Impact of coal mining on groundwater of Luohe Formation in Binchang mining area

Groundwater of Luohe Formation is the main water source for industrial and agricultural and residential use in Binchang mining area,which is one of the key elements to water conservation coal mining.However,few studies are available to document the enrichment characteristics and influence of underground coal mining on groundwater for the Luohe Formation.This study evaluates the changes of groundwater levels and spring flow caused by mining activities to explore the influence mechanism of coal mining on groundwater by comparatively analysing existing mining data and survey data combined with a series of mapping methods.The results show that the aquifer of Luohe Formation are gradually thinning south-eastwards,disappeared at the mining boundary.In the vertical direction,the lithological structure is distinct,due to alternative sedimentation of meandering river facies and braided river facies.According to the yielding property,the aquifer is divided into three sections,namely,strong water-rich section,medium water-rich section,and weak water-rich section,which are located in northwest and central part,southwest,and the rest part of the mining area,respectively.Mining of Tingnan Coal Mine since 2004 has caused a 3.16 to 194.87 meters drop in groundwater level of Luohe Formation.Until 2015,70.10%of the mining area undergoes a groundwater level drop larger than 10.00 meters.Another influence of underground mining is that the total flow from 34 springs in 8 southern coal mines of the area has decreased by 286.48 L/s with a rate of decrease at 46.95%from 2007 to 2017.The areas that groundwater level falls or spring flow declines are manly located in the mine gob areas.Results also indicate that the ratio of the height of water conducted fracture zone to the mining height in Binchang mining area is between 16.85 and 27.92.This may increase ground water flow in vertical direction,causing a water level in the aquifer system to drop and ultimately decreasing the flow from the springs.The research results will provide data and theoretical support for the protection of groundwater resources and water conservation coal mining of Luohe Formation in Binchang mining area.

Migration and speciation transformation mechanisms of mercury in undercurrent zones of the Tongguan gold mining area, Shaanxi Loess Plateau and impact on the environment

In order to study the migration and transformation mechanism of Hg content and occurrence form in subsurface flow zone of gold mining area in Loess Plateau and its influence on water environment,the field in-situ infiltration test and laboratory test were carried out in three typical sections of river-side loess,alluvial and proluvial strata in Tongguan gold mining area of Shaanxi Province,and the following results were obtained:(1)The source of Hg in subsurface flow zone is mainly caused by mineral processing activities;(2)the subsurface flow zone in the study area is in alkaline environment,and the residual state,iron and manganese oxidation state,strong organic state and humic acid state of mercury in loess are equally divided in dry and oxidizing environment;mercury in river alluvial or diluvial strata is mainly concentrated in silt,tailings and clayey silt soil layer,and mercury has certain stability,and the form of mercury in loess is easier to transform than the other two media;(3)under the flooding condition,most of mercury is trapped in the silt layer in the undercurrent zone where the sand and silt layers alternate with each other and the river water and groundwater are disjointed,and the migration capacity of mercury is far less than that of loess layer and alluvial layer with close hydraulic connection;(4)infiltration at the flood level accelerates the migration of pollutants to the ground;(5)the soil in the undercurrent zone is overloaded and has seriously exceeded the standard.Although the groundwater monitoring results are safe this time,relevant enterprises or departments should continue to pay attention to improving the gold extraction process,especially vigorously rectify the small workshops for illegal gold extraction and the substandard discharge of the three wastes,and intensify efforts to solve the geological environmental problems of mines left over from history.At present,the occurrence form of mercury in the undercurrent zone is relatively stable,but the water and soil layers have been polluted.The risk of disjointed groundwater pollution can not be ignored while giving priority to the treatment of loess and river alluvial landform areas with close hydraulic links.The research results will provide a scientific basis for water conservancy departments to groundwater prevention and control in water-deficient areas of the Loess Plateau.

