Intelligent compaction theory of high roller compacted concrete dam

The concept and realization process of intelligent compaction for the construction of high roller compacted concrete dam were presented, as well as the theory of monitoring and intelligent feedback control. Based on the real-time analysis of the compaction index, a multiple regression model of the dam compactness was established and a realime estimation method of compaction quality for the entire work area of roller compacted concrete dam was proposed finally. The adaptive adjustment of the roiling process parameters was achieved, with the speed, the exciting force, the roller pass and the compaction thickness meeting the standards during the whole construction process. As a result, the compaction quality and construction efficiency can be improved. The research provides a new way for the construction quality control of roller compacted concrete dam.

Fluid solid coupling model based on endochronic damage for roller compacted concrete dam

According to the characteristics of thin-layer rolling and pouting construction technology and the complicated mechanical behavior of the roller compacted concrete dam （RCCD） construction interface, a constitutive model of endochronic damage was established based on the endochronic theory and damage mechanics. The proposed model abandons the traditional concept of elastic-plastic yield surface and can better reflect the real behavior of rolled control concrete. Basic equations were proposed for the fluid-solid coupling analysis, and the relationships among the corresponding key physical parameters were also put forward. One three-dimensional finite element method （FEM） program was obtained by studying the FEM type of the seepage-stress coupling intersection of the RCCD. The method was applied to an actual project, and the results show that the fluid-solid interaction influences dam deformation and dam abutment stability, which is in accordance with practice. Therefore, this model provides a new method for revealing the mechanical behavior of RCCD under the coupling field.

Influence of construction interfaces on dynamic characteristics of roller compacted concrete dams

To study the influence of construction interfaces on dynamic characteristics of roller compacted concrete dams(RCCDs),mechanical properties of construction interfaces are firstly analyzed. Then, the viscous-spring artificial boundary(VSAB) is adopted to simulate the radiation damping of their infinite foundations, and based on the Marc software, a simplified seismic motion input method is presented by the equivalent nodal loads. Finally, based on the practical engineering of a RCC gravity dam, effects of radiation damping and construction interfaces on the dynamic characteristics of dams are investigated in detail. Analysis results show that dynamic response of the RCC gravity dam significantly reduces about 25% when the radiation damping of infinite foundation is considered. Hot interfaces and the normal cold interfaces have little influence on the dynamic response of the RCC gravity dam.However, nonlinear fracture along the cold interfaces at the dam heel will occur under the designed earthquake if the cold interfaces are combined poorly. Therefore, to avoid the fractures along the construction interfaces under the potential super earthquakes,combination quality of the RCC layers should be significantly ensured.

Seepage Mitigation in Hydropower Dams by Optimization in Roller Compacted Concrete Interlayer (Monoliths) Joint Bonding Technology

Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC) has gained favorable recognition in hydropower and water resource dam construction. With optimization in construction technology and materials used for RCC Dams, cost is no longer a major disadvantage as compared to environmental impact, that is, wildlife habitat disruption. In as much as it has become optimal for investment in hydropower dam construction, the scourge for dam failure is still eminent, which is as a result of excessive seepage compromising the integrity of the mechanical properties of the dam. The aim of the paper is to highlight successful application methods in joint bonding to avoid excessive seepage and reduce the autogenous healing to a few years of operation. In view of optimization, this paper presents a comprehensive study on the influences of interlayer joints bonding quality from RCC mix performances and how it consolidates the RCC layers to withstand the shear strength along the interface, especially on the high dams. The case study is the RCC dam at the 750 MW Kafue Gorge Lower Hydropower Station. The scope of the study reviews the joint type judged by Modified Maturity Factor (MMF) with joint surface long time exposed in regions with dry and high temperature, technical measures of layer bonding quality control under condition of long time joint surface exposure, effects of joints shear strength and impermeability of the RCC layers when under the conditions of plastic and elasticity. The subtle observations made during the dam construction phases were with respect to the optimal use of materials in relation to RCC mix designs and the basis for equipment calibration for monitoring important data that can be referenced during analysis of shear forces acting on the RCC dam over time.

Study of damage to a high concrete dam subjected to underwater shock waves

To study the effect of a strong underwater shock wave on a concrete dam, this research aims to improve hammer impact methods in model tests. Six 1:200 scale models were designed and tested under distributed impact loads. A device was deployed for a direct measurement of the impact force at the upstream face of the dams. The model dam bases were anchored to prevent displacement. The experimental results indicate that the top part of the concrete dam is a weak zone, and the impact failure initiates with a fracture on the top of the dam. The peak value of impact stress increases when the second crack appears in the concrete dam from the upstream face to the downstream face. And, the level of the second crack in the dam body is lower as the peak value of impact stress increases. In this study, dynamic analysis was conducted by calculating the results to verify the effectiveness of a device to directly measure the impact force. This method may be used to approximately forecast the damage of concrete dam and may also be useful in other engineering applications.

