solved.The results show that the long‐term strength of the red sandstone based on the related function of the steady‐state creep rate and stress level is close to the measured stress value in engineering.The NCD model considering damage factors reflects the instantaneous and viscoelastic plasticity deformation characteristics of the red sandstone.The numerical NCD constitutive model and the BL model can reflect surrounding rock deformation characteristics and lining failure characteristics in practical engineering.The research results provide theoretical references for long‐term stability analysis of rock engineering and the deformation control of surrounding rock under high crustal stress.

Study on dynamic response of high speed train window glass under tunnel aerodynamic effects

Purpose-This paper aims to analyze the bearing characteristics of the high speed train window glass under aerodynamic load effects.Design/methodology/approach-In order to obtain the dynamic strain response of passenger compartment window glass during high-speed train crossing the tunnel,taking the passenger compartment window glass of the CRH3 high speed train onWuhan-Guangzhou High Speed Railway as the research object,this study tests the strain dynamic response and maximum principal stress of the high speed train passing through the tunnel entrance and exit,the tunnel and tunnel groups as well as trains meeting in the tunnel at an average speed of 300 km$h-1.Findings-The results show that while crossing the tunnel,the passenger compartment window glass of high speed train is subjected to the alternating action of positive and negative air pressures,which shows the typical mechanic characteristics of the alternating fatigue stress of positive-negative transient strain.The maximum principal stress of passenger compartment window glass for high speed train caused by tunnel aerodynamic effects does not exceed 5 MPa,and the maximum value occurs at the corresponding time of crossing the tunnel groups.The high speed train window glass bears medium and low strain rates under the action of tunnel aerodynamic effects,while the maximum strain rate occurs at the meeting moment when the window glass meets the train head approaching from the opposite side in the tunnel.The shear modulus of laminated glass PVB film that makes up high speed train window glass is sensitive to the temperature and action time.The dynamically equivalent thickness and stiffness of the laminated glass and the dynamic bearing capacity of the window glass decrease with the increase of the action time under tunnel aerodynamic pressure.Thus,the influence of the loading action time and fatigue under tunnel aerodynamic effects on the glass strength should be considered in the design for the bearing performance of high speed train window glass.Originality/value-The research results provide data support for the analysis of mechanical characteristics,damage mechanism,strength design and structural optimization of high speed train glass.

Improvement in electrical properties of high-κ film on Ge substrate by an improved stress relieved pre-oxide method

High-κ /Ge gate stack has recently attracted a great deal of attention as a potential candidate to replace planar silicon transistors for sub-22 generation. However, the desorption and volatilization of GeO hamper the development of Ge-based devices. To cope with this challenge, various techniques have been proposed to improve the high-κ /Ge interface. However,these techniques have not been developed perfectly yet to control the interface. Therefore, in this paper, we propose an improved stress relieved pre-oxide（SRPO） method to improve the thermodynamic stability of the high-κ /Ge interface. The x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS） and atomic force microscopy（AFM） results indicate that the GeO volatilization of the high-κ /Ge gate stack is efficiently suppressed after 500℃ annealing, and the electrical characteristics are greatly improved.

极高地应力软岩隧道非对称变形机理及支护优化研究

针对极大断面公路隧道施工中出现的非对称大变形问题,考虑高地应力第一主应力与隧道轴线关系、层状软岩夹层与互层状态、掌子面软岩空间不对称、地下水等因素,基于对工程地质条件、围岩与支护结构失效及破坏特征的分析,结合岩样物理力学特性室内试验研究及地应力实测情况,探究了非对称大变形形成机理并提出针对性的支护结果优化方案。结果表明:高地应力层状软岩隧道围岩不对称变形是在岩层倾角α、最大水平主应力与隧道轴线夹角β和岩层夹角γ、围岩岩性和地下水综合作用下的大变形,围岩不对称部位由以上几种因素共同决定;当主应力σ1与隧道轴线既不垂直也不平行时,会产生挤压性偏压构造水平地应力,使隧道横断面侧向受力不对称,发生偏压性非对称大变形;通过改变锚杆的布设方式、提高超前注浆小导管的长度和刚度、喷射临时封闭、在防水板与喷射砼间增加高密度橡塑海绵板缓冲层等措施,可以有效的减少变形量,防止围岩因开挖扰动而松动和坍塌。