Water-saving potential evaluation of water-receiving regions in Shandong province on the East Route of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project of China

Taking 13 water-receiving areas on the East Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project(ERSNWDP)in Shandong Province as the study area,and comparing it with Jiangsu Province on the ERSNWDP and the Middle Route of the South-to-North(MRSNWDP),the current water-saving potential of the water-receiving areas within the municipalities of Shandong was analyzed.Different water-saving scenarios were constructed and analyzed with key water-saving indexes in various industries.These indexes include the effective utilization coefficient of farmland irrigation water,total water consumption of industrial sectors with an added value of over 10000 RMB,average leakage rate of the urban public water supply pipe network and the penetration rate of water-saving appliances.Based on the scenarios,comprehensive water-saving potential of the 13 water-receiving area cities was calculated.The results show that the water-saving potential of the study area is at a relative high level.However,some cities still have a certain amount of water-saving potential for agriculture and industry to be elevated.Under the recommended water-saving scenario,the water-saving potential is 1.134 billion m3,accounting for 5.33%of the current total water consumption,of which 460 million m3 is in agriculture,600 million m3 in industry,is and 74.20 million m3 in urban domestic sector.Comprehensive water-saving measures for the study area were proposed from the aspects of agricultural,industrial and domestic water uses.Agricultural and industrial water saving are more significant.The major cities for agricultural water saving include Jining City,Heze City,Weifang City and Jinan City;the focus cities of industrial water saving mainly include Weihai City,Jining City and Qingdao City and etc.;the key water-saving areas for urban use mainly include Zaozhuang City,Jining City and Heze City.

高潜水位采煤沉陷区资源化、能源化、功能化利用构想与实践

高潜水位矿区井工开采往往造成地表大面积沉陷积水,矿区生态环境发生变化,沉陷区国土资源由以土地资源为主转变为水资源为主、水土资源共存的局面。目前,采煤沉陷区水资源开发利用不充分,可再生能源开发、多能互补利用和废弃矿井抽水蓄能等方面具有得天独厚的条件和巨大发展潜力,采煤沉陷区国土空间功能也需结合现有条件重新定位与建构。在此背景下,提出高潜水位采煤沉陷区资源化、能源化和功能化利用构想。系统阐述了“三化”面临的科学问题,如采煤沉陷水域水资源量和水生态环境演变规律、地表残余变形规律;“三化”涉及的关键技术与模式,包括监测与评价技术,如“天-空-地-水-井”一体化协同监测技术体系、采煤沉陷区水生态环境调查评价方法、采煤沉陷区建设场地地基稳定性评价方法,以及治理利用技术及模式,如采煤沉陷区水生态环境修复技术模式、采煤沉陷区水资源保持与高效利用技术模式、水资源区域协调开发与高效利用技术模式、风光互补模式、制氢-合成氨-掺氨燃烧发电模式、废弃矿井抽水蓄能模式、农业用地功能构建(复垦地土壤重构)技术、建设用地功能构建(采空区注浆地基加固)技术、生态用地功能构建(地表水系重构与生态湿地建设)技术;并从产业融合、资金筹集、科技创新、区域统筹等方面提出了具体的政策建议。

高潜水位采煤沉陷区微塑料赋存特征及风险评估

为探明高潜水位采煤沉陷区微塑料污染赋存特征及其环境风险,选取安徽省淮南市春申湖、舜耕湿地公园两个典型采煤沉陷区为研究区域,采集了表层水体,底泥及周边农田土壤样品,采用体视显微镜、扫描电镜、红外光谱对微塑料尺寸、形状、颜色及丰度等赋存特征进行表征.结果表明:采集的样本中多为纤维微塑料和薄膜微塑料,类型主要以聚乙烯,聚丙烯为主,颜色以黄色和透明为主,粒径大多小于500μm.采煤沉陷区的地表水丰度范围为0.77~7.1pcs/L,沉积物微塑料的丰度范围为540~2800pcs/kg,周边农田土壤微塑料的丰度范围为380~2380pcs/kg.采用污染负荷指数(PLI)模型进行评估,地表水和农田土壤的风险评估都为于Ⅰ级,属于轻微污染,而沉积物中的微塑料风险评估为Ⅱ级,属于中度污染.

