Strain rate and cold rolling dependence of tensile strength and ductility in high nitrogen nickel-free austenitic stainless steel

The tensile strength and ductility of a high nitrogen nickel-free austenitic stainless steel with solution and cold rolling treatment were investigated by performing tensile tests at different strain rates and at room temperature. The tensile tests demonstrated that this steel exhibits a significant strain rate and cold rolling dependence of the tensile strength and ductility.With the increase of the strain rate from 10^-4s^-1to 1 s^-1, the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength increase and the uniform elongation and total elongation decrease. The analysis of the double logarithmic stress–strain curves showed that this steel exhibits a two-stage strain hardening behavior, which can be well examined and analyzed by using the Ludwigson equation. The strain hardening exponents at low and high strain regions（n2and n1） and the transition strain（εL） decrease with increasing strain rate and the increase of cold rolling RA. Based on the analysis results of the stress–strain curves, the transmission electron microscopy characterization of the microstructure and the scanning electron microscopy observation of the deformation surfaces, the significant strain rate and cold rolling dependence of the strength and ductility of this steel were discussed and connected with the variation in the work hardening and dislocation activity with strain rate and cold rolling.

Researches on the problems in the production of low nickel austenitic stainless steel

Problems encountered in the production of low nickel austenitic stainless steel have been studied. These problems primarily include the changes to the microstructure of the slab during the heating process, the formation and removal of deformation - induced martensite during cold rolling, and the effects of the annealing process on the surface oxide structure. A reasonable manufacturing process has been proposed on the basis of the research results and high-quality cold-rolled strips of low nickel austenitic stainless steel have been produced.

Advanced manufacturing technologies of large martensitic stainless steel castings with ultra low carbon and high cleanliness

The key manufacturing technologies associated with composition, microstructure, mechanical properties, casting quality and key process control for large martensitic stainless steel castings are involved in this paper. The achievements fully satisfeid the technical requirements of the large 700 MW stainless steel hydraulic turbine runner for the Three Gorges Hydropower Station, and become the major technical support for the design and manufacture of the largest 700 MW hydraulic turbine generator unit in the world developed through our own efforts. The characteristics of a new high yield to tensile strength (R p0.2/R m ) ratio and high obdurability martensitic stainless steel with ultra low carbon and high cleanliness are also described. Over the next ten years, the large martensitic stainless steel castings and advanced manufacturing technologies will see a huge demand in clean energy industry such as nuclear power, hydraulic power at home and abroad. Therefore, the new high yield o tensile strength (R p0.2/R m ) ratio and high obdurability martensitic stainless steel materials, the fast and flexible manufacturing technologies of large size castings, and new environment friendly sustainable process will face new challenges and opportunities.

Effect of the heat input on microstructure and properties of submerged arc welded joint of 08Cr19MnNi3Cu2N stainless steel

SAW308L submerged arc welding wire and SJ601A submerged arc welding flux were selected to weld the 12 mm 08Cr19MnNi3Cu2N low nickel and high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel plates with three different welding heat input,and microstructure,tensile properties,microhardness and corrosion properties of the welded joints were studied.The results show that no defects are found in the three groups of welded joints,and the welded joints have better performance.The tensile strength of 08Cr19MnNi3Cu2N stainless steel welded joints with different heat input is slightly lower than that of the base metal,and fracture occurs in the weld zone,and the hardness of the weld zone is lower than that of the base metal.The weld microstructure of stainless steel welded joints with different heat input is composed of austenite+δferrite,and ferrite is uniformly distributed in austenite.With the increase of the welding heat input,the ferrite content in the weld zone decrease gradually,the grain size in the thermal affected zone increase gradually,and the impact toughness reduce.

