High Selective Etching of Aluminum Alloys In High Plasma Density Reactor

An inductively coupled plasma (ICP) discharge and its etching behaviors for aluminum alloys were investigated in this report. A radio frequency power supply was used for plasma generation. The unique hardware configuration enabled one to control ion energy separately from plasma density. Plasma properties were measured with a Langmuir probe. Electron temperature, plasma potential and plasma density were found to be comparable with those reported from Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) and other types of reactors[1].A mixture of HBr and chlorine gases were used for this aluminum etch study. Experimental matrices were designed with Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to analyze the process trends versus etch parameters, such as source power, bias power and gas composition. An etch rate of 8500A to 9000A per minute was obtained at 5 to 15 mTorr pressure ranges. Anisotropic profiles with high photoresist selectivity (5 to 1) and silicon dioxide selectivity greater than 10 were achieved with HBr addition into chlorine plasma.Bromine-containing chemistry for an aluminum etch in a low pressure ICP discharge showed great potential for use in ULSI fabrication. In addition, the hardware used was very simple and the chamber size was much smaller than other high density plasma sources.

Achieving highly selective electrochemical CO_(2) reduction to C_(2)H_(4) on Cu nanosheets

The conversion of CO_(2)into value-added chemicals coupled with the storage of intermittent renewable electricity is attractive.CuO nanosheets with an average size and thickness of~30 and~20 nm have been developed,which are in situ reduced into Cu nanosheets during electrochemical CO_(2)reduction reaction(ECO_(2)RR).The derived Cu nanosheets demonstrate much higher selectivity for C2H4production than commercial CuO derived Cu powder,with an optimum Faradaic efficiency of 56.2%and a partial current density of C_(2)H_(4)as large as 171.0 mA cm^(-2)in a gas diffusion flow cell.The operando attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectra measurements and density functional theory simulations illustrate that the high activity and selectivity of Cu nanosheets originate from the edge sites on Cu nanosheets with a coordinate number around 5(4–6),which facilitates the formation of^(*)CHO rather than^(*)COH intermediate,meanwhile boosting the C-C coupling reaction of^(*)CO and^(*)CHO intermediates,which are the critical steps for C_(2)H_(4)formation.

A new horizontal in C1 chemistry: Highly selective conversion of syngas to light olefins by a novel OX-ZEO process

The most challenging goal of C1 chemistry is the control of C–C coupling to produce chemicals or fuels from C1 feedstocks,in particular syngas（H2/CO）,which can be derived from various carbon resources such as coal,natural gas or shale gas,and biomass.

Effects of highly selective vagotomy plus resection of antral mucosa or highly selective vagotomy alone on motility function of pyloric antrum

Objective: To study the effects of highly selective vagotomy plus resection of antral mucosa (HSV+RAM) or highly selective vagotomy (HSV) alone on the motility function of the pyloric antrum. Methods: 48 patients with duodenal ulcer were studied. 18 dogs were employed as experimental animals. 20 patients were operated on with HSV and 28 with HSV+RAM. The frequency of gastric evacuation and the amplitude of electrogastrography were determined 4 to 6 months after operation. 18 dogs were divided into the control group, HSV group and HSV+RAM group. The time of gastric evacuation, antral myoelectric activity and antral pressure were determined in the dogs 4 to 6 months after operation. The preoperative findings of the patients and the control dogs served as the control. Results: After operation, barium meal revealed that the shape of the stomach and duodenum was normal and the gastric peristalsis was clearly visible in human patients and experimental dogs. In the HSV+RAM group of dogs, the initial evacuation time was (5.0+0.06) min and the time of complete evacuation was (4.0+0.4) h after food-taking, which were similar to those of the control and the HSV group of dogs (P>0.05). The frequency of the antral myoelectric action potential was (3.11+0.65) cycles/min in the dog HAS+RAM group and the frequency of electrogastrography was (3.25+0.75) cycles/min in the human HSV+RAM group, which were significantly lower than those of the control and the dog and human HSV groups (P<0.05). Injection of pentagastrin in dogs and food-taking in human beings significantly increased the antral pressure and the amplitude and frequency of electrogastrography. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that the motility function of the reconstructed pyloric antrum in the HSV+RAM group of both the experimental dogs and human patients approaches to the normal even though there is a decrease of antral myoelectric frequency. It is suggested that HSV+RAM should be the first choice for the surgical management of duodenal ulcer.