高潜水位矿区土地利用和碳储量时空变化规律与预测

高潜水位矿区采矿活动及城镇化发展会导致土地利用类型明显变化,进而影响矿区的固碳能力。采用潘谢矿区2002-2021年5期土地利用数据,利用FLUS(Future Land Use Simulation)模型,选取了采矿、社会经济和气候环境等方面数据作为驱动因子,分别预测了自然发展和生态保护两种情景下2028年土地利用变化,再结合InVEST(Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs)模型,计算了潘谢矿区2002-2021年的历史碳储量以及2028年不同情景下的未来碳储量,并对潘谢矿区碳储量的时空变化特征进行了分析。结果表明:(1)2002-2021年潘谢矿区土地利用变化表现为耕地不断减少,湿地和建筑用地持续增加,其中耕地减少了147.93 km^(2),湿地和建筑用地分别增加了71.01 km^(2)和75.76 km^(2)。在此期间,潘谢矿区碳储量减少了1.62×10^(5)t,减少幅度为3.83%,其中在2018-2021年碳储量下降最快。(2)预测结果显示,2028年2种情景下研究区内土地利用变化均为湿地和建筑用地持续增加,耕地不断减少。但相较于自然发展情景,生态保护情景下矿区内耕地受到保护,面积有所增加,湿地和建筑用地的增长减缓。与2021年相比,自然发展情景下的碳储量减少了0.74×10^(5)t,生态保护情景下的碳储量减少了0.53×10^(5)t。研究结果表明,受采煤沉陷和城镇发展影响,沉陷湿地和建筑用地扩张导致耕地减少是碳储量下降的主要原因,采取生态保护措施能够在一定程度上减缓碳储量的下降。

河南矿区高灰细泥煤泥水的絮凝沉降试验研究

目的随着采煤机械化程度的提高和重介质选煤工艺普及,入选浮煤泥中高灰细泥的含量逐渐增加。高灰细泥是影响煤泥水沉降效率的最直接因素,对煤泥水中的高灰细泥进行处理,直接关系着煤炭资源生产和水资源利用。针对河南矿区煤泥水具有高灰细泥的特性,方法通过设计正交试验测试不同种类的絮凝剂和搅拌速度对煤泥水的沉降率的影响及其之间的相互作用的效果,提高煤泥水沉降效率。结果结果表明:六偏磷酸钠与聚丙烯酰胺的分散性能及絮凝性能更优,搅拌速度、六偏磷酸钠用量、聚丙烯酰胺用量对高灰细泥煤泥水沉降率的影响程度依次减小,搅拌速度和聚丙烯酰胺用量之间的相互关系对沉降率影响最为显著;当六偏磷酸钠用量40.08 mg/L、聚丙烯酰胺用量5.75 mg/L、搅拌速度411.12 r/min,沉降率可达95.5%,沉降率提高的原因在于高灰细泥絮凝过程中絮团成球明显,絮凝剂的桥接作用可以使分散颗粒聚团并发展为球形,长条不规则颗粒明显减少,颗粒群粒形的改变有助于煤泥水的沉降,在一定搅拌速度下粒形保持较为规整,可增加沉降概率,使煤泥水得以有效沉降。结论通过改善煤泥水中颗粒的粒度粒形特性,可以有效提高河南矿区高灰细泥煤泥水的沉降效率。研究结果可为处理高灰细泥煤泥水提供理论支持和实践参考。

采煤沉陷松散层变形研究现状与分析

开采沉陷是煤炭资源井工开采所面临的主要环境地质问题,其中松散层变形是东部高潜水位矿区生态修复和西部生态脆弱区保护所关注的重点,获得沉陷变形参数对推动开采减损、生态环境保护与修复有着重要的指导意义。借助CiteSpace文献计量软件,基于中国知网(China National Knowledge Infrastructure,CNKI)数据库进行可视化分析,通过对该研究方向近30年主要研究力量、研究热点和现状趋势量化统计与分析,详细地阐述了该方向的研究现状,简要概述了沉陷成因、理论分析、室内试验、数值模拟及原位实测等方面开展的研究内容。从多学科交叉促进理论研究发展、多方法联合建立高精度动态监测、发展与创新测试装备和技术等方面对其未来趋势进行了展望,提出“空-天-地-孔”一体化监测平台的建设与运营,以期通过多维度、网格化立体数据的获取,进一步掌握松散层内部变形特征与传递机理,为实施“源头控制”和“过程治理”理念和评价废弃矿井CO_(2)封存地质条件提供基础数据与科学支撑。