Direct smelting process for stainless steel crude alloy recovery from mixed low-grade chromite, nickel laterite and manganese ores

Stainless steel crude alloy recovery from direct smelting of low-grade chromite, nickel laterite and manganese ores was investigated. The mixed low-grade ores were directly smelted in an elevator furnace at smelting temperatures ranging from 1550 to 1600 ℃. Smelting experiments were conducted in a laboratory elevator furnace equipped with 8 U-shaped high- quality molybdenum disilicide heating elements. A low-grade coal was used as the reductant. Experimental results showed that the recovery of Fe, Cr, Ni, Mn and Si within the alloy increased from 34.22, 60.27, 57.14, 25.42 and 13.02% to 69.91, 99.26, 86.02, 60.8 and 34.21%, respectively, when the temperature was increased from 1550 to 1600 ℃. There was a general increase in the total recoveries of Fe, Cr, and Ni in the alloy with CaO addition increasing from 0.4 g up to 1.2 g. However, the recoveries of Mn and Si vividly decreased as the CaO contents were increased. In general, the recoveries of the metal contents of the crude alloy increase with the increase in the amount of manganese ore. Compared to the recoveries of Fe, Cr, and Ni when CaO was added, the recoveries of Fe, Cr and Ni were lower when manganese ore was used as an additive.

焊接工艺对LNG储罐用高锰钢焊接接头组织和性能的影响

为了推动新型国产低温高锰钢及相应焊材在LNG储罐国产化中的应用,利用扫描电子显微镜、光学显微镜并通过常温拉伸、弯曲、低温冲击以及显微硬度等试验,研究了熔化极气体保护焊(GMAW),埋弧焊(SAW)和焊条电弧焊(SMAW)3种不同的焊接工艺对LNG储罐用低温高锰钢焊接接头组织和性能的影响。结果表明,3种焊接工艺的热影响区组织为奥氏体与少量夹杂物颗粒,熔合线附近晶粒粗大且狭长,焊缝组织为柱状晶。硬度最低值均位于焊缝中心,拉伸试验断裂位置均为焊缝部位。3种焊接工艺焊接接头抗拉强度分别为839.2,863.8,675.2 MPa,拉伸和弯曲性能均能满足要求。-196℃时的焊缝冲击吸收能量值分别为123,100,83.7 J,冲击断口均为韧性断裂。在焊接低温高锰钢时应严格控制热输入,从而保证低温高锰钢的焊接质量。

新型高锰低镍奥氏体不锈钢性能研究

以传统304奥氏体不锈钢和新型低镍304X奥氏体不锈钢为研究对象,采用力学及腐蚀实验方法,测试研究了304与304X材料在不同温度下的屈服强度、抗拉强度、冲击韧性及室温下的腐蚀速率。试验结果表明:这种以低成本的氮部分代替昂贵镍的新型奥氏体不锈钢具有较高的强度以及优良的室温韧性,但其低温韧性不足;新型奥氏体不锈钢304X具有与304相媲美的耐蚀性及更好的耐晶间腐蚀倾向,这使其在一些高强度以及低温韧性要求不高的工况中具有良好的应用前景。

Evolution of Al2O3 inclusions by cerium treatment in low carbon high manganese steel

The influence of cerium（Ce）treatment on the morphologies,size and distributions of Al_2O_3 inclusions in low carbon high manganese steel was investigated by OM,SEM-EDS and theoretical calculation.The results showed that Ce can modify the morphologies and types of Al_2O_3 inclusions.After Ce treatment,the irregular Al_2O_3 inclusions were replaced by smaller and dispersive spherical cerium oxysulfides.The effects of treatment time and Ce content on the evolution of Al_2O_3 inclusions were examined.It indicated that Al_2O_3 inclusions were wrapped by rare earth inclusions to form a ring like shape Ce-enriched band around the inclusions.Model was established to elucidate the evolution mechanism of Al_2O_3 inclusions.Evolution kinetics of inclusions was discussed qualitatively to analyze the velocity controlled step.It was found that diffusion of Ce^（3＋）and Al^（3＋）in solid inclusion core and the formed intermediate layer would be the limited step during the evolution process.