爆破扰动高应力巷道围岩力学响应特征研究

为研究深井厚硬顶板采场巷道围岩在高静载和强动载耦合作用下的力学响应,基于相似模拟试验分析原岩应力、采动应力及爆破扰动三阶段的巷道围岩应力场与位移场,结合光纤环向应变场研究巷道围岩破坏特征,探索爆破扰动应力波在不同煤岩体中的传播规律及巷道动力响应机制。研究结果表明:巷道开挖后顶底板卸压明显,两帮产生应力集中区,采动应力阶段应力集中区范围增加50%,爆破后顶板围岩沿垮落角大范围卸压,应力沿巷道左肩窝逆时针逐渐增大;浅部巷道围岩呈现向自由面膨胀–变形,受巷道肩窝处剪切滑移错动影响,锚杆、锚索支护场产生相反的位移量,应力波扰动后,巷道左帮产生拉伸裂纹并与锚杆支护场连成宏观裂纹,裂纹发育高度大于锚杆支护场高度;巷道围岩顶底板呈现明显的张拉破坏特征,左右肩角呈现张拉及剪切复合破坏形式;应力波由小阻抗介质进入大阻抗介质的衰减速度最快,在同种介质中衰减速度次之,由大阻抗介质进入小阻抗介质中应力波峰值反而增大,应力波峰值强度衰减后仍大于巷道顶板极限抗拉强度,导致巷道围岩大变形失稳并产生一定程度的动力响应。基于应力波连续穿过层状岩体理论模型,结合动静载叠加理论,可优化爆破参数从而实现减冲抗冲主被动联合支护。

高地应力-化学侵蚀耦合作用下炭质板岩蠕变试验及非线性蠕变损伤模型

为克服高程障碍并降低施工风险,可采用长大隧道穿越崇山峻岭,但这些隧道往往处于深埋高地应力环境,并受到化学侵蚀影响。为了解决此问题,以丽江—香格里拉炭质板岩大变形隧道为研究对象,采用室内试验和理论推导,研究深埋炭质板岩隧道受化学侵蚀作用下的围岩变形特性。在Poyting-Thomson体蠕变体的基础上,根据模型元件的力学特性,叠加了损伤元件、化学损伤元件和非线性元件,提出高地应力-化学侵蚀耦合作用下炭质板岩非线性蠕变损伤本构关系。研究结果表明:1)炭质板岩试样受化学侵蚀影响显著,侵蚀90 d试样所产生的轴向蠕变应变为侵蚀0 d试样的2.02倍,侵蚀60 d试样所产生的径向蠕变为侵蚀0 d试样的1.85倍;2)受侵蚀的炭质板岩试样在三轴压缩状态下破裂以斜向贯通裂隙为主,并产生一定的滑移错动裂隙,且沿轴线的拉伸劈裂破坏受围压作用抑制明显,未产生竖向贯通裂隙。

高应力扇形中深孔采场边帮控制爆破参数优化

针对扇形孔采场爆破边帮控制问题,提出了一种将靠近边帮的扇形炮孔施工成垂直平行孔用以控制边帮的构想。首先,通过理论计算得到4组平行炮孔不耦合系数与炮孔间距匹配下的模型参数,使用LS-DYNA对4组参数进行数值模拟;然后,通过对比分析4组模型在无地应力作用和不同方向地应力作用时的爆破裂纹扩展情况,获得最优参数;最后基于优化参数开展工业试验。结果表明:高地应力会促进最大应力方向爆破裂纹扩展;4种模型中,不耦合系数为1.65,炮孔间距为1.1 m时开挖区域破岩效果最为合理;在试验采场开展工业试验,使用优化后的爆破参数进行爆破,采场回采后边帮平整,稳定性较好,验证了研究结论的正确性。