电法在菲律宾AREA矿区红土镍矿勘探中的应用

菲律宾AREA矿区红土镍矿为硫化镍矿岩体风化-淋滤-沉积形成的地表风化壳型矿床,矿体赋存在含矿风化基岩中。为圈定该矿区红土镍矿有利地段,依据岩(矿)石物性特征、矿体地质特征,采用对称四极电阻率剖面法(简称对称四极法)面积性测量,发现低阻异常;利用高密度电阻率测深法(简称高密度电法)剖面,对成矿有利地段进行评价并确定含矿层厚度和产状,圈定镍矿富集部位。工程验证结果表明,见矿较好位置与电法结果吻合较好。研究结果表明,红土镍矿勘探在前期工作中,采用电阻率法可圈定含矿层范围和延伸产状,有效缩小勘探范围,指导工程勘探布置,节约勘探成本。

基于同位素的神东矿区植物吸水深度及生态水位研究

为了研究神东矿区煤炭开采造成的地下水位下降是否会对地表植被的生存产生威胁,以神东矿区分布最广泛的植物沙蒿为研究对象,采用水稳定同位素示踪技术研究神东矿区成年沙蒿的根系吸水深度,通过MixSIAR同位素混合模型分析成年沙蒿的土壤水分吸收策略。结果显示,研究区成年沙蒿的吸水的极限深度为2.5~3 m,沙蒿会较均匀的吸收不同深度的土壤水分,但其水分利用策略也会受到土壤含水率高低的影响。该研究揭示了研究区成年沙蒿的根系吸水深度和水分利用策略,从植物角度说明了该区域生态水位的下限是2.5~3 m。

基于物元可拓法的高潜水位煤矿区土地损毁程度评价

高潜水位煤矿区井工开采造成了地面塌陷积水、农田减产等情况,但积水农田的损毁程度、损毁范围较难获取;加之高潜水位煤矿区采煤沉陷土地具有典型的不确定性和模糊性,因此,科学进行土地损毁程度评定成为矿区土地复垦方案编制和受损农民补偿标准制定的理论基础。采用熵权法确定积水时长、下沉深度、倾斜变形(东西方向,南北方向)、曲率(东西方向,南北方向)、水平变形(东西方向,南北方向)和水平移动(东西方向,南北方向)10种指标的权重,将极限条件法和可拓评价方法相结合,对芡实地、水稻玉米田和莲藕池共计34个评价单元的土地损毁程度进行评价。研究结果表明:芡实地总面积为444.7hm^(2),中度损毁面积为135.7hm^(2),占比30.51%;水稻玉米田总面积为747.2hm^(2),整体属于轻度损毁状态;莲藕池总损毁面积为562.6 hm^(2),中度损毁面积为151.8 hm^(2),占比26.98%;研究区整体土地损毁程度较好。研究结论为科学确定土地损毁程度及范围提供理论支撑,对地区土地复垦方案编制及损毁补偿标准制定具有重要意义。

