Study on "fracturing-sealing" integration technology based on high-energy gas fracturing in single seam with high gas and low air permeability

To improve the gas extraction efficiency of single seam with high gas and low air permeability,we developed the"fracturing-sealing"integration technology,and carried out the engineering experiment in the3305 Tunliu mine.In the experiment,coal seams can achieve the aim of antireflection effect through the following process:First,project main cracks with the high energy pulse jet.Second,break the coal body by delaying the propellant blasting.Next,destroy the dense structure of the hard coal body,and form loose slit rings around the holes.Finally,seal the boreholes with the"strong-weak-strong"pressurized sealing technology.The results are as follows:The average concentration of gas extraction increases from8.3%to 39.5%.The average discharge of gas extraction increases from 0.02 to 0.10 m^3/min.The tunneling speeds up from 49.5 to 130 m/month.And the permeability of coal seams improves nearly tenfold.Under the same conditions,the technology is much more efficient in depressurization and antireflection than common methods.In other words,it will provide a more effective way for the gas extraction of single seam with high gas and low air permeability.

Porosity, permeability and rock mechanics of Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation deep shale under temperature-pressure coupling in the Sichuan Basin, SW China

To investigate the porosity, permeability and rock mechanics of deep shale under temperature-pressure coupling, we selected the core samples of deep shale from the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in the Weirong and Yongchuan areas of the Sichuan Basin for porosity and permeability experiments and a triaxial compression and sound wave integration experiment at the maximum temperature and pressure of 120 ℃ and 70 MPa. The results show that the microscopic porosity and permeability change and the macroscopic rock deformation are mutually constrained, both showing the trend of steep and then gentle variation. At the maximum temperature and pressure, the porosity reduces by 34%–71%, and the permeability decreases by 85%–97%. With the rising temperature and pressure, deep shale undergoes plastic deformation in which organic pores and clay mineral pores are compressed and microfractures are closed, and elastic deformation in which brittle mineral pores and rock skeleton particles are compacted. Compared with previous experiments under high confining pressure and normal temperature,the experiment under high temperature and high pressure coupling reveals the effect of high temperature on stress sensitivity of porosity and permeability. High temperature can increase the plasticity of the rock, intensify the compression of pores due to high confining pressure, and induce thermal stress between the rock skeleton particles, allowing the reopening of shale bedding or the creation of new fractures along weak planes such as bedding, which inhibits the decrease of permeability with the increase of temperature and confining pressure. Compared with the triaxial mechanical experiment at normal temperature, the triaxial compression experiment at high temperature and high pressure demonstrates that the compressive strength and peak strain of deep shale increase significantly due to the coupling of temperature and pressure. The compressive strength is up to 435 MPa and the peak strain exceeds 2%, indicating that high temperature is not conducive to fracture initiation and expansion by increasing rock plasticity. Lithofacies and mineral composition have great impacts on the porosity, permeability and rock mechanics of deep shale. Shales with different lithologies are different in the difficulty and extent of brittle failure. The stress-strain characteristics of rocks under actual geological conditions are key support to the optimization of reservoir stimulation program.

Induced drill-spray during hydraulic slotting of a coal seam and its influence on gas extraction

Hydraulic slotting can induce drill spray in a gassy,low permeability coal seam.This then influences subsequent gas extraction.This paper describes the drill spray phenomenon from a mechanical perspective and analyzes the effects of water jet damage during slotting.A simulation of the stresses around the drill hole and slot was prepared using FLAC-3D code.It helps explain the induction of drill spray during hydraulic slotting.The stress concentration around the bore increases as the diameter of the hole increases.As the hole enlarges the variation in stress also increases,which introduces an instability into the coal.This allows easy breaking and removal of the coal.Destruction of the coal structure by the water jet is the major factor causing drill spray.Energy stored as either strain or gas pressure is released by the water jet and this causes the coal to fracture and be expelled from the hole.Field tests showed the effect on gas extraction after slotting with drill spray.The concentration of gas increases after drilling.Compared to conventional techniques,the hydraulic slotted bore gives a gas concentration three times higher and has an effective range twice as far.This makes the gas extraction process more efficient and allows reduced construction effort.

