Relationship of High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein with Cardiovascular, Diabetic, and Hepatic Biomarkers

Biomarkers are early predictors of various disorders, circulating level of C-reactive protein is a sensitive biomarker of systemic inflammation and may also be associated with the development of diabetic, hepatic, and cardiovascular diseases. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the association between circulating levels of high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and various biomarkers for hepatic, diabetic, and cardiovascular health. The retrospective analysis included 438 individuals who were tested for these panels simultaneously at Vibrant America Clinical Laboratory. The study population included free-living individuals without any preexisting clinical conditions. Among the cardiovascular markers, a positive correlation and significant association was found between high levels of hs-CRP and serum levels of triglycerides (r = 0.0964, p −0.1423, p −0.1216, p < 0.0105) with circulating levels of hs-CRP. Among all the diabetic markers, glucose (r = 0.1547, p < 0.0011) and glycated serum protein (r = 0.1725, p < 0.0003) were positively correlated with circulating hs-CRP. In the hepatic panel, AST, a transaminase that plays a vital role in amino acid metabolism, was found to have a strong positive correlation with hs-CRP (r = 0.2139, p < 0.0001). In conclusion, the results clearly show the association of hs-CRP with diabetic, hepatic, and cardiovascular risk factors indicating its central value as a key marker for several lifestyle-associated disorders.

High sensitivity C-reactive protein and cardfiac resynchronization therapy in patients with advanced heart failure

Background The data on the prognostic values of high sensitivity C-reactive protein （hsCRP） levels in patients with advanced symp-tomatic heart failure （HF） receiving cardiac resynchronization therapy （CRT） are scarce. The aim of present study was to investigate the association of serum hsCRP levels with left ventricle reverse remodeling after six months of CRT as well as long-term outcome. Methods A total of 232 CRT patients were included. The assessment of hsCRP values, clinical status and echocardiographic data were performed at baseline and after six months of CRT. Long-term follow-up included all-cause mortality and hospitalizations for HF. Results During the mean follow-up periods of 31.3 ± 31.5 months, elevated hsCRP （〉3 mg/L） prior to CRT was associated with a significant 2.39-fold increase （P=0.006） in the risk of death or HF hospitalizations. At 6-month follow-up, patients who responded to CRT showed significant reductions or maintained low in hsCRP levels （–0.5 ± 4.1 mg/L reduction） compared with non-responders （1.7 ± 6.1 mg/L increase, P=0.018）. Com-pared with patients in whom 6-month hsCRP levels were reduced or remained low, patients in whom 6-month hsCRP levels were increased or maintained high experienced a significantly higher risk of subsequent death or HF hospitalizations （Log-rank P〈0.001）. The echocardio-graphic improvement was also better among patients in whom 6-month hsCRP levels were reduced or remained low compared to those in whom 6-month hsCRP levels were raised or maintained high. Conclusions Our findings demonstrated that measurement of baseline and follow-up hsCRP levels may be useful as prognostic markers for timely potential risk stratification and subsequent appropriate treatment strategies in patients with advanced HF undergoing CRT.

The prognostic role of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in patients with acute myocardial infarction

1 Introduction Inflammation is one of the main mechanisms in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis,and the interest to the evaluation of inflammatory biomarkers in coronary artery disease(CAD)has been increasing over the last decade.[1,2]Destabilization of chronic artery plaques,which leads to acute coronary syndromes,has been associated with inflammatory status.[1,3]。

Relationship between high sensitivity C-reactive protein and angiographic severity of coronary artery disease

Background Coronary artery disease(CAD)remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality.Cytokines play a potential role in atherosclerosis pathogenesis and progression.We investigated the association between high sensitive C-reactive protein(hs CRP)and severity of CAD.Methods CAD patients were stratified according to hs CRP cut-off value into high levels hs CRP group(≥8.4 mg/L)and low levels hs CRP group(<8.4 mg/L).Severity of CAD was assessed according to artery stenosis degree and the number of vessel involved.Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences(SPSS,version 23.0).Results The mean age was 60.3±11.0 years.The level of hs CRP was increased and ranged from 0.2 to 1020.0 mg/L.Biochemical risk factors and severity of CAD didn’t show significant differences between the two groups.In multivariate linear analysis,cardiac troponin I(c Tn I)and serum amyloid A(SAA)were predictors of hs CRP.As shown in receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve analysis performed in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction(STEMI)and compared to myonecrosis biomarkers,hs CRP(area under the curve(AUC):0.905;95%CI:0.844-0.966;P<0.001)could be a powerful predictor marker in evaluating the infarct size after myocardial infarction but not better than c Tn I.Conclusions Hs CRP levels were not associated with the severity of CAD but could be useful in the evaluation of myocardial necrosis in patients with STEMI.