极高地应力硬岩隧道变形规律及施工优化研究

依托重庆市巫镇高速宝山隧道工程,采用数值模拟方法开展极高地应力无仰拱硬岩隧道的变形规律和施工优化研究,对不同施工工法、施工步距进行了比选。研究表明:1)不同施工工法隧道变形规律基本一致,竖向位移大于水平位移且基底隆起较拱顶沉降更明显,全断面法施工隧道变形收敛速度最快;2)不同施工工法均为基底应力释放程度最大,释放后基底应力仅为初始的55%,且全断面法拱脚处应力集中范围最小;3)隧道周围的岩体以拉伸破坏为主,部分位置存在剪切破坏,施工工法对塑性区的水平影响范围有限;4)该隧道选用全断面法施工可行且较经济。全断面法不同施工步距变形及应力分布基本规律相同,施工步距越大,水平竖向位移越大,拱脚处应力集中越显著,最小主应力值也越大,综合考虑现场施工建设速度、变形收敛情况、应力分布状态,采用1.6 m步距较经济合理。

高铁隧道内地下水作用下双块式无砟轨道道床板裂缝扩展研究

针对我国高速铁路隧道内CRTSⅠ型双块式无砟轨道施工阶段道床板开裂问题,运用有限元软件建立隧道-无砟轨道三维实体模型,研究地下水作用下隧道内无砟轨道各结构层位移隆起变化规律,并结合FRANC3D软件,在道床板结构受力最不利位置插入不同形状的预制三维裂缝,分析水压、裂缝长度对道床板裂缝扩展的影响。研究结果表明:(1)三角形荷载作用相较于均布荷载作用时,道床板位移隆起量虽有所减小,但地下水压的反复作用始终会影响轨道结构的平顺性,甚至导致道床板与仰拱填充间出现离缝;(2)裂缝长度是裂缝失稳扩展的控制因素,在排水系统完全堵塞时,建议将裂缝长度控制在200 mm以内;(3)水压为裂缝扩展的关键影响因素,同等条件下水压越大,道床板裂缝扩展越迅速,均布荷载下道床板裂缝尖端应力强度因子是对应三角形荷载下的1.2~1.4倍。

深部极高地应力花岗岩隧道岩爆破坏特征及成因机理研究

深部极高地应力花岗岩隧道施工过程中,岩爆灾害异常突出,硬岩岩爆不同程度地造成岩体片状剥落、棱板状破裂、岩块抛掷及强烈弹射等。为了揭示花岗岩隧道岩爆成因机制,综合地质调绘、监控量测、岩爆实录统计、室内岩石力学试验、微观分析和数值模拟分析等方法对隧道高地应力及岩爆的形成、破坏特征及影响因素进行探讨分析。根据现场岩爆实录统计分析,花岗岩隧道岩爆破坏特征复杂多样,发生时间集中,高水平构造应力使靠近雅鲁藏布江河谷一侧岩爆烈度显著增大,大埋深高自重应力导致岩爆主要分布在隧道掌子面和拱顶。基于钻孔实测地应力数据和初始地应力场反演分析,发现花岗岩隧道地应力场由构造应力和自重应力共同主导,隧道沿线82.0%的区段处于高到极高地应力状态,为岩爆的发生提供内动力地质条件。室内岩石力学试验表明二长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩均具有中等岩爆倾向性,厚层状、强度大、刚度高、完整性好的岩体为岩爆提供充足的物源条件。受控于雅鲁藏布江缝合带地质构造作用以及新生代岩浆活动作用影响,花岗岩隧道呈现高地温特征,地温梯度为5.5℃/100 m,最高实测地温达到89.6℃,高温热力耦合作用加速岩爆发生并提高岩爆危险性等级。隧道施工工艺会改变围岩应力重分布,影响围岩的应力集中,造成一定的尺寸效应,影响岩爆发生的烈度等级、时间和空间分布。