Selective synthesis of nitrate from air using a plasma-driven gas-liquid relay reaction system

The direct oxidation of nitrogen is a potential pathway to achieving the zero-carbon-emission synthesis of nitric acid or nitrate, because it does not involve ammonia synthesis and additional ammonia oxidation processes. However, the slow kinetics of nitrogen oxidation and the difficult selective control of oxidation products hinder the development of this process. In this study, a plasma-driven gas-liquid relay reaction system was developed to overcome these limitations. A typical feature of this reaction system is that it can efficiently generate NO_x under plasma exposure;moreover, the specific anions in the absorption solution can be oxidized to strong oxidants capable of relay oxidation of low-valence nitrogen oxides. This feature allows for the deep oxidation of nitrogen, thus enabling the oxidation products of nitrogen to exist in high-valence states in the absorption solution. For experimental verification, we achieved the 100% selective synthesis of nitrate under plasma exposure, with air as the supply gas and a sodium sulfate solution as the absorption solution.

Highly selective electrosynthesis of 3,4-dihydroisoquinoline accompanied with hydrogen production over three-dimensional hollow CoNi-based microarray electrocatalysts

Electrocatalytic oxidation reaction of biomass-based derivatives is an excellent candidate to replace water oxidation for obtaining both value-added products and hydrogen(H_(2)),but the exploration of competent electrocatalysts is still highly challenging.Herein,two new types of three-dimensional self-supported hollow microarrays containing CoNi layered double hydroxide(CoNi-LDH)and N-doped carbon nanosheets decorated with CoNi alloyed nanoparticles(CoNi-NC)on carbon cloth(CC)are prepared,which are further used as efficient electrocatalysts for tetrahydroisoquinoline(THIQ)electrooxidation and hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),respectively.We demonstrate that the Co-modulated electronic environment for Ni(II)/Ni(Ⅲ)redox-looping in CoNi-LDH is the main factor to boost the selectivity of 3,4-dihydroisoquinoline(DHIQ)for the indirect electrooxidation process of THIQ.Density functional theory(DFT)calculations reveal that the Ni(Ⅲ)/Co(Ⅲ)dual sites of CoNi-LDH exhibit enhanced adsorption for THIQ but poorer adsorption for DHIQ compared to pure Co(Ⅲ)or Ni(Ⅲ).Therefore,the Ni(Ⅲ)/Co(Ⅲ)dual sites can effectively inhibit the peroxidation of DHIQ to isoquinoline(IQ)over CoNi-LDH,thus improving the selectivity of DHIQ to nearly 100%,much higher than that of its pure Ni counterpart.Moreover,CC@CoNi-NC can deliver high HER activity with low overpotential(40 mV@10 mA·cm^(-2))and high exchange current density(3.08 mA·cm^(-2)).Impressively,the assembled flow-cell device with CC@CoNi-LDH anode and CC@CoNi-NC cathode only requires low cell voltage and electricity consumption of 1.6 V and 3.50 kWh per cubic meter of H_(2)(@25 mA·cm^(-2)).

A robust & weak-nucleophilicity electrocatalyst with an inert response for chlorine ion oxidation in large-current seawater electrolysis

Seawater splitting into hydrogen,a promising technology,is seriously limited by the durability and tolerance of electrocatalysts for chlorine ions in seawater at large current densities due to chloride oxidation and corrosion.Here,we present a robust and weak-nucleophilicity nickel-iron hydroxide electrocatalyst with excellent selectivity for oxygen evolution and an inert response for chlorine ion oxidation which are key and highly desired for efficient seawater electrolysis.Such a weak-nucleophilicity electrocatalyst can well match with strong-nucleophilicity OH-compared with the weak-nucleophilicity Cl^(-),resultantly,the oxidation of OH-in electrolyte can be more easily achieved relative to chlorine ion oxidation,confirmed by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium probing test.Further,no strongly corrosive hypochlorite is produced when the operating voltage reaches about 2.1 V vs.RHE,a potential that is far beyond the thermodynamic potential of chlorine ion oxidatio n.This concept and approach to reasonably designing weaknucleophilicity electrocatalysts that can greatly avoid chlorine ion oxidation under alkaline seawater environments can push forward the seawater electrolysis technology and also accelerate the development of green hydrogen technique.

