Support design method for deep soft-rock tunnels in non-hydrostatic high in-situ stress field

Due to the long-term plate tectonic movements in southwestern China,the in-situ stress field in deep formations is complex.When passing through deep soft-rock mass under non-hydrostatic high in-situ stress field,tunnels will suffer serious asymmetric deformation.There is no available support design method for tunnels under such a situation in existing studies to clarify the support time and support stiffness.This study first analyzed the mechanical behavior of tunnels in non-hydrostatic in-situ stress field and derived the theoretical equations of the ground squeezing curve(GSC)and ground loosening curve(GLC).Then,based on the convergence confinement theory,the support design method of deep soft-rock tunnels under non-hydrostatic high in-situ stress field was established considering both squeezing and loosening pressures.In addition,this method can provide the clear support time and support stiffness of the second layer of initial support.The proposed design method was applied to the Wanhe tunnel of the China-Laos railway in China.Monitoring data indicated that the optimal support scheme had a good effect on controlling the tunnel deformation in non-hydrostatic high in-situ stress field.Field applications showed that the secondary lining could be constructed properly.

Piezomagnetic In-situ Stress Monitoring and its Application in the Longmenshan Fault Zone

The relative change of in-situ stress is an inevitable outcome of differential movement among the crust plates. Conversely, changes of in-situ stress can also lead to deformation and instability of crustal rock mass, trigger activity of faults, and induce earthquakes. Hence, monitoring real-time change of in-situ stress is of great significance. Piezomagnetic in-situ stress monitoring has good and longtime applications in large engineering constructions and geoscience study fields in China. In this paper, the new piezomagnetic in-situ stress monitoring system is introduced and it not only has overall improvements in measuring cell＇s structure and property, stressing and orienting way, but also enhances integration and intelligence of control and data transmission system, in general, which greatly promotes installing efficiency of measuring probe and quality of monitoring data. This paper also discusses the responses of new piezomagnetic system in large earthquake events of in-situ stress monitoring station at Qiaoqi of Baoxing and Wenxian of Gansu. The monitoring data reflect adjustments and changes of tectonic stress field at the southwestern segment of and the northern area near the Longmenshan fault zone, which shows that the new system has a good performance and application prospect in the geoscience field. Data of the Qiaoqi stress-monitoring station manifest that the Lushan Earthquake did not release stress of the southwestern segment of the Longmenshan fault zone adequately and there still probably exists seismic risk in this region in the future. Combined with absolute in-situ stress measurement, carrying out long-term in-situ stress monitoring in typical tectonic position of important regions is of great importance for researchers to assess and study regional crust stability.

Measures for controlling large deformations of underground caverns under high in-situ stress condition--A case study of JinpingⅠhydropower station

The Jinping I hydropower station is a huge water conservancy project consisting of the highest concrete arch dam to date in the world and a highly complex and large underground powerhouse cavern. It is located on the right bank with extremely high in-situ stress and a few discontinuities observed in surrounding rock masses. The problems of rock mass deformation and failure result in considerable challenges related to project design and construction and have raised a wide range of concerns in the fields of rock mechanics and engineering. During the excavation of underground caverns, high in-situ stress and relatively low rock mass strength in combination with large excavation dimensions lead to large deformation of the surrounding rock mass and support. Existing experiences in excavation and support cannot deal with the large deformation of rock mass effectively, and further studies are needed. In this paper, the geological conditions, layout of caverns, and design of excavation and support are first introduced, and then detailed analyses of deformation and failure characteristics of rocks are presented. Based on this, the mechanisms of deformation and failure are discussed, and the support adjustments for controlling rock large deformation and subsequent excavation procedures are proposed. Finally, the effectiveness of support and excavation adjustments to maintain the stability of the rock mass is verified. The measures for controlling the large deformation of surrounding rocks enrich the practical experiences related to the design and construction of large underground openings, and the construction of caverns in the Jinping I hydropower station provides a good case study of large-scale excavation in highly stressed ground with complex geological structures, as well as a reference case for research on rock mechanics.