复杂地质大型地下洞室群地应力场反演方法与应用

深切河谷和大型结构面影响大型地下洞室群地应力场分布,准确预测地下洞室群区域地应力场对工程建设至关重要。本文提出融合逐步多元线性回归和神经网络的联合反演,通过逐步多元回归获得合理的构造运动因素及其基准值,再通过神经网络反演获得较优的反演结果。首先,提出复杂地质条件下地下洞室群地应力场反演方法,主要包括地应力实测数据分析、3维地质模型建立、逐步多元线性回归与BP人工神经网络联合反演,以及基于洞室围岩应力型破坏特征的结果验证。该方法从历史构造运动出发,约束多元回归因素及其回归系数,解决剪应力偏差过大的问题,并通过历史地质构造分析、实测地应力分析和洞室群应力型破坏特征等多源约束和验证,提高地应力反演结果的准确性。以叶巴滩水电站地下洞室群为例,对该方法进行工程应用。研究结果表明:叶巴滩水电站地下洞室群最大主应力为25~30MPa,方向为NWW-EW方位,缓倾向河谷,洞室开挖后上游侧拱肩和下游侧墙脚易发生应力型破坏;断层等大型结构面严重影响了地应力分布,临近断层部位最大主应力量值减小,方向近于垂直断层,在距断层5~10m范围内最大主应力量值迅速增大至原岩应力,方位逐渐转为近平行断层,与宏观主应力方向接近;密集发育的断层,是导致叶巴滩水电站地下洞室群区域主应力变异性强的主要原因。本研究阐明了深切河谷和多结构面共同作用下地下洞室群地应力场分布规律,特别是断层附近地应力场的变异特征,为地下洞室群应力集中区和应力型灾害部位预测提供基础依据。

湖南省桂阳抽水蓄能电站高压引水隧洞稳定性分析

为研究湖南桂阳抽水蓄能电站高压引水隧洞稳定性,在工程区开展了高压压水试验和地应力测试,定量描述了隧洞围岩在高内水压力作用下的渗透特性,分析了整个工程区特别是重要工程部位的岩体应力状态,在此基础上根据围岩条件、抗抬理论准则、最小主应力准则、渗透准则评价了高压引水隧洞的渗透稳定性。结果表明:(1)工程区水平主应力大小总体上随深度的增加而增大,3个主应力之间的关系为SH>SZ>Sh,属于走滑型应力状态,钻孔附近地壳浅表层的最大水平主应力方位平均为NW32°,高压岔管及厂房区域属中等-低地应力区。高压压水试验结果显示隧洞围岩属于弱至微透水岩体;(2)高压引水隧洞各洞段具有足够的埋深条件,满足抗抬理论准则,同时隧洞围岩的抗渗透能力及抗水力劈裂能力均较好,基本满足钢筋混凝土衬砌方案的要求。

高地应力特大断面隧道的适宜施工工法

为探索高地应力特大断面软岩隧道的适宜施工方法,以桐梓隧道为工程背景,通过现场监测和数值模拟,探索不同高地应力下的3种施工工法[三台阶、CD(cross diaphragm)法、双侧壁导坑法]的适宜性,从围岩变形、施工成本以及施工进度等方面评价施工方法的优劣。结果表明:Ⅴ级围岩:当隧道埋深为300、400 m时,适用三台阶法施工;当埋深为500 m时,适用CD法施工;当埋深为600 m时,适用双侧壁导坑法施工。Ⅳ级围岩:当隧道埋深为300~600 m时,都适用三台阶法施工。

深埋高地应力TBM隧道岩爆发生机理研究

为分析高地应力隧道岩爆发生机理,以西南山区某新建TBM隧道为工程背景,通过室内岩石力学试验分析围岩基本力学特性,然后基于弹性力学理论建立板裂屈曲岩爆的力学失稳模型,最后通过离散元UDEC软件对隧道岩爆演化过程进行分析。结果表明:①隧道围岩满足发生岩爆的岩性条件,岩爆倾向性为中等~强烈;②拱顶板裂屈曲岩爆可视为围岩板裂结构在水平切向应力作用下断裂失稳所导致,劈裂岩体厚度为岩爆主要影响因素;③隧道开挖卸荷后洞壁围岩开裂剥离弹射破坏主要是张拉破坏造成。为保障隧道施工安全提供理论依据。