Determining the rational layout parameters of the lateral high drainage roadway serving for two adjacent working faces

To determine the rational layout parameters of the lateral high drainage roadway(LHDR) serving for two adjacent working faces, a mechanical model of the LHDR under mining influence was established, and the overburden fissure, mining-induced stress distribution rules were analyzed. First, the development characteristics of mining-induced overburden fissure and the stress distribution law of the upper section of the working face were analyzed. Second, by analyzing the distribution law of vertical stress at different layers, the lateral distance of the LHDR was determined as 25 m. Third, by analyzing the surrounding rock deformation effect, stress distribution law, and overburden fissure distribution law of the LHDR at the heights of 20, 25, and 30 m away from the roof, the rational horizon of the LHDR was determined to be 25 m. Finally, an example of a LHDR located 25 m above the roof of the No. 2 coal seam and 25 m away from the No. 2-603 working face was presented. Results show that when the No. 2-603 coalface is being mined, the surrounding rocks lag 80 m or even further and the working face tends to be stable. The relative deformations of the roof and floor of the roadway and both of its walls were 583 and 450 mm,respectively. The reduction rate of the roadway section was 21.52%–25.32%. The section of the roadway was sufficient to extract the pressure relief gas in the overburden of the No. 2-605 working face. The average gas concentration and the pure volume at the branch pipeline were 24.8% and 22.3 m^3/min,respectively, showing that the position of high-level boreholes was reasonable.

Guiding-controlling technology of coal seam hydraulic fracturing fractures extension

Aiming at the uncontrollable problem of extension direction of coal seam hydraulic fracturing,this study analyzed the course of fractures variation around the boreholes in process of hydraulic fracturing,and carried out the numerical simulations to investigate the effect of artificial predetermined fractures on stress distribution around fractured holes.The simulation results show that partial coal mass occurs relatively strong shear failure and forms weak surfaces,and then fractures extended along the desired direction while predetermined fractures changed stress distribution.Directional fracturing makes the fractures link up and the pressure on coal mass is relieved within fractured regions.Combining deep hole controlling blasting with hydraulic fracturing was proposed to realize the extension guiding-controlling technology of coal seam fractures.Industrial experiments prove that this technology can avoid local stress concentration and dramatically widen the pressure relief scope of deep hole controlling blasting.The permeability of fractured coal seam increased significantly,and gas extraction was greatly improved.Besides,regional pressure relief and permeability increase was achieved in this study.

Progress on the hydraulic measures for grid slotting and fracking to enhance coal seam permeability

A method of hydraulic grid slotting and hydraulic fracturing was proposed to enhance the permeability of low permeability coal seam in China. Micro-structural development and strength characteristics of coal were analysed to set up the failure criterion of coal containing water and gas, which could describe the destruction rule of coal containing gas under the hydraulic measures more accurately. Based on the theory of transient flow and fluid grid, the numerical calculation model of turbulence formed by high pressure oscillating water jet was used. With the high speed photography test, dynamic evolution and pulsation characteristics of water jet water analysed which laid a foundation for mechanism analysis of rock damage under water jet. Wave equation of oscillating water jet slotting was established and the mechanism of coal damage by the impact stress wave under oscillation jet was revealed. These provide a new method to study the mechanism of porosity and crack damage under high pressure jet.Fracture criterion by jet slotting was established and mechanism of crack development controlled by crack zone between slots was found. The fractures were induced to extend along pre-set direction,instead of being controlled by original stress field. The model of gas migration through coal seams after the hydraulic measures for grid slotting and fracking was established. The key technology and equipment for grid slotting and fracking with high-pressure oscillating jet were developed and applied to coal mines in Chongqing and Henan in China. The results show that the gas permeability of coal seam is enhanced by three orders of magnitude, efficiency of roadway excavation and mining is improved by more than 57%and the cost of gas control is reduced by 50%.