Experimental study on the effect of flexible joints of a deep-buried tunnel across an active fault under high in-situ stress conditions

During dislocation,a tunnel crossing the active fault will be damaged to varying degrees due to its permanent stratum displacement.Most previous studies did not consider the influence of the tunnel’s deep burial and the high in-situ stress,so the results were not entirely practical.In this paper,the necessity of solving the anti-dislocation problem of deep-buried tunnels is systemically discussed.Through the model test of tunnels across active faults,the differences in failures between deep-buried tunnels and shallow-buried tunnels were compared,and the dislocation test of deep-buried segmental tunnels was carried out to analyze the external stress change,lining strain,and failure mode of tunnels.The results are as follows.(1)The overall deformation of deep-buried and shallow-buried tunnels is both Sshaped.The failure mode of deep-buried tunnels is primarily characterized by shear and tensile failure,resulting in significant compressive deformation and a larger damaged area.In contrast,shallow-buried tunnels mainly experience shear failure,with the tunnel being sheared apart at the fault crossing,leading to more severe damage.(2)After the segmental structure design of the deep-buried tunnel,the‘‘S”deformation pattern is transformed into a‘‘ladder”pattern,and the strain of the tunnel and the peak stress of the external rock mass are reduced;therefore,damages are significantly mitigated.(3)Through the analysis of the distribution of cracks in the tunnel lining,it is found that the tunnel without a segmental structure design has suffered from penetrating failure and that cracks affect the entire lining.The cracks in a flexible segmental tunnel affect about 66.6%of the entire length of the tunnel,and cracks in a tunnel with a short segmental tunnel only affect about 33.3%of the entire length of the tunnel.Therefore,a deep-buried tunnel with a short segmental tunnel can yield a better anti-dislocation effect.(4)By comparing the shallow-buried segmental tunnel in previous studies,it is concluded that the shallow-buried segmental tunnel will also suffer from deformation outside the fault zone,while the damages to the deep-buried segmental tunnel are concentrated in the fault zone,so the anti-dislocation protection measures of the deep-buried tunnel shall be provided mainly in the fault zone.The results of the above study can provide theoretical reference and technical support for the design and reinforcement measures of the tunnel crossing active fault under high in-situ stress conditions.

A critical review on the developments of rock support systems in high stress ground conditions

Extreme ground behaviour in high-stress rock masses such as rockburst prone and squeezing ground conditions are encountered in a range of underground projects both in civil and mining applications.The occurrence of such ground behaviour types are difficult to predict and special design and construction measures must be taken to control them.Determining the most appropriate support system in such grounds is one of the major challenges for ground control engineers because there are many contributing factors to be considered,such as the rock mass parameters,the stress condition,the type and performance of the support systems,the condition of major geological structures and the size and geometry of the underground excavation.The main characteristics and support requirements of rockburst-prone and squeezing ground conditions are herein critically reviewed and characteristics of support functions are discussed.Different types of energy-absorbing rockbolts and other support elements applicable for ground support in burst-prone and squeezing grounds are introduced.Important differences in the choice and economics of ground support strategies in high-stress ground conditions between civil tunnels and mining excavations are discussed.Ground support benchmarking data and mitigation measures for mines and civil tunnels in burst-prone,squeezing and heavily swelling grounds conditions are briefly presented by some examples in practice.

Prediction Research of Deformation Modulus of Weak Rock Zone under In-situ Conditions

Weak rock zone (soft interlayer, fault zone and soft rock) is the highlight of large-scale geological engineering research. It is an important boundary for analysis of rock mass stability. Weak rock zone has been formed in a long geological period, and in this period, various rocks have undergone long-term consolidation of geostatic stress and tectonic stress; therefore, under in-situ conditions, their density and modulus of deformation are relatively high. Due to its fragmentary nature, once being exposed to the earth's surface, the structure of weak rock zone will soon be loosened, its density will be reduced, and its modulus of deformation will also be reduced significantly. Generally, weak rock zone can be found in large construction projects, especially in the dam foundation rocks of hydropower stations. These rocks cannot be eliminated completely by excavation. Furthermore, all tests nowadays are carried out after the exposure of weak rock zone, modulus of deformation under in-situ conditions cannot be revealed. In this paper, a test method explored by the authors has been introduced. This method is a whole multilayered medium deformation method. It is unnecessary to eliminate the relatively complete rocks covering on weak rock zone. A theoretical formula to obtain the modulus of deformation in various mediums has also been introduced. On-site comparative trials and indoor deformation modulus tests under equivalent density conditions have been carried out. We adopted several methods for the prediction researches of the deformation modulus of weak rock zone under in-situ conditions, and revealed a fact that under in-situ conditions, the deformation modulus of weak rock zone are several times higher than the test results obtained after the exposure. In a perspective of geological engineering, the research findings have fundamentally changed peoples' concepts on the deformation modulus of weak rock zone, provided important theories and methods for precise definition of deformation modulus of deep weak rock zone under cap rock conditions, as well as for reasonable engineering applications.