碾压混凝土分层碾压离散元模拟及施工成层细观机理研究

碾压混凝土(RCC)坝特有的大仓面分层碾压工艺带来的层间结合质量问题,是影响其安全运行的重要因素。从施工控制的角度分析RCC施工成层机理,进而合理调整碾压参数,可有效保证大坝的施工质量。首先,通过RCC分层碾压试验,分析了碾压过程中含层面RCC的沉降规律、压实度及抗剪强度,为后续离散元模拟提供了基础;然后,建立并验证了RCC双层碾压与抗剪试验离散元模型;最后,给出了表征层间结合质量的骨料嵌入值指标,进而从孔隙率、层间骨料嵌入、层面应力分布、层间抗剪强度等方面分析了RCC施工成层的细观机理。结果表明:碾压参数对RCC的嵌入值、压实特性、层面应力和层间结合质量均有一定影响;嵌入值是影响层间抗剪强度的重要因素,二者呈线性相关,嵌入值每增加1 mm,模拟抗剪强度约增加1.583 MPa;激振力的增加以及行进速度、碾压厚度的减小均有利于提高层间结合质量,且碾压厚度是影响层间结合质量的最敏感参数。研究结果可为施工中RCC层间结合质量控制标准的制定提供理论依据。

某水库大坝挡水坝段坝后渗漏探测及有限元分析

混凝土坝坝体渗漏影响大坝的安全性和耐久性,危及电器设备正常运行,应及时探查渗漏位置,消除渗漏隐患。为查明某混凝土挡水坝坝后渗漏原因,采用自然电位、跨孔声波、单孔声波、钻孔电视、钻孔取芯、注水试验、压水试验等多种方法对坝体混凝土质量进行检测,并基于检测成果开展有限元分析。检测发现:4号—5号坝段横缝存在渗漏异常,挡水坝段混凝土渗透系数不满足设计抗渗要求,各坝段混凝土存在不同程度蜂窝、离析、空洞和不密实现象,4号坝段520廊道与494廊道存在垂向渗漏通道,5号坝段钻孔之间混凝土存在渗漏通道,且廊道以下及向下游方向混凝土存在渗漏通道。有限元分析结果表明:515 m高程碾压混凝土与常态混凝土交界处为主要渗漏通道。

HIGH-SPEED FLOW EROSION ON A NEW ROLLER COMPACTED CONCRETE DAM DURING CONSTRUCTION

A new roller compacted concrete dam of Fengman Hydropower Station is to be built in the toe of the old dam,which was identified as a dangerous dam.The new dam during construction would be influenced by the high-speed flow discharged from the old dam,which is an important problem to be considered for the first time in China,and which would affect the construction of the whole project.Therefore,a series of erosion experiments were conducted in this article.A high-speed flow erosion test apparatus was developed for the erosion experiments of the new dam materials.The maximum jet velocity goes up to 40 m/s and the section area of the nozzle is 0.0025 m2.In the process of experiments,the equipment shows a good performance.Erosive wear tests for two types of materials used in the new dam,a roller compacted concrete and a distorted concrete with four kinds of ages were carried out with the flow velocity in the range of 30 m/s-35 m/s.Erosion parameters and erosion laws for the two types of concretes with different ages were determined,and a general relationship between the erosion rate and the flow velocity is obtained as：,with the velocity exponent between 3.33 and 3.93.It is concluded that the erosion resistance of the distorted concrete is better than that of the roller compacted concrete and the mechanical properties of the concretes of over 14 d age are influenced slightly by the water impact.The test results might serve as a practical technique guide for the safety of this project during its construction in the flood season.