Enhancing selectivity in acidic CO_(2) electrolysis:Cation effects and catalyst innovation

The electrochemical reduction of CO_(2)(eCO_(2)R)under ambient conditions is crucial for reducing carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality.Despite progress with alkaline and neutral electrolytes,their efficiency is limited by(bi)carbonates formation.Acidic media have emerged as a solution,addressing the(bi)carbonates challenge but introducing the issue of the hydrogen evolu-tion reaction(HER),which reduces CO_(2) conversion efficiency in acidic environments.This review focuses on enhancing the selectivity of acidic CO_(2) electrolysis.It commences with an overview of the latest advancements in acidic CO_(2) electrolysis,focusing on product selectivity and electrocatalytic activity enhancements.It then delves into the critical factors shaping selectivity in acidic CO_(2) electrolysis,with a special emphasis on the influence of cations and catalyst design.Finally,the research challenges and personal perspectives of acidic CO_(2) electrolysis are suggested.

Structural engineering of 3D hierarchical Cd0.8Zn0.2S for selective photocatalytic CO2 reduction

The solar-driven catalytic conversion of CO2 to useful chemical fuels is regarded as an environmentally friendly approach to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels and mitigate the greenhouse effect.However,it is highly intriguing and challenging to promote the selectivity and efficiency of visible-light-responsive photocatalysts that favor the adsorption of CO2 in photoreduction processes.In this work,three-dimensional hierarchical Cd0.8Zn0.2S flowers(C8Z2S-F)with ultrathin petals were successfully synthesized through an in-situ self-assembly growth process using sodium citrate as a morphology director.The flower-like Cd0.8Zn0.2S solid solution exhibited remarkable photocatalytic performance in the reduction of CO2,generating CO up to 41.4μmol g^−1 under visible-light illumination for 3 h;this was nearly three times greater than that of Cd0.8Zn0.2S nanoparticles(C8Z2S-NP)(14.7μmol g^−1).Particularly,a comparably high selectivity of 89.9%for the conversion of CO2 to CO,with a turnover number of 39.6,was obtained from the solar-driven C8Z2S-F system in the absence of any co-catalyst or sacrificial agent.Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy indicated that the introduction of flower structures enhanced the light-harvesting capacity of C8Z2S-F.The in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy unveiled the existence of surface-adsorbed species and the conversion of photoreduction intermediates during the photocatalytic process.Empirical characterizations and predictions of the photocatalytic mechanism demonstrated that the flower-like Cd0.8Zn0.2S solid solution possessed desirable CO2 adsorption properties and an enhanced charge-transfer capability,thus providing a highly effective photocatalytic reduction of CO2.

Berlin Green Framework‑Based Gas Sensor for Room‑Temperature and High‑Selectivity Detection of Ammonia

Ammonia detection possesses great potential in atmosphere environmental protection,agriculture,industry,and rapid medical diagnosis.However,it still remains a great challenge to balance the sensitivity,selectivity,working temperature,and response/recovery speed.In this work,Berlin green(BG)framework is demonstrated as a highly promising sensing material for ammonia detection by both density functional theory simulation and experimental gas sensing investigation.Vacancy in BG framework offers abundant active sites for ammonia absorption,and the absorbed ammonia transfers sufficient electron to BG,arousing remarkable enhancement of resistance.Pristine BG framework shows remarkable response to ammonia at 50–110°C with the highest response at 80°C,which is jointly influenced by ammonia’s absorption onto BG surface and insertion into BG lattice.The sensing performance of BG can hardly be achieved at room temperature due to its high resistance.Introduction of conductive Ti3CN MXene overcomes the high resistance of pure BG framework,and the simply prepared BG/Ti3CN mixture shows high selectivity to ammonia at room temperature with satisfying response/recovery speed.

Genes for the high life： New genetic variants point to positive selection for high altitude hypoxia in Tibetans

People living on the high plateaus of the world have long fascinated biological anthropologists and geneticists because they live in ＂thin air＂ and epitomize an extreme of human biological adaptation.