Myeloperoxidase and High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein for Predicting Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease

Background: Research has shown that high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is a major inflammatory marker for prediction of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Myeloperoxidase (MPO) also plays an important role in atherosclerosis initiation and development. In present study, the major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) of patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) were investigated. Methods: MPO, hs-CRP and ACS-related risk factors from 201 ACS (78 AMI and 123 UAP) and 210 non-ACS (84 SAP and 126 non-CHD) patients confirmed by coronary angiography were detected, and the data were analyzed with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and Spearman’s correlation coefficients. MACEs of 285 CHD patients were investigated during the 4-year period follow-up from March 2010 to May 2014. Results: The areas under ROC curve for diagnosing ACS were 0.888 (95% CI 0.843 - 0.933) for MPO, and 0.862 (95% CI 0.815-0.910) for hs-CRP, respectively. There were significantly correlations between MPO and hs-CRP in both ACS and non-ACS groups. Regarding to ACS patients, both MPO and hs-CRP were positively correlated with BMI, TC, TG, LDL-C and Hcy. Prospective study demonstrated that the incidences of MACEs associated significantly with elevated MPO baseline level (yes vs no, OR 7.383, 95% CI 4.095 - 13.309) and high hs-CRP baseline level (yes vs no, OR 4.186, 95% CI 2.469 - 7.097) in CHD patients. Conclusions: The present study provides the epidemiological evidence that elevated baseline MPO and hs-CRP levels are both valuable predictors of MACEs in CHD patients. MPO and hs-CRP would prompt the progression of atherosclerosis and development from SAP to ACS.

Correlation of Enhancement Degree on Contrast-enhanced Ultrasound with Histopathology of Carotid Plaques and Serum High Sensitive C-Reactive Protein Levels in Patients Undergoing Carotid Endarterectomy

This study was undertaken to investigate the correlation of the enhancement degree on contrast-enhanced ultrasound(CEUS) with the histopathology of carotid plaques and the serum high sensitive C-reactive protein(hs-CRP) levels in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy(CEA). Carotid CEUS was performed preoperatively in 115 patients who would undergo CEA, and the enhancement degree of the carotid plaques was evaluated by both the visual semiquantitative analysis and the quantitative time-intensity curve analysis. Serum hs-CRP levels were detected using the particle-enhanced immunoturbidimetric assay also before the operation. Additionally, the carotid plaque samples were subjected to histopathological examination postoperatively. The density of neovessels and the number of macrophages in the plaques were assessed by immunohistochemistry. The results showed that among the 115 patients, grade 0 plaque contrast enhancement was noted in 35 patients, grade 1 in 48 patients and grade 2 in 32 patients. The degree of plaque enhancement, the density of neovessels, the number of macrophages, and the hs-CRP levels were highest in the grade 2 patients. Correlation analysis showed that the enhancement degree of the carotid plaques was closely related to the immunohistochemical parameters of the plaques and the serum hs-CRP levels. It was suggested that the carotid plaque enhancement on CEUS can be used to evaluate the vulnerability of carotid plaques.

EFFECTS OF SIMVASTAIN COMBINED WITH OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS ON HIGH SENSITIVE C-REACTIVE PROTEIN, LIPIDEMIA, ANDFIBRINOLYSIS IN PATIENTS WITH MIXED DYSLIPIDEMIA