双峰寺水库大坝上游柔性防渗设计和施工要点分析

碾压混凝土大坝上游防渗设计和施工是这类坝型需要重视的关键环节,而碾压混凝土层面结合质量直接影响坝体的抗渗性,往往是碾压混凝土大坝防渗的薄弱环节。从碾压混凝土上游防渗设计、表面辅助防渗方案选择、原材料性能和施工要点等方面开展研究,最后选定双峰寺水库大坝上游防渗设计方案,明确施工要点,保证工程顺利实施。

翁结水库碾压混凝土重力坝动力特性及其抗滑稳定分析

重力坝是水利工程中最常用的主要水工建筑物之一,混凝土重力坝在地震作用下的动力稳定是坝工设计中的重要问题.本文以翁结碾压混凝土重力坝为对象,取位于河谷中的7、8号溢流坝段和9号非溢流坝段,建立三维有限元模型,通过计算分析了碾压混凝土重力坝在不同工况下的应力变形规律及抗滑稳定性.结果表明:静力荷载作用下,坝体位移符合重力坝一般规律,坝踵主拉应力范围较小;动力荷载作用下,位移等响应在坝顶达到最大,符合鞭鞘效应特征,同时坝体残余位移较小,坝体在一些部位出现瞬时拉应力超标现象,坝基塑性区未发生贯通;对7、8号坝段和9号坝段在建基面及碾压层面进行抗滑稳定验算,坝体坝基均满足稳定要求.

基于遗传算法的碾压混凝土重力坝温度场多测点反演

由于碾压混凝土重力坝施工现场条件复杂,实验获得的参数与实际参数存在一定的差异。为获得高精度的温度场仿真结果,根据某碾压混凝土重力坝现场实测温度数据,利用遗传算法反演该碾压混凝土坝的绝热温升Q 0、温升常数n和导热系数λ,并运用所得的反演参数进行温度场仿真模拟分析,对比不同测点个数下反演所得参数的可靠性和精确性。结果表明:通过遗传算法进行参数反演可有效提高反演的速度与精度,并且反演所依据的测点个数越多反演结果越接近实测数据,9个测点反演比3个测点反演误差减少了1.43%,比6个测点反演误差减少了0.44%。因此,在利用遗传算法进行参数反演时应尽量选择较多的测点个数,以提高仿真计算的精度。研究结果可为碾压混凝土重力坝热学参数反演提供理论指导和依据。

基于融合GNSS/UWB/RTS的RCC坝智能监控定位补偿方法研究

近年来,大坝压实质量的智能监控技术逐渐成为研究热点。现有的碾压混凝土(RCC)坝碾压作业过程实时监控技术依赖于全球导航卫星系统(GNSS),然而,对于建设在深窄河谷地区的RCC坝,GNSS系统易受两侧山体信号遮挡干扰。针对上述问题,本研究提出一种基于融合GNSS/UWB/RTS的RCC坝碾压施工智能定位补偿技术。首先,依据悬崖边壁、倒悬体遮挡处的环境特征建立了适用于深窄河谷地区的RCC坝碾压实时监控数学模型;其次,引入了超宽带(UWB)和机器人全站仪(RTS)定位补偿技术,采用耦合新息阈值与最小二乘的改进卡尔曼滤波算法融合GNSS/UWB/RTS的定位数据,实现了遮挡环境下卫星信号的连续稳定定位监控;最后,在西南某大型RCC坝工程中得到应用。结果表明,该方法能够实现对深窄河谷中RCC坝碾压施工的全地形、全过程实时监控,可弥补单纯依赖GNSS进行碾压过程实时监控所不足。

东南亚地区某碾压混凝土坝裂缝成因及防治措施研究

混凝土裂缝是影响水工结构强度和耐久性的主要因素之一,东南亚地区全年高温多雨,月均最大温差较小(8.6℃),年均温差大(20.2℃),混凝土温度容易控制,但裂缝问题时有发生。依托东南亚地区某碾压混凝土坝,采用有限元研究施工期温度应力的变化规律,分析混凝土开裂的敏感因素,并就其温控防裂措施开展详细研究。结果表明,浇筑长间歇及寒潮侵袭显著影响混凝土温度应力的变化,老混凝土的强约束作用及新老混凝土的温差影响叠加寒潮应力,导致混凝土应力超标出现温度裂缝。在上述研究的基础上,进一步探讨了降低新浇混凝土温度应力的温控措施,为东南亚地区大体积混凝土工程的建设提供一定的参考。

基于碾压混凝土破坏特征研究

以目前碾压混凝土重力坝坝体破坏特点为背景,利用扩张有限元数值方法,对碾压层厚度对大坝应力分布规律和裂缝扩展的影响进行了研究,并将在同一超载系数下的计算结果进行了比较,其中,超载系数从1.04~3.04,一共9种。在同样的过载条件下,裂缝的垂直延伸长度随碾压层的加厚而略有下降,裂缝的垂直延伸长度比正常情况下要小,仅在K=2.29、K=2.79两个位置与正常情况相当。大坝的压应力和物质的抗压强度相近,表明大坝在这个时候会出现总体失稳,而且裂缝的发展会转向沿河流的流向;在坝体各部位的材料达到对应的强度后,裂缝的横向发展速率会迅速增加,直至整个坝体的断裂。通过对4种不同荷载作用下坝体裂缝扩展深度、坝顶位移、坝踵及坝址处的受力情况进行了比较,结果显示,不同荷载作用下坝体裂缝呈现出脆性突发性破坏特征;结果表明:在荷载作用下,坝体裂缝扩展深度和坝顶位移均有一定程度的降低。