Selective determination of trace cobalt in zinc electrolytes by second-derivative catalytic polarography

We report herein a highly selective method for directly determining the trace Co^2+in highly concentrated zinc electrolyte.This novel method is based on a second derivative wave of catalytic adsorptive polarography generated by complexing Co^2+with dimethylglyoxime and nitrite onto a dropping mercury electrode.By employing a medium with NH3-NH4Cl buffer,DMG and NaNO2 during determining the trace Co^2+,any interferences of highly concentrated Zn^2+and other coexisting metal ions in the electrolyte are completely eliminated due to the selective masking effect of EDTA.When the concentration of Co^2+is within 1.0×10^–10–3.2×10^–7 mol/L range,it shows a good linear relationship with the current peak.Detection limit is 1.0×10^–11 mol/L,and RSD≤2.7%for six successive assays.We have compared the efficiency of the current method to that obtained by cobalt nitroso-R-salt spectrophotometry,and the absolute values of relative deviations are≤4.2%.The method developed and described herein has been successfully employed in determining the trace Co2+in actual zinc electrolyte.

COMPACT BANDPASS FILTER WITH HIGH SELECTIVITY AND WIDE STOPBAND USING SLOTTED STEPPED-IMPEDANCE RESONATOR

In this paper,a Slotted Stepped-Impedance Resonator (SSIR) is proposed.Due to the slots in the low-impedance section of the conventional SIR,the new resonator has a lower fundamental resonance f0 and can provide a potential finite transmission zero fz close to f0.Based on the proposed SSIR,a fourth-order Chebychev BandPass Filter (BPF) is designed at f0=1 GHz.The measured results show that a better than-65 dB rejection is achieved on both the lower and the upper stopband.Moreover,the new filter has a wide-30 dB rejection upper stopband from 1.13f0 to 6.52f0.The fabricated filter exhibits a size of The new filter has a planar topology and is easily integrated with modern portable communication systems.

Tunable bismuth doping/loading endows NaTaO_(3)nanosheet highly selective photothermal reduction of CO_(2)

Photothermal CO_(2)reduction with H2O,integrating advantages of photocatalysis driven H2O splitting and thermal catalysis promoted CO_(2)reduction,has drawn sharply increasing attention in artificial synthesis of solar fuels.The photothermal effect of metal nanoparticles facilities CO_(2)hydrogenation and activation of lattice oxygen in oxide photocatalyst promotes H2O oxidation,which is essentially considered for highly efficient photothermal catalysis.However,the large thermal conductivity of most metal nanoparticles induces inevitable heat dissipation,restricting the increase of catalyst temperature.In this work,to minimize the heat dissipation,we employ bismuth nanoparticles as photothermal unit,which is of the lowest thermal conductivity in the metal family.Meanwhile,we adopt bismuth doped NaTaO_(3)as photocatalytic unit because of the bismuth doping induced activation of lattice oxygen.The bismuth nanoparticles are assembled with bismuth doped NaTaO_(3)through one-step tunable transformation from Bi4TaO8Cl.Benefiting from the photothermal effect,thermal insulation caused by bismuth metal,and lattice oxygen activation by bismuth doping,the NaTaO_(3):Bi hybrid exhibits high photothermal catalytic performance.The yield of CO over NaTaO_(3):Bi hybrid at 413 K via photothermal catalysis is 141 times higher than that room temperature photocatalysis.Further,ultraviolet(UV)light irradiation leads to 89.2%selectivity of CO and visible light irradiation leads to 97.5%selectivity of CH4.This work may broaden the photocatalytic application of ABO_(3)perovskite and provides a novel strategy for the development of photothermal catalysts for artificial photosynthesis.

MoC nanocrystals confined in N-doped carbon nanosheets toward highly selective electrocatalytic nitric oxide reduction to ammonia

Electrochemical nitric oxide reduction reaction(NORR)to produce ammonia(NH3)under ambient conditions is a promising alternative to the energy and carbon-intensive Haber–Bosch approach,but its performance is still improved.Herein,molybdenum carbides(MoC)nanocrystals confined by nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheets are first designed as an efficient and durable electrocatalyst for catalyzing the reduction of NO to NH3 with maximal Faradaic efficiency of 89%±2%and a yield rate of 1,350±15μg·h^(−1)·cm^(−2) at the applied potential of−0.8 V vs.reversible hydrogen electrode(RHE)as well as high stable activity with negligible current density and NH3 yield rate decays over a 30 h continue the test.Moreover,as a proof-of-concept of Zn–NO battery,it achieves a peak power density of 1.8 mW·cm^(−2) and a large NH3 yield rate of 782±10μg·h^(−1)·cm^(−2),which are comparable to the best-reported results.Theoretical calculations reveal that the MoC(111)has a strong electronic interaction with NO molecules and thus lowering the energy barrier of the potential-determining step and suppressing hydrogen evolution kinetics.This work suggests that Mo-based materials are a powerful platform providing great opportunities to explore highly selective and active catalysts for NH3 production.