Metallurgical characteristics of armour steel welded joints used for combat vehicle construction

Austenitic stainless steel(ASS) and High nickel steel(HNS) welding consumables are being used for welding Q&T steels, as they have higher solubility for hydrogen in austenitic phase, to avoid hydrogen induced cracking(HIC) but they are very expensive. In recent years, the developments of low hydrogen ferritic steel(LHF) consumables that contain no hygroscopic compounds are utilized for welding Q&T steels. Heat affected zone(HAZ) softening is another critical issue during welding of armour grade Q&T steels and it depends on the welding process employed and the weld thermal cycle. In this investigation an attempt has been made to study the influence of welding consumables and welding processes on metallurgical characteristics of armour grade Q&T steel joints by various metallurgical characterization procedures. Shielded metal arc welding(SMAW) and flux cored arc welding(FCAW) processes were used for making welds using ASS, LHF and HNS welding consumables. The joints fabricated by using LHF consumables offered lower degree of HAZ softening and there is no evidence of HIC in the joints fabricated using LHF consumables.

In vitro Study on a New High Nitrogen Nickel-free Austenitic Stainless Steel for Coronary Stents

Most commercialized coronary stents are made of 316L stainless steels due to its good combination of properties, and currently some new stents are made of cobalt-based alloy owing to its higher mechanical properties. However, the presence of high quantity of nickel and/or cobalt elements in these materials, which are known to trigger the toxic and allergic responses, has caused many concerns. Nickel-free austenitic stainless steels have been developed in order to solve these problems. In this paper, based on the development of a new Fe- Cr-Mn-Mo-N type high nitrogen nickel-free austenitic stainless steel, properties such as mechanical property, corrosion resistance in Hankls solution, and in vitro blood compatibility including the kinetic clotting time and the platelets adhesion, were investigated in comparison to the above two conventional materials, a 316L stainless steel and a Co-28Cr-6Mo alloy. The results showed that the new high nitrogen steel possessed better combination of mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and blood compatibility than those of 316L steel and the Co-28Cr-OMo alloy, and can be a promising alternative material for manufacture of coronary stents.

Effect of Grain Size on Mechanical Properties of Nickel-Free High Nitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steel

The fine grained structures of nickel-free high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels had been obtained by means of cold rolling and subsequent annealing. The relationship between microstructure and mechanical properties and gain size of nickel-free high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels was examined. High strength and good ductility of the steel were found. In the grain size range, the Hall-Petch dependency for yield stress, tensile strength, and hardness was valid for grain size ranges for the nickel-free high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel. In the present study, the ductility of cold rolled nickel-free high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel decreased with annealing time when the grain size was refined. The fracture surfaces of the tensile specimens in the grain size range were covered with dimples as usually seen in a ductile fracture mode.

Rietveld refinement, microstructure and high-temperature oxidation characteristics of low-density high manganese steels

Three forged low-density high manganese steels Mn28Al10,Mn28Al8 and Mn20Al10 were used as experimental materials in this study.The forged microstructure and external oxidation characteristics at 1323 K and 1373 K for 5-25 h in air were investigated by microstructural observation and X-ray diffraction（XRD）technique.The phase compositions and abundance in the forged and oxidized samples were quantitatively obtained by Rietveld method on the basis of XRD pattern analysis.The results showed that an austenitic microstructure formed in steels Mn28Al10 and Mn28Al8,and 18.02 wt%ferrite could be found in Mn20Al10.The relative amount of ~5.28 wt%-carbide（Fe_3AlC_（0.5））in Mn28Al10 was far greater than that in Mn28Al8 and Mn20Al10.The oxidation kinetics of forged steels oxidized at 1323 K for 5-25 h had two-stage parabolic rate laws;and the oxidation rate of the first stage was lower than that of the second stage.When they were oxidized at 1373 K for 5-25 h,the oxidation kinetics followed only a parabolic law and the oxidation rates were respectively greater than those at 1323 K for 5-25 h.When they were oxidized at 1323 K for 25 h,detached external scales contained Fe_2MnO_4and-Fe_2O_3oxides.-Al_2O_3and（Fe,Mn）_2O_3oxides could only be indexed in steels Mn28Al8 and Mn28Al10,respectively.When they were oxidized at 1373 K for 25 h,Fe_2MnO_4,Fe_3O_4,-Fe_2O_3 and-Al_2O_3oxides could all be indexed in the external detached scales.The main phase of detached external scales was Fe_2MnO_4;and the relative amount of-Al_2O_3in steel Mn28Al8 was higher than that in steels Mn28Al10 and Mn20Al.The external oxidation layers of these three forged steels oxidized at 1323 K and 1373 K for 25 h were essentially followed the sequence of-Al_2O_3,Fe_2MnO_4,Fe_3O_4,FeMnO_3,and Fe_2O_3from the substrate to the outside surface.The forged Mn28Al10 steel with austenitic microstructure and a certain amount of-carbide（~5.28 wt%in the present work）possessed a better combination of strength,ductility,specific strength,and oxidation rate when compared to that of the forged Mn28Al8 and Mn20Al10 steels.