高温间歇对碾压混凝土坝施工期温控防裂影响研究

中国东部沿海地区夏季温度高,该类地区的碾压混凝土坝工程在施工期往往会设置高温间歇,但目前设置高温间歇主要依赖经验,缺少相关定量分析。依托福建省霍口水库工程,以有限元仿真分析为手段,对比分析了高温间歇对该碾压混凝土坝施工期温度、应力的影响。分析结果表明:夏季高温季节连续施工,会造成坝体基础温差与内外温差过大,存在开裂风险;与连续施工相比,设置高温间歇能显著降低碾压混凝土坝表面和内部的后期开裂风险,但复工后浇筑的混凝土仍然需要采取通水冷却措施进行降温,以避免开裂。研究成果可为碾压混凝土在施工期设置高温间歇提供科学依据和参考。

辉长岩骨料全级配碾压混凝土变形性能研究

为了探讨辉长岩骨料应用于全级配碾压混凝土的变形特性,开展了辉长岩全级配碾压混凝土大试件的变形性能(极限拉伸变形、干缩变形、自生体积变形、徐变变形)试验,对变形性能随养护龄期的发展规律以及演变模型进行了研究。研究结果表明:辉长岩骨料全级配碾压混凝土长龄期极限拉伸值在60με~70με范围,极限拉伸值发展率的演变规律符合对数模型;1年期干缩变形处于300με~350με范围,干缩发展率与养护龄期呈对数相关性;1年期自生体积变形值小于-10με,自生体积变形属收缩型,变形值较低;徐变水平与同类工程碾压混凝土相比较低,各龄期下徐变度发展规律符合双曲线发展模型。

西藏DG水电站大坝安全监测系统设计

基于相关规程规范和已建工程经验,结合西藏DG水电站坝址区水文地质条件、枢纽工程的布置及各建筑物结构形式,各项安全监测设施的特点,研究建立了大坝自动化安全监测系统。电站下闸蓄水至今,大坝安全监测系统运行正常,变形、位移、渗流等实测资料、现场巡查及相关复核计算成果表明,大坝工作性态正常,满足设计和相应规程规范等要求,自动化安全监测系统可供类似工程设计参考。

温度回升对坝体运行后期工作性态的影响研究

温度回升一直是大坝施工运行期间研究的重点之一。为此,结合周宁碾压混凝土重力坝,通过仿真建模,线性计算,采用张国新等人提出的高掺粉煤灰混凝土水化热温升组合函数模型,分析预测坝体后期温度回升,探究其对坝体变形、应力的影响。仿真预测结果表明,温度回升会在建坝4~5 a后达到峰值,温度回升对坝体变形的影响较小,温度回升至稳定后变形逐渐消除;对应力的影响总体来说是有利的,局部区域会产生拉应力过大。温度回升是一个长期过程,需要在大坝运行期工作性态安全评估充分考虑温度回升的影响。该研究预测性地分析了温度回升可能发生后对坝体运行后期工作性态的影响,可为其他工程温度回升的研究提供参考。

花岗岩堆石料32 t振动碾碾压试验研究

堆石料碾压质量直接影响面板坝的变形,32 t振动碾在花岗岩地区筑坝的应用鲜有报道。以五岳抽水蓄能电站主堆石料碾压施工为例,开展了主堆石料为花岗岩的32 t振动碾碾压试验研究,分析了碾压遍数和洒水率对主堆料干密度、孔隙率和渗透系数的影响。结果表明:堆石料的干密度随碾压遍数的增加而增大,孔隙率和渗透系数随着碾压遍数的增加而减小,增大洒水率有利于堆石料的碾压和干密度的提高。综合抽水蓄能电站运行特点、设计参数和经济性能,推荐五岳抽水蓄能电站32 t振动碾碾压参数为:铺料厚度90 cm、洒水率10%、碾压8遍。

抽水蓄能电站下水库大坝碾压混凝土施工技术

为给予抽水蓄能电站中水库大坝碾压混凝土施工一定的参考,本文将尝试阐述碾压混凝土项目的原材料要求,并以某抽水蓄能电站下水库大坝碾压混凝土施工作为案例,对其施工工艺进行了探讨,总结了施工技术要点以供参考。