Acoustic Monitoring of Anomaly Stressed Zones, Determination Their Positions, Surfaces, Evaluation of Catastrophic Risk

Abstract Problem statement. Self-organization is not a universal property of matter, it exists under certain internal and external conditions and this is not associated with a special class of substances. The study of the morphology and dynamics of migration of anomalous zones associated with increased stresses is of particular importance in the development of deep deposits, complicated by dynamic phenomena in the form of rock impacts. Applied method and design: An important tool for this study is geophysical exploration. To describe the geological environment in the form of an array of rocks with its natural and technogenic heterogeneity, one should use its more adequate description, which is a discrete model of the medium in the form of a piecewise heterogeneous block medium with embedded heterogeneities of a lower rank than the block size. This nesting can be traced several times, i.e. changing the scale of the study;we see that heterogeneities of a lower rank now appear in the form of blocks for heterogeneities of the next rank. A simple averaging of the measured geophysical parameters can lead to distorted ideas about the structure of the medium and its evolution. Typical results: We have analyzed the morphology of the structural features of disintegration zones before a strong dynamic phenomenon. The introduction of the proposed integrated passive and active geophysical monitoring into the mining system, aimed at studying the transient processes of the redistribution of stress-strain and phase states, can help prevent catastrophic dynamic manifestations during the development of deep-located deposits. Concluding note (Practical value/implications): Active geophysical monitoring methods should be tuned to a model of a hierarchical heterogeneous environment. Iterative algorithms for 2-D modeling and interpretation for sound diffraction and a linearly polarized transverse elastic wave on the inclusion with a hierarchical elastic structure located in the J-th layer of the N-layer elastic medium are constructed.

鲜水河构造带隧道高地应力区岩爆特性分析

研究目的:青藏高原持续隆升,导致鲜水河构造带及邻区高地应力特征突出,地应力场极其复杂,研究高地应力的孕灾特征有助于隧道岩爆的风险防控,特别是时滞型岩爆的孕灾和致灾机理的研究。本文阐述鲜水河构造带地貌、地层岩性、构造及地应力场特征的孕灾总体认识,通过对该区域隧道近10 km约1300次岩爆统计,从发生概率、等级、埋深、位置、时间、距离等多角度研究岩爆特征,对发生的5次时滞型岩爆和隧道时效性变化特征进行分析,展望后续岩爆研究的重点。研究结论:(1)鲜水河构造带及邻区受高地应力影响,隐伏小微构造发育且无规律,为岩爆创造了特殊的孕灾环境,岩爆发生的随机性大;(2)该区域隧洞岩爆等级以轻微岩爆为主,具有“分区破裂”和脆性变形特征,时滞型岩爆一定程度上具有“继承性”;(3)建议加强沟谷应力场低埋型岩爆和滞后型岩爆或硬岩潜在时效破坏的监测研究;(4)本文研究成果可为类似高地应力环境下岩爆预测和防控提供借鉴。

高偏应力煤巷围岩拉剪破裂特征及分区控制方法研究

为获得高偏应力巷道围岩拉剪破裂特征并提出优化支护方案,以山西某矿孤岛工作面为背景,采用理论分析、数值模拟、相似模拟相结合的研究手段,分析了高偏应力条件下巷道围岩拉剪破裂分布特征及演化规律,揭示了托顶煤巷道围岩拉剪破裂机制,提出了高偏应力条件下巷道围岩沿掘进方向的全长分区控制方法。研究结果表明:(1)当侧压系数λ为0.60时,巷道围岩两帮呈“楔形”破坏,顶底出现明显卸荷并在巷道围岩四角点处产生应力集中;侧压系数λ逐渐减小至0.24的过程中,巷道围岩以两帮破坏为基础,在剪切应力作用下“蝶叶”逐渐发育,并最终形成蝶形破裂。(2)开挖破坏区围岩的浅部存在拉剪混合破裂区域,以张拉破裂为主;围岩深部为剪切破裂。围岩破裂演化过程可划分为3个阶段,分别为环自由面的自身破坏阶段、“蝶叶”孕育扩展阶段和“蝶叶”扩展稳定阶段。(3)定义了基于巷道全长分区的应力阈值,提出了掘进巷道全长分区支护方法,可为后续采煤工作面巷道的差异化支护提供理论参考。