新疆东部煤中水溶态元素组合模式研究

新疆高碱煤中水溶态钠、氯、硫酸根离子等含量较高,严重影响了新疆煤的清洁高效利用,高碱煤中水溶态元素的组合模式及其对煤质的影响已成为科学认识和评价新疆煤需要解决的一个基本问题。研究采集了新疆东部地区大井、西黑山、三塘湖、淖毛湖和沙尔湖等矿区的煤层煤样和商品煤样,以及不同矿区地表土壤、煤层上覆岩层、煤层顶板和夹矸样品,包括部分矿区地表盐岩样品,利用溶滤试验,测定了各相关样品中水溶态离子的含量;综合各矿井煤灰成分分析、水溶态离子占比、水溶态离子比值参数与Piper三线图等方法,分析了不同矿区煤中水溶态元素的组合特征差异;通过比较煤层、含煤地层中其他岩层及地表土壤中各种水溶态离子含量的变化,初步探讨了煤中水溶态元素的可能成因及其影响因素。结果表明:新疆东部不同矿区煤中水溶态元素含量和组合模式都存在比较显著的差异,其含量差异可以达3倍左右,组合模式方面,既有Cl-Na型和Cl·HCO_(3)-Na型,也有SO_(4)-Na·Ca型和SO_(4)·HCO_(3)-Na型等其他类型组合分布。各种水溶态离子比值参数显示,煤中水溶态离子之间发生过离子交换作用。新疆高碱煤的形成是一个目前仍在发展中的现代地质作用过程,地表盐岩和土壤中水溶态离子随地下水下渗逐步进入煤层而导致高碱煤形成的可能性极大,且过程比较复杂。受离子交换作用和沉淀作用等因素影响,煤中碱金属、碱土金属和氯、硫等元素的相互结合形态、赋存状态变得更加复杂,但水溶态仍是主要形式。

东部高潜水位矿区离层注浆减沉可行性分析

潘谢矿区受多煤层重复采动影响,地面沉降等环境地质问题严重,开展离层注浆减沉技术研究,有利于释放煤炭资源,减轻地面沉降的危害,对高潜水位矿区的绿色低碳发展意义重大。以潘谢矿区8对生产矿井作为研究对象,结合煤矿水文地质、开采技术条件、采掘工程现状等情况,建立了特殊条件下的注浆工作面甄选原则。采用3DEC软件对某矿1616(3)工作面13-1煤回采结束后未注浆和不同注采比情况下的注浆效果进行预测,最终作出特殊条件下淮南矿区离层注浆减沉的可行性分析。结果表明:①研究区内110个工作面甄选结果显示有6个工作面符合注浆条件,离层注浆技术在潘谢矿区可行;②模型预测结果显示:沉降曲线于中心对称,地表下沉量最大值位于采空区中部;随着工作面推进,地表下沉量增大,且沉降曲线极大值的位置向工作面推进方向移动;③当注采比大于60%时,地表最大沉降量从2000 mm减小到400 mm以下,减小了80%以上,表明注浆可有效缓解地表沉降。

临湖高地下水位区基坑灌注桩及旋喷桩复合止水帷幕施工技术分析

文中以深圳东湖水厂扩能改造工程为例,提出了一种灌注桩与旋喷桩复合止水帷幕的施工技术。该技术利用灌注桩的高刚度和旋喷桩的隔水效果,实现基坑的稳定性、防渗性和平面布置的灵活性,缩短了工期,减少了对周边环境的影响,提高了场地和基坑内的作业空间,保障了施工安全。

长倾向工作面瓦斯综合治理技术

为治理煤与瓦斯突出矿井放顶煤回采工作面瓦斯,以大淑村矿近几年治理措施为背景,采取高位短钻孔、中高压短壁注水、瓦斯治理钻孔的瓦斯治理手段,煤巷掘进区间防突预测指标△h_(2)稳定在60 Pa左右,掘进期间工作面绝对瓦斯涌出量稳定在1 m^(3)/min左右,杜绝了突出和瓦斯超限事故,解决了大煤工作面保护层局部不可采及后续回采期间的瓦斯治理难题。该技术为治理煤与瓦斯突出矿井放顶煤回采工作面瓦斯提供参考。

高寒地区库区实时水位监测技术改进

实时水位监测在防洪抗涝、水资源管理中发挥着重要的作用,也是水库安全管理的关键环节,但在高寒地区,传统的监测技术常因环境恶劣而难以发挥效能。文章针对这一问题,提出了一系列技术改进方案,旨在提高高寒地区库区的实时水位监测能力。

Research and application of strip mining of village coal pillar at coal field of the north of the Yellow River in Shandong Province

This paper focuses on the village coal pillar under huge thick loose bed and thin bedrock over high prelatic water level at the north of the Yellow River. The strip mining technology was used to protect the village houses. The stratum structure control action of mining subsidence was used to design the mining and pillar width. To further raise resources recovery, we adopted the mutative scheme of mining and pillar width. Observation was carried out while mining. Research shows there is feasibility of the strip mining technology to protecting the village buildings of the village coal pillar under huge thick loose bed and thin bedrock over high prelatic water level at the north of the Yellow River. Finally, subsidence parameters of strip mining were obtained. It is the basic data of the strip mining of the coal field at the north of the Yellow River.