Highly Selective Fluorescent Recognition towards Th4＋ Based on Coumarin-derivatized Crescent Aromatic Oligoamide

An intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded crescent aromatic oligoamide 1 bearing two coumarin residues was syn- thesized. The results from UV-vis and fluorescent spectra upon metal ions complexation demonstrated that the two fluorophores serving as parts of the shape-persistent backbone provided the molecule with high selectivity and sen- sitivity for recognition of Th4＋ over other lanthanide and uranyl ions. A 48-fold fluorescent enhancement in the in- tensity was observed at 505 nm upon adding Th4＋, while other metal cations failed to induce such a significant change. A visual detection for Th4＋ was achieved by color change. The stoichiometry of the complex formed by 1 and Th4＋ was found to be 1 ： 1 with the stability constant of（2.0±0.6） × 10^6 L·mol^-1.

Surface regulated Ni nanoparticles on N-doped mesoporous carbon as an efficient electrocatalyst for CO_(2)reduction

Low cost,highly selective and efficient electrocatalysts for CO_(2)reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)is crucial for lowering the global carbon footprint and mitigating energy shortages.Here,we first report a highly selective and efficient electrocatalyst for CO_(2)RR to CO using a surface-regulated Ni nanoparticles supported on N-doped CMK-3(N,O-Ni/CMK3).Compared with most Ni metal catalysts previously reported with severe competitive hydrogen evolution during the CO_(2)RR,the N,O-Ni/CMK3 catalyst presents a superior CO faradaic efficiency of about 97%,a high CO partial current density(13.01 mA cm^(-1))and turnover frequency(4.25 s^(–1)).The comprehensive characterization provides evidence that the N,O co-regulated Ni acts as the active center.Taking advantage of the N,O co-regulated chemical environment,N,O-Ni/CMK3 also displays a decent stability at negative potentials.Our work paves a novel approach for developing transition metal catalysts for CO_(2)RR with enhanced activity and selectivity via regulating surface chemical environment.

Highly selective conversion of methane to ethanol over CuFe_(2)O_(4)-carbon nanotube catalysts at low temperature

Conversion of methane into liquid alcohol such as ethanol at low temperature in a straight,selective and low energy consumption process remains a topic of intense scientific research but a great challenge.In this work,CuFe_(2)O_(4)/CNT composite is successfully synthesized via a facile co-reduction method and used as catalysts to selectively oxidize methane.At a low temperature of 150℃,methane is directly converted to ethanol in a single process on the as-prepared CuFe_(2)O_(4)/CNT composite with high selectivity.A mechanism is also proposed for the significant methane selective oxidation performance of the CuFe_(2)O_(4)/CNT composite catalysts.

Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy by Diode Laser with Highly Selective Clamping of Segmental Renal Arterial

INTRODUCTION The treatment of small renal masses has shifted from radical nephrectomy to partial nephrectomy, in particular, laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. Renal artery clamping is often necessary to minimize hemorrhage during resection in cases of partial nephrectomy. However, renal artery clamping may lead to greater incidence of renal malfunction after partial nephrectomy. Therefore, novel techniques which could both avoid renal artery occlusion and achieve adequate hemostasis are urgently required. Selective renal segmental artery clamping was one of several common methods that could achieve ＂zero ischemia.＂ At the same time, a number of reports about laser-assisted partial nephrectomy on humans using multiple kinds of outstanding coagulative specialties of lasers were published.

Bi-Atom Electrocatalyst for Electrochemical Nitrogen Reduction Reactions

The electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction(NRR)to directly produce NH3 from N_(2) and H_(2)O under ambient conditions has attracted significant attention due to its ecofriendliness.Nevertheless,the electrochemical NRR presents several practical challenges,including sluggish reaction and low selectivity.Here,bi-atom catalysts have been proposed to achieve excellent activity and high selectivity toward the electrochemical NRR by Ma and his co-workers.It could accelerate the kinetics of N_(2)-to-NH_(3) electrochemical conversion and possess better electrochemical NRR selectivity.This work sheds light on the introduction of bi-atom catalysts to enhance the performance of the electrochemical NRR.