高水平应力矿岩接触带巷道稳定性分析

井下巷道在通过矿岩接触带时,由于接触带两侧岩性差异会在巷道两端和接触带上产生不同的变形和破坏。以杜达铅锌矿100 m中段矿岩接触带巷道为研究对象,采用Flac3D软件数值模拟和现场巷道收敛变形监测的方法,分析矿岩接触带巷道在未支护情况下的应力分布和变形情况,得出杜达铅锌矿在高水平应力下矿岩接触带巷道的变形和破坏规律。研究结果表明:高水平应力下矿岩接触带巷道形成后的破坏以剪切破坏为主,巷道变形和破坏在顶底板表现较为明显。矿岩接触带上剪切应力集中,使得接触带两侧矿(岩)体的变形存在明显的不对称非协调分布。岩体侧的变形破坏比矿体侧更为明显,且巷道两帮变形小于顶底板变形。研究结果可为类似条件下矿岩接触带巷道的支护提供理论依据。

特高混凝土面板堆石坝的结构分区研究

面板堆石坝变形控制的前提是保证坝体各分区的施工质量,而这与坝体分区结构设计关系密切。在坝体分区结构设计环节中,差异过大的主次堆石分区会导致面板出现过大的挠度变形,同时也容易产生开裂、脱空等问题。通过三维非线性有限元分析计算,着重从结构设计理论的角度分析了特高面板堆石坝应力变形特性的影响因素。结合某特高混凝土面板堆石坝,设计了坝体的不同分区方案,从计算结果的对比分析中得出了特高坝的建议分区原则:若次堆石区填料材料特性较差,应尽可能保证次堆石区靠近下游,同时主堆石区和次堆石区分界线应靠近下游;尽量避免次堆石区设置在坝顶范围,以免在次堆石区产生较大的竖向位移对坝顶及上游坝面的影响;全断面采用主堆石区或减小主次堆石区变形模量的差异性,有利于坝体的变形协调。

基于非线性时程的750kV构架抗震性能分析

750kV变电构架是我国西北地区变电工程最核心的构筑物。文中采用通用有限元分析软件SAP2000,对某位于抗震设防烈度8度区的750kV格构式构架的抗震性能开展非线性时程分析。研究结果表明,750kV构架整体抗震性能可达到性能要求,构架梁柱杆件主材均满足抗震承载力要求,仅在罕遇地震作用下,部分柱腹杆应力比超限,建议采取增大该处杆件截面等加强措施,以增强750kV构架的抗震性能。

Upper Limit for Rheological Strength of Crust in Continental Subduction Zone:Constraints Imposed by Laboratory Experiments

The transitional pressure of quartz coesite under the differential stress and highly strained conditions is far from the pressure of the stable field under the static pressure. Therefore, the effect of the differential stress should be considered when the depth of petrogenesis is estimated about ultrahigh pressure metamorphic (UHPM) rocks. The rheological strength of typical ultrahigh pressure rocks in continental subduction zone was derived from the results of the laboratory experiments. The results indicate the following three points. (1) The rheological strength of gabbro, similar to that of eclogite, is smaller than that of clinopyroxenite on the same condition. (2) The calculated strength of rocks (gabbro, eclogite and clinopyroxenite) related to UHPM decreases by nearly one order of magnitude with the temperature rising by 100 ℃ in the range between 600 and 900 ℃. The calculated strength is far greater than the faulting strength of rocks at 600 ℃, and is in several hundred to more than one thousand mega pascals at 700-800 ℃, which suggests that those rocks are located in the brittle deformation region at 600 ℃, but are in the semi brittle to plastic deformation region at 700-800 ℃. Obviously, the 700 ℃ is a brittle plastic transition boundary. (3) The calculated rheological strength in the localized deformation zone on a higher strain rate condition (1.6×10 -12 s -l ) is 2-5 times more than that in the distributed deformation zone on a lower strain rate condition (1.6×10 -14 s -1 ). The average rheological stress (1 600 MPa) at the strain rate of 10 -12 s -1 stands for the ultimate differential stress of UHPM rocks in the semi brittle flow field, and the average rheological stress (550-950 MPa) at the strain rate of l0 -14 - 10 -13 s -l stands for the ultimate differential stress of UHPM rocks in the plastic flow field, suggesting that the depth for the formation of UHPM rocks is more than 20-60 km below the depth estimated under static pressure condition due to the effect of the differential stress.