煤-热共采模式下矿井地热水开采及智能调度技术研究

为响应我国“碳达峰、碳中和”战略目标,实现能源绿色清洁转型,开发深部矿井地热资源具有重要意义。以平煤十矿为背景,利用热储体积法,评价了矿区地热水开发潜力,结果显示矿区地热水蕴藏热能7.63×10^(17)J,折合标煤26.1 Mt,动态地热流体可采量折合标煤1.01 Mt/a,具有较高开发潜力。基于此,在煤-热共采理论及框架的基础上,提出了矿井地热水开采方法,并提出了一种基于地面热负荷的地热水开采智能调度技术。通过计算矿区热负荷,设计了矿井地热水开采方案,并进行了现场工业性实验。实验结果表明,开发利用矿井地热水可满足平煤十矿矿区17万m^(2)的冬季供暖及7000余名职工日常洗浴,同时可减少燃煤约10327 t/a,折合CO_(2)排放量2.69×10^(4)t/a,为企业带来693.8万元的经济效益。因此,深部矿井地热水开采具有良好的安全效益、经济效益、社会效益与环境效益,可为我国“双碳”目标的实现贡献力量。

银川平原夏半年不同等级降雨水汽输送机制

全球气候变暖加速了区域水循环,改变了水汽的传输路径,了解不同等级降雨稳定同位素特征及水汽来源为水资源的利用及旱涝灾害的防治提供依据。基于2018—2020年夏半年(5—10月)采集的银川平原降雨样品,研究不同等级降雨中氢氧稳定同位素的变化特征及其二次蒸发效应,并利用后向轨迹模型及水汽通量等方法分析降雨的水汽来源及潜在蒸发源区。结果表明:银川平原夏半年不同等级降雨稳定同位素随着降雨等级的增加而偏负,小雨氘盈余(d-excess)值偏负而中雨和大雨偏正,大气降水线斜率和截距随着雨量级的增加呈现出递减的规律。二次蒸发作用的强弱随气温升高而增大,随降雨量、相对湿度和雨滴直径增大而减弱。西风水汽为银川平原夏半年降雨的主控水汽,同时小雨、中雨、大雨还分别受到陆地蒸发水汽、大西洋水汽及太平洋水汽的影响。潜在蒸发源区对小雨影响较大,主要位于研究区周边及北部、南部和东南部地区;中雨潜在蒸发源区主要分布在研究区周边地区及其西北部和东南部;大雨主要分布在研究区周边及东南部地区。

高潜水位资源型城市水域转化及其碳排放分析

从土地利用转型角度研究高潜水位资源型城市的水域转化及其碳排放,为低碳背景下的水资源治理提供科学支持和有效依据。以淮南市为例,通过Google Earth Engine平台调用随机森林和Landsat系列数据,对1987~2019年进行水域时空演变分析,并对2007~2019年进行土地利用分类,构建水域转化矩阵,运用碳排放系数法,估算淮南市和矿区水域与其他地类相互转化产生的碳排放。结果表明,1987~2019年,淮南市和矿区的水域面积总体上呈增长趋势,增量分别为87.98km 2和68.20km 2;在空间上,淮南市水域变化主要分布于矿区;2007~2019年,水域与耕地相互转化最为频繁,主要是耕地转化为水域,该过程主要发生在矿区;淮南市和矿区水域转化产生的碳排放在2007~2013年分别呈碳源和碳汇,2013~2019年均呈碳汇。淮南市和矿区水域转化呈碳源/碳汇主要取决于水域与建设用地相互转化产生的碳排放量。