高瓦斯中硬煤层超高压水力割缝卸压增透技术及应用

为了提高高瓦斯中硬煤层卸压增透及瓦斯抽采效果,研究了顺层长钻孔超高压水力割缝技术,分析了其卸压增透机理,开展了超高压水力割缝现场试验,确定了等效割缝半径和有效瓦斯抽采半径,考察了超高压水力割缝技术的应用效果。研究结果表明:超高压水力割缝技术具有切割速度快、切割半径大等特点,相当于在钻孔周围煤体开采极薄保护层,平均单刀割缝时间9 min,单刀出煤量0.32~0.42 t,等效割缝半径为1.55~1.78 m;超高压水力割缝组单孔平均抽采浓度76.5%,单孔平均抽采纯量为0.089 m^(3)/min,分别是普通钻孔的4.58倍和4.05倍,是水力冲孔的1.2倍和1.43倍,可见该技术可以大幅度提高卸压增透及瓦斯抽采效果。

高压氢气下橡胶密封圈的密封性能研究进展

综述高压氢气下橡胶密封圈的密封性能研究进展,重点介绍氢气在橡胶中的渗透性能和高压氢气下橡胶密封圈密封失效的影响因素以及高压氢气下橡胶密封圈的密封性能分析方法。氢气在橡胶中的渗透性能影响因素为填料种类、氢气压力、橡胶种类,高压氢气下橡胶密封圈密封失效的影响因素主要为泄爆效应和体积膨胀,高压氢气下橡胶密封圈的密封性能分析方法主要包括原位可视化分析和有限元分析。高压氢气密封用橡胶密封圈未来的研究方向是扩展填料和橡胶种类,开发系统性研究和测试设备。

近距离煤层群卸压瓦斯联合抽采技术研究及应用

为解决煤层回采过程中下临近层卸压瓦斯涌入采场空间造成瓦斯超限问题,以平煤股份八矿己_(15)-15050工作面为研究对象,分析采动作用下煤层顶底板裂隙发育规律,确定了基于定向钻进技术的近距离煤层卸压瓦斯联合抽采方案。结果表明:(1)研究区域内己_(15)煤层顶板上部55.80 m,底板下部19.71 m范围内均有裂隙产生;(2)底板拦截钻孔抽采浓度均超过90%,单孔最大纯量为163.12 m^(3)/d;(3)采用联合抽采方案时,应优先将拦截钻孔布置在高位孔孔底附近来弥补前期抽采能力不足。

倾斜厚煤层覆岩瓦斯高渗区应力场-渗流场联动演化采高效应

倾斜煤层开采后覆岩应力场分布特征与水平、近水平煤层存在着较多的不同点,其上覆岩层瓦斯高渗区域及其裂隙演化规律也有所差异,同时受煤层采高的影响较为明显。为掌握倾斜厚煤层覆岩瓦斯高渗区应力场-渗流场联动演化规律,基于数值模拟方法,以新疆昌吉硫磺沟煤矿的主采工作面为原型,研究倾斜厚煤层采动覆岩裂隙演化规律的采高效应,揭示不同采高条件下覆岩裂隙高渗区的时空演化规律。结果表明:倾斜煤层的覆岩应力场总体上呈采空区下端应力高、上端应力低的非对称“蝶形”分布,采空区下端瓦斯高渗区以横向延展为主,采空区上端瓦斯高渗区以纵向扩大为主;此外,煤层开采引起的瓦斯渗流场变化和应力破坏形成更多瓦斯运移通道的耦合作用是采动瓦斯渗压改变的原因,而瓦斯高渗区为阻断瓦斯并且控制瓦斯贯通的重点区域。因此,将瓦斯抽采系统布置于瓦斯高渗区内可从最大程度上降低整个采动裂隙场的瓦斯浓度,有效地控制生产期间瓦斯浓度异常的风险。

利用CO_(2)气相压裂技术提高煤层透气性:以吉宁煤矿为例

为破解复杂低渗高瓦斯煤层瓦斯治理技术难题,本文以山西华晋吉宁煤矿2号煤层2203工作面为研究对象,通过采取CO_(2)气相压裂增透技术,对4组(共12个)抽采钻孔的瓦斯抽采浓度和瓦斯抽采纯量进行分析,得出有效致裂影响范围,进一步评价瓦斯抽采效果和防突效果。结果表明:该地质单元的有效致裂裂缝影响范围为6~7 m;常规抽采孔的瓦斯抽采纯量为0.018 m^(3)/min,与其相比,4组抽采钻孔百米瓦斯抽采纯量平均值为0.179 m^(3)/min,提升了8.9倍;在衰减区域,瓦斯抽采浓度均值64.7%、纯量均值0.150 m^(3)/min,在稳定区浓度,瓦斯抽采均值为73.2%、纯量均值0.188 m^(3)/min,相比稳定区域瓦斯抽采参数更高。该技术有效增大了2号煤层的透气性,提高了瓦斯抽采效率和煤巷掘进速度,减少了钻孔施工投入,缓解了采掘接替紧张的局面。