Stress rise precursor to earthquakes in the Tibetan Plateau

Earthquake prediction thus far has proven to be a very difficult task, but changes in situ stress appear to offer a viable approach for forecasting large earthquakes in Tibet and perhaps other continental regions. High stress anomalies formed along active faults before large earthquakes and disappeared soon after the earthquakes occurred in the Tibetan Plateau. Principle stress increased up to ~2 -?5 times higher than background stress to form high stress anomalies along causative faults before the Ms 8.1 West Kunlun Pass earthquake in November 2001, Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake in May 2008, Ms 6.6 Nimu earthquake in October 2009, Ms 7.1 Yushu earthquake in April 2010 and the Ms 7.0 Lushan earthquake in April 2013. Stress near the epicenters rapidly increased 0.10 - 0.12 MPa over 45 days, ~8 months before the Ms 6.6 Nimu earthquake occurred. The high principle stress anomalies decreased quickly to the normal stress state in ~8 -?12 months after the Ms 8.1 West Kunlun Pass and the Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquakes. These high stress anomalies and their demise appear directly related to the immediate stress rise along a fault prior to the earthquakes and the release during the event. Thus, the stress rise appears to be a viable precursor in prediction of large continental earthquakes as in the Tibetan Plateau.

沂沭断裂带小震震源参数特征分析

利用山东台网记录的2010-2020年沂沭断裂带范围内的地震波形资料,基于高频截止模型,以理论震源谱对观测震源谱之间的最小绝对残差值作为目标函数,使用稳健的最小二乘法估计模型参数,得到93个地震震源谱的特征参数和震源参数,对不同震源参数之间的定标关系及视应力的时空特征进行分析。研究结果表明,高频截止模型的理论震源谱对观测震源谱有较好的拟合效果,能够明显改善拐角频率识别效果,因此该模型更适用于观测震源谱;沂沭断裂带中小地震的拐角频率为2~15 Hz,与矩震级有较好的相关关系,震级越大,拐角频率越低;地震矩M_(0)与震级M_(L)在单对数坐标系下存在较好的线性关系,利用稳健函数线性拟合,可表示为logM_(0)=1.096M_(L)+9.78;地震视应力的时间分布特征表明,沂沭断裂带2012-2014年地震视应力偏高,地震强度和频次明显增加,2016年后地震视应力有所降低,地震强度和频次有所降低;沂沭断裂带地震多发生在高视应力内部和边缘地区,断裂带中南部的莒南-临沂和断裂带北段的安丘段存在明显高视应力集中区,这些区域为沂沭带未来可能发生中强地震的潜在震源区,有必要对高视应力区的地球物理特征进行监测。

超深超高压裂缝性致密砂岩气藏气井不稳定压力分析

对于超深超高压裂缝性致密砂岩气藏,综合考虑孔缝并存、离散裂缝与连续介质裂缝并存、应力敏感效应及3个物性分区的影响,建立裂缝性致密砂岩气藏气井不稳定压力模型,采用Pedrosa变换、摄动变换、Laplace变换等方法求解模型,通过编程绘制不稳定压力典型曲线;根据不稳定压力典型曲线特征划分流动阶段,对影响因素进行敏感性分析。结果表明:复杂气藏压裂井渗流过程划分14个典型流动阶段;存在应力敏感效应时,导数曲线中后期位置更高;钻遇离散裂缝长度越长,Ⅰ区缝网系统线性流等阶段的导数曲线位置越低;流度比主要影响相应拟径向流和窜流等阶段的压力导数曲线。各区储容比越小,相应窜流阶段压力导数曲线上的凹子越深;各区窜流系数越小,相应窜流阶段压力导数曲线上的凹子出现时间越晚。该结果为超深超高压裂缝性复杂气藏试井解释提供支撑。