基于现场监控量测的高地应力隧道支护方案研究

为研究高地应力状态下隧道施工围岩稳定情况,优化支护设计方案,以段家坪隧道为研究对象。根据段家坪隧道地质情况设计支护方案,进行现场试验。借助监控量测技术和FLAC3D数值模拟分析验证支护方案的可行性。研究得出高地应力隧道围岩变形分析结论及建议,为高地应力隧道施工选择合理的施工方法,制定切实可行的支护方案提供参考和依据。

高地应力断层破碎带富水段隧道帷幕注浆效果及注浆圈参数研究

周边超前预注浆加固是改变裂隙岩体物理力学性能和渗透性能的有效方法,以鸡心岭隧道工程为例,通过数值模拟分析了周边预注浆加固前后、不同注浆圈厚度和注浆圈渗透系数对围岩渗流场、位移场、塑性区及支护受力的影响规律。结果表明:1)周边超前预注浆加固能有效降低初期支护静水压力,减小围岩塑性破坏范围和洞周位移,并使得隧道涌水集中发生在拱脚位置;2)注浆圈厚度超过8 m后,继续增大注浆圈厚度对围岩位移的影响较小;3)降低注浆圈渗透系数可有效降低隧道涌水量,但会增大围岩变形。

基于回归正交试验的高地应力TBM隧道变形影响因素敏感性研究

依托某国家重点铁路工程隧道穿越高地应力TBM施工段,通过精细化三维数值模拟与回归正交试验相结合,运用多元线性回归方法对试验结果进行研究,分析不同支护因素的敏感性并判明其对控制围岩变形起到的利弊作用,同时得到该试验的一次回归方程,为结构优化提供快速计算公式,以此来调整参数,优化支护结构。一次回归正交试验选取短锚杆长度、长锚杆长度、钢拱架间距、锚杆环向和纵向间距、喷射混凝土等级与地应力水平作为研究影响因素,采用L8(27)正交表,不考虑交互作用进行回归正交试验,计算常数项与各偏回归项系数,建立回归方程,对试验结果进行方差分析与失拟性检验。检验结果表明:因素地应力水平F值大于F0.001,地应力水平对围岩变形起到决定性影响,短锚杆长度、钢拱架间距与锚杆纵向间距的F值均大于F0.025,其均对控制围岩变形有显著影响;所建立的回归方程显著,失拟性检验不显著,回归方程具有较好的拟合程度。在设计施工时首先应考虑采取措施释放地应力,其次在选取支护参数时应将短锚杆长度、钢拱架间距与锚杆纵向间距纳入重点考虑内容。

深地页岩储层聚能射流侵彻及损伤致裂机理研究

为研究地应力对聚能射流侵彻页岩储层的影响,建立了聚能射流侵彻不同围压页岩的准二维模型,采用动态松弛法加载页岩围压分别为0、10、20、30 MPa,分别从射孔深度、页岩孔裂隙形成规律特征和监测点应力变化等方面系统性分析了射流侵彻下的页岩损伤致裂机理。研究结果表明:聚能射流侵彻页岩后损伤区域可以分为完全破坏区、压剪破坏区、拉伸破坏区,围压增加造成破坏区域减小。围压对于页岩射孔深度和损伤致裂效果具有明显影响,无围压下页岩的侵彻深度为600.3 mm,10、20、30 MPa围压下页岩的侵彻深度分别减小至524.3、454.3、446.1 mm,减小幅度分别为12.66%、24.32%、25.69%,更高的围压对页岩孔周裂隙的发育和损伤具有更明显的抑制作用。页岩射孔过程中的峰值压力随着与孔道中心距离增大而快速减小,且衰减速度逐渐由快减慢;随着与侵彻起点距离增大而逐渐减小,减小趋势近似为线性;相同监测点峰值压力随围压增大呈现明显的增加趋势。