煤层超高压水力割缝增渗工艺参数优化研究

针对国内某煤矿煤层瓦斯抽采流动阻力大、抽采困难的问题,采用试验的方法在3001煤层A32工作面进行超高压水力割缝增渗工艺参数的优化研究,通过控制变量法研究工艺参数变化对瓦斯抽采效果的影响。结果表明,割缝时间为40 min、割缝间距为3 m、割缝压力为50 MPa、钻杆割缝旋转速度为70 r/min时,增渗效果最好。同时,通过在同一煤层进行钻孔技术对比发现,使用优化后的高压水力割缝工艺参数进行增渗,在割缝钻孔数量相同的条件下,瓦斯平均抽采纯量是传统钻孔的2倍,钻孔平均出煤量提高约45%,效果显著。

桑树坪二号井3号煤层底板穿层钻孔水力扩孔技术应用

桑树坪二号井深部四采区3号煤层瓦斯含量高、瓦斯压力大、地应力高、透气性差、煤体松软、突出危险性严重、常规穿层钻孔抽采煤层瓦斯难度大,效率低等技术痛点亟待解决。通过高压水射流钻扩一体化卸压增透工艺技术对比试验得出,扩出煤屑率分别为0.75%、2.35%时,钻孔直径扩大了3倍、8倍,百米钻孔瓦斯流量提高了1.3倍、3倍,瓦斯浓度提高了1.5倍、1.8倍,抽采效率提高了28%以上。排出大量煤屑后,煤层暴露面积和煤层卸压范围增加,可抽采性显著改善,瓦斯抽采效果明显提高,是实现矿井瓦斯高效抽采,纾缓采掘抽紧张关系的重要技术路径。

超高压水力割缝卸压增透技术应用研究

为解决瓦斯赋存量大、煤层透气性差、瓦斯治理难度大等问题,根据工作面煤层地质及瓦斯赋存条件,采用了超高压水力割缝卸压增透技术方法,在15449N工作面下顺槽对15249N工作面回采区域实施穿层钻孔超高压水力割缝卸压增透试验,增大煤层透气性,提升底板穿层钻孔瓦斯抽采效果。试验证明:该技术在瓦斯治理中可有效缩短瓦斯抽采的时间,降低矿井的瓦斯及毒害气体含量,保障工作面的安全高效开采。

高压水射流割缝及其对煤体透气性的影响

基于高压水射流割缝卸压增透技术,对割缝后瓦斯抽采和煤体透气性的变化进行了研究;分析了地应力和瓦斯压力对煤体透气性的影响;根据现场实际割缝工艺建立模型,采用FLAC软件模拟计算了割缝煤体卸压影响范围的变化特性;采用相似物理模拟实验的方法建立相似模型,测定煤体在割缝卸压变化过程中透气性的变化规律;并进行了现场试验验证与应用。研究表明:高压水射流割缝后煤体周围会产生卸压,煤体透气性随割缝卸压影响而增大;现场试验结果显示,割缝后煤体透气性增大至原来的113倍,抽采有效影响半径扩大1倍。

高瓦斯低透气性煤层水力压裂数值模拟研究

针对高瓦斯低透气性煤层,采用RFPA2D-Flow软件,对水力压裂进行了数值模拟研究,再现了水力压裂过程中压裂孔周围裂纹的生成和扩展、渗透性和应力的变化。模拟结果表明:压裂过程中,裂纹规模和剪应力随着注水压力的不断增加而增大,并且剪应力的增加随着钻孔周围裂纹的扩展不断远离压裂孔,压裂孔周围的渗透性有了很大程度的提高,最大主应力和最小主应力随着注水压力的增加而减小。水力压裂的模拟结果对煤矿高瓦斯低透气性煤层的瓦斯抽采工作具有很重要的指导意义。