根区温度胁迫对番茄幼苗根系生长及蔗糖代谢的影响

以番茄耐高低温品种久绿787和不耐高低温品种硬粉8号为试材,以正常栽培的根区温度(平均20℃)为对照,研究了根区10℃低温和34℃高温对番茄幼苗根系表型、糖含量、蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的影响。结果表明,根区10℃低温和34℃高温胁迫对久绿787和硬粉8号根系生长均产生了不同程度的抑制,久绿787根系表型和生物积累量的受抑制程度要低于硬粉8号。在10℃低温胁迫下,2个品种幼苗根系中葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖含量均显著增加,蔗糖代谢中积极响应的酶为SPS和SAI;34℃高温主要促进了根系中蔗糖的积累,蔗糖代谢分解酶(SS-I、CWIN、SAI和NI)活性均受到显著抑制。根区温度胁迫下,久绿787根系中糖含量高于硬粉8号,但增长率却低于硬粉8号,这可能与久绿787细根(≤0.5 mm)生长受抑制程度低于硬粉8号,其需要靠分解糖来提供能量和其他物质,而硬粉8号根系中可溶性糖多以渗透调节物起抗逆作用有关。

深埋高地应力隧道不同支护时机求解方法对比研究

为确定深埋高地应力隧道的合理支护时机,提高支护结构质量,降低支护成本,依托某高原深埋高地应力隧道,采用安全系数法、位移增量法和塑性区法分别求解支护结构的合理支护时机,并对比分析不同支护时机求解方法的适用性。结果表明:1)3种求解方法计算得到的洞壁屈服分布规律是一致的,均呈现出拱顶和仰拱比拱腰和拱脚更容易发生屈服的规律;2)不同支护时机求解方法的求解结果不同,在同等埋深下,采用安全系数法计算得到的安全距离大于采用塑性区法和位移增量法计算得到的安全距离;3)通过工程类比法发现,采用安全系数法求解支护时机更为合理,而塑性区法和位移增量法相对于安全系数法过于保守。

高地温水工隧洞围岩塑性区特征及其锚固力学特性分析

为探究高地温下水工隧洞开挖后锚杆轴力分布、不同时间和不同温度下围岩塑性区特征,以新疆某水电站引水隧洞高温洞段为研究对象,以现场监测的温度数据和锚杆轴力数据为基础,基于Dracker-Prager本构模型,采用有限元法对高地温水工隧洞施工期的温度-应力耦合场进行围岩塑性区模拟分析。结果表明,高地温水工隧洞中各锚杆轴力均为拉应力,随时间不断增大,曲线斜率逐渐减小,各锚杆轴力最大处位置有所不同,但各锚杆在第8 d后前端轴力增长明显减缓;随着时间的推移,围岩塑性区向上下扩展,且塑性区厚度增加,塑性应变值逐渐增大;围岩初始温度越高,开挖后洞壁与内部围岩的温差越大,温度应力对围岩塑性区的影响越大;围岩的温度越高,塑性区更容易在拱肩处向围岩深处恶化发展。

Numerical study on the effect of in-situ stress on smoothwall blasting in deep tunnelling

In the present study,a numerical model is first calibrated against the crack networks and pressure attenuation data in laboratory blasting test.Then,based on the calibrated numerical model,two-hole plane models are developed and used to perform a series of sim-ulations of smoothwall blasting in deep tunnelling subjected to in-situ stress.The evolutions of rock fracture and excavation damage zone in the roof/floor and sidewalls under different far-field hydrostatic pressure and anisotropic in-situ stress conditions are numerically investigated.The findings in numerical modelling are also analytically interpreted with the stress distributions around the designed tunnel perimeter and perimeter borehole.The numerical and analytical results show that the variations of rock cracking and excavation dam-aged zone induced by smoothwall blasting with in-situ stress are mainly attributed to the high tangential compressive stress concentration around the remaining rock after inner primary blasts and the tensile stress acting on the wall of perimeter hole,which control the crack propagation and initiation respectively.At last,the implications of findings for practical smoothwall blasting in deep tunnelling are discussed.