Effect of Cold Deformation on the Friction–Wear Property of a Biomedical Nickel-Free High-Nitrogen Stainless Steel

The microstructural,mechanical and corrosion properties of different cold-rolled biomedical nickel-free highnitrogen stainless steels（NFHNSSs） were investigated to study the effect of cold deformation on its dry wear resistance as well as corrosion–wear behaviors in distilled water and Hank＇s solution. The results indicated that NFHNSS was characterized by stable austenite and possessed excellent work-hardening capacity; due to increasing cold deformation,the corrosion resistance just decreased very slightly and the dry wear rate decreased initially but subsequently increased,while the corrosion–wear resistance was improved monotonically in both distilled water and Hank＇s solution in spite of the presence of corrosive ions. The friction coefficients for different cold-rolled NFHNSSs were very close under the same lubricating condition,but they were the largest in distilled water compared to that in dry wear tests and Hank＇s solution.

A damage-coupled multi-axial time-dependent low cycle fatigue failure model for SS304 stainless steel at high temperature

Based on the time-dependent strain cyclic characteristics and fatigue behaviors of SS304 stainless steel under multi-axial cyclic loading at 700 ？ C, and in the frame of unified visoco-plastic cyclic constitutive model and continuum damage mechanics theory, the damage-coupled multi-axial time-dependent constitutive model and fatigue failure model were proposed. In the model, the evolution equation of damage was introduced in and the time-dependent effects, e.g. holding time, loading rate, were taken into account. The model was applied to the simulation of whole-life cyclic deformation behaviors and prediction of LCF life for SS304 stainless steel in multiaxial time-dependent low cycle fatigue tests. It is shown that the simulated results agree well with experimental ones.

LNG储罐用低温高锰钢埋弧焊材料组织和性能研究

针对LNG储罐用低温高锰钢,设计了一种用于丝级埋弧横焊的焊丝、焊剂及焊接工艺。通过拉伸、冲击、侧弯试验评估焊缝金属力学性能,采用OM,SEM,EDS等设备分析组织形貌。试验结果表明:焊剂工艺性能优良,焊缝成形较好,脱渣良好,无气孔、裂纹等缺陷,抗拉强度大于660 MPa,-196℃夏比冲击吸收能量大于60 J;焊缝金属组织为全奥氏体组织,组织致密,晶间有细小的夹杂物析出,冲击试样断口形貌多为细小的韧窝;利用EDS对冲击断口中少量解理面处合金成分进行分析,发现焊缝高Si区会在受冲击下产生解理面成为断裂的启裂位置,降低了材料低温韧性。总结试验结果,确定性能最佳的焊材成分与焊接工艺参数。

变形率对316L/Q420不锈钢复合板界面结构和结合性能的影响

利用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机制备了316L/Q420不锈钢复合板试样,采用拉伸试验、显微硬度仪、光学显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱仪和电子探针等研究了变形率对316L/Q420不锈钢复合板界面结构和结合性能的影响。结果表明:316L不锈钢复层组织为奥氏体,Q420基层组织为贝氏体(B)+少量针状铁素体(AF),脱碳层(DL)组织为贝氏体(B)+多边形铁素体(PF)+少量针状铁素体(AF)。界面区域由渗碳层(CL)、过渡层(TL)和脱碳层(DL)组成,各层硬度分布规律为过渡层>渗碳层>脱碳层。原始界面(OI)上存在孔洞和SiMn氧化物,随着变形率增加,其形貌由不连续线状转变为球状颗粒,比例由36%降低至4%,渗碳层、过渡层和脱碳层的厚度逐渐降低,晶粒得到细化,过渡层的硬度峰值增加,复合板的抗拉强度先增加后趋于稳定,伸长率增加。复合板界面存在元素扩散行为,随着变形率的增加,Cr、Ni、C等元素的扩散层厚度逐渐减小。