低渗透非均质异常高压深层砂岩油藏的高效开发

低渗透储层由于渗流阻力大存在启动压差 ,注水开发难度较大 ;非均质储层由于层间、平面渗流能力差异大导致储量动用程度差异大 ;渤海湾盆地异常高压油藏一般属欠压实型 ,投入开发后地层压力下降导致储层孔渗降低且部分不可逆 ,影响开发效果 ;深层油藏压力温度高 ,对工艺技术要求高。采用密井网逐层上返与细分层系相结合的开发方式 ,利用以整体压裂改造为中心的配套技术 ,实现了文 33块沙三上

低渗高突煤层体系化瓦斯治理关键技术研究

为了解决制约我国煤矿安全高效生产的低渗高突煤层瓦斯治理难题,针对低渗高突煤层瓦斯治理的特殊性和难点,提出低渗高突煤层体系化瓦斯治理概念及科学内涵,凝练出N2泡沫压裂储层改造、定向羽状多分支水平井开采、对接井水力运移卸压开采、条带式井上下联动卸压开采、区域递进式井上下联动抽采、井上下联动抽采系统优化、采掘活动卸压带瓦斯抽采、井下钻-割-压-冲-注一体化瓦斯治理8项关键技术。研究表明：体系化瓦斯治理是保障低渗高突煤层安全开采的一种有效模式,充分考虑和结合煤矿生产特点,根据规划区、准备区、生产区不同阶段任务安排,做好超前规划和有序衔接,是体系化瓦斯治理关键技术最终取得良好瓦斯治理效果的关键。

存在高渗透区的黏土心墙土石坝渗流稳定性分析

黏土心墙土石坝是重要的挡水建筑物,心墙的低渗透性可以大幅降低坝体水力梯度,减少坝体发生渗透破坏的风险。然而心墙的质量问题(如局部高渗透区)会影响坝体的渗透稳定性,甚至酿成管涌溃坝等严重后果。以瀑布沟心墙土石坝为原型开展坝体渗流大型水槽模型试验,并结合有限元数值模拟方法研究高渗透区对坝体内部渗流场和渗流稳定性的影响。试验表明高渗透区域将改变心墙的渗流场,成为优势渗流通道,导致高渗透区域附近孔压值大幅上升,同时高渗透区域的存在将显著提升坝体渗漏速率。试验与模拟结果一致表明,随着高渗透区域逐步上移,高渗透区所在位置处的孔隙水压力增大,坝体渗漏量减小。高渗透区和心墙的渗透系数增加都会使心墙孔压值和渗漏量增加;随着高渗透区的渗透系数的增大,心墙坝渗流稳定性系数降低,导致坝体稳定性下降;随着心墙渗透系数的增大,高渗透区水力梯度略微减小,但心墙整体临界水力梯度下降,坝体稳定性降低。所得结论可为基于监测数据反演分析心墙的质量问题和评估坝体的安全性能提供依据。

高地应力条件下高压空气爆破卸压增透技术实验研究

为探索高地应力条件下的非常规卸压增透技术,研究了深部矿井高压空气爆破卸压机理,分析了地面与井下气爆致裂煤体的差异性,构建了高地应力条件下高压空气爆破卸压范围的理论计算模型,以丁集煤矿为工程背景,理论计算了气爆致裂煤体的卸压范围;详细介绍了高压空气爆破技术与装备,开展了高压空气爆破的地面实验,得到了有、无位移约束2种条件下混凝土试件气爆破坏效果与破坏特征,分析了气爆压缩波反射作用对试件的破坏影响作用;开展了丁集矿的井下现场试验,研究了气爆卸压增透效果,分析了气爆前后钻孔瓦斯流量、瓦斯抽采量、衰减系数与透气性系数的变化特征,结合以往经验类比与理论计算,得到了气爆后卸压增透的最佳范围。研究结果表明:在气爆压力达到60 MPa左右时,有、无位移约束的混凝土试件破坏程度很高,主要呈现出径向断裂特征;在淮南丁集煤矿气爆后的煤层钻孔瓦斯流量是无气爆的6～8倍,瓦斯抽采量是气爆前的4～7倍,透气性系数是未气爆的5～1 050倍,衰减系数是未气爆的0.4倍,气爆的最佳卸压增透半径不超过2 m;首次气爆使爆孔周围煤体的力学性质得到弱化,相当于爆孔周围发生了卸荷效应,在二次气爆与高地应力共同作用下形成了较大的松动破坏范围,从而达到卸压增透目的。