热输入对22%Cr超低Ni双相不锈钢焊接热影响区组织和耐蚀性的影响

采用动电位极化和双环电化学动电位再活化法(DL-EPR)等研究了不同焊接热输入对超低Ni双相不锈钢热影响区(HAZ)耐蚀性的影响,采用光学显微镜(OM)和透射电镜(TEM)对热影响区的组织结构进行表征。结果表明,热输入后使热影响区的耐腐蚀元素Cr、Mo来不及向铁素体(δ)充分扩散,导致δ相点蚀当量值(PREN)低于奥氏体(γ)相。在热输入为8.48~25.42 kJ/cm的范围内,热影响区中因魏氏奥氏体(WA)出现以及δ相中Cr_(2)N析出,降低了其耐点蚀性能,点蚀主要集中在δ相上。热输入为29.35 kJ/cm时冷却速率降低,导致热影响区中WA以及δ相中Cr_(2)N减少,获得了最大点蚀电位E_(b),为0.26 V。热影响区中晶内奥氏体(IGA)和晶界奥氏体(GBA)含量的增加和粗化,降低了γ/δ两相界面数量并覆盖了部分δ/δ晶界,使热影响区获得最小晶间敏感值R_(a),为58.3%,具有较好的耐晶间腐蚀性能。

高锰不锈钢及其制造技术研究进展

高锰不锈钢是高锰钢系列的重要组成部分,其利用Mn或Mn+N代替贵金属Ni,以降低不锈钢的生产成本,同时兼具优异的力学和耐蚀性能。本文介绍了高锰不锈钢的起源和发展,重点综述高锰不锈钢的化学成分、微观组织及性能特点以及其冶炼和热加工等制造技术特点,对高锰不锈钢微观组织和性能的热加工调控方法进行了总结,并介绍了高锰钢在冶炼制造过程中的关键共性技术问题。同时,探讨了未来高锰不锈钢在理论研究、工业应用、冶炼和热加工技术等方面主要的发展方向。

喷丸处理对合金高温氧化性能影响的研究进展

本文综述了喷丸处理对金属材料高温氧化性能的影响,介绍金属材料的高温氧化和几种常见的喷丸技术,以及不锈钢、钛及钛合金、镍基合金和钛铝合金在高温环境下的应用、氧化层组成以及存在的问题,重点介绍了喷丸对不锈钢、钛及钛合金、镍基合金以及钛铝合金的表层微观组织结构、高温氧化动力学、氧化膜组成与物相的影响,讨论总结了喷丸对合金高温氧化性能的作用机制,展望了利用喷丸技术改善合金抗高温氧化性能的发展趋势。

LNG用高锰超低温钢高温流变应力的温度依赖性

在800~1 000℃温度范围内,利用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机对LNG用高锰钢进行应变速率为10/s的高温拉伸试验,研究了不同拉伸温度对流变应力及断裂机制的影响,建立了流变应力、应变速率及拉伸温度之间的本构方程。结果表明:断后试样的断面收缩率随着拉伸温度的升高而增加,而流变应力随之降低,由530 MPa降至312 MPa;断口韧窝的尺寸和深度随着温度的升高而增大,呈现晶界滑移和MnS、TiN、Al2O3等夹杂物脱落两种形貌。在应变速率为10/s、800~1 000℃温度范围内,LNG用高锰钢的热变形本构方程为ε=1.2×10^(19)[sinh(0.01σp)]^(4.4)exp[550.18×10^(3)],且该方程模型与实测值吻合程度较高。