Objective To evaluate the effects of simvastatin combined with omega-3 fatty acids on high sensitive C-reactive protein(HsCRP), lipidemia, and fibrinolysis in coronary heart disease (CHD) and CHD risk equivalent patients with mixed dyslipi-demia. Methods A randomized, double-blind placebo controlled and parallel group trial was conducted. Patients with CHD and CHD risk equivalents with mixed dyslipidemia were treated with 10 or 20 mg simvastatin for 6-12 weeks. Following with the treatment of patients whose low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-ch) reaching goal level (< 100 mg/dL) or close to the goal (< 130 mg/dL), while triglyceride (TG) ≥200 mg/dL and < 500 mg/dL, was combined with omega-3 fatty acids (3 g/d) or a placebo for 2 months. The effects of the treatment on HsCRP, total cholesterol (TC), LDL-ch, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-ch), TG, lipoprotein (a) [LP (a)], apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1), apolipoprotein B (apoB), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) were investigated. Forty patients finished the study with each group consisting of twenty patients. Results (1) There were significant reductions of HsCRP, TG, TC, and TC/HDL-ch, which decreased by 2.16 ±2.77 mg/L (38.5%), 94.0 ±65.4 mg/dL (31.1%), 13.3 ±22.3 mg/dL (6.3%), 0.78 ±1.60 respectively in the omega-3 fatty acids group (P< 0.01, < 0.001, < 0.05, < 0.05) compared to the baseline. HsCRP and triglyceride reduction were more significant in omega-3 fatty acids group compared to the placebo group (P=0.021 and 0.011 respectively). (2) In the omega-3 fatty acids group, the values and percentage of TG reduction had a significantly positive relation with HsCRP reduction (r=0.51 and 0.45, P=0.021 and 0.047 respectively). Conclusion In CHD and CHD risk equivalent patients with mixed dyslipidemia, dyslipidemia’s therapeutic effect using simvastatin and omega-3 fatty acids may result from not only the combination of lipid adjustment, but also enhancement of their own nonlipid influences.

ASSOCIATION OF INSULIN RESISTANCE AND C-REACTIVE PROTEIN WITH CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE IN PATIENTS WITH NORMAL GLUCOSE TOLERANCE

Objective To examine insulin resistance and high sensitivity C-reactive protein （hsCRP） association with clinical and angiographic severity of coronary artery disease （CAD） in patients with normal glucose tolerance. Methods In 638 consecutive patients with normal glucose tolerance, 221 had atypical chest pain and normal coronary artery （control group）, 279 had stable angina and CAD （SAP group ）, and 138 suffered acute myocardial infarction （ MI group）. The degree of CAD was further divided into borderline lesion （ lumen diameter narrowing 50% - 69% ）, significant 1-, 2- or 3-vessel disease （ luminal diameter narrowing 〉I 70% ）. Fasting serum glucose, insulin and hsCRP levels and lipid profiles were measured, and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance （ HOMA-IR ） was calculated. Multivariate analysis was performed to assess risk factors for 3-vessel disease or acute MI. Results Serum hsCRP, lipoprotein （a） levels, and insulin resistance index （IRI） were higher in AMI group than those in SAP and control groups. Serum hsCRP level and IRI were also higher in 3-vessel disease than those in other groups. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that insulin resistance, cigarette smoking, serum hsCRP, and lipoprotein （a） levels were independent risk factors for acute MI. Lipoprotein （ a ） elevation was an independent risk factor for 3-vessel disease. Conclusion Insulin resistance and high serum hsCRP level were associated with occurrence of acute MI and angiographic severity of coronary disease in patients with normal glucose tolerance.

Relationship between coronary atherosclerosis plaque characteristics and high sensitivity C-reactive proteins, interleukin-6

Background The relationship between inflammatory markers and the characteristics of coronary atherosclerosis plaques is uncertain. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between the characteristics of coronary atherosclerosis plaques and inflammatory markers such as high sensitivity C-reactive proteins （Hs-CRP） and interleukin-6 （IL-6）. Methods All patients suspected of having coronary heart disease （CHD） underwent Siemens 64-slice CT angiography （64-SCTA） to distinguish the quality of plaque of coronary artery lesions. Blood samples were taken to measure levels of serum Hs-CRP and IL-6 in different plaque groups and the control group and compared with the value of 64-SCTA for detection of coronary artery plaque. Results The sensitivity of detecting coronary artery plaque by 64-SCTA was 87.4%, the specificity was 87.1%, the positive predictive value was 82.2%, and the negative predictive value was 91.0%. Comparing the levels of serum Hs-CRP and IL-6 among plaque groups, the mean levels of serum Hs-CRP and IL-6 in three plaque groups were significantly higher than those in the control group （P 〈0.01）. The mean levels of serum Hs-CRP and IL-6 in the soft plaque group and mixed plaque group were significantly higher than those in hard plaque group （P〈0.01）. Plaque burden in the soft plaque group and mixed plaque group was significantly higher than in the hard plaque group （P 〈0.01）, but there was no statistical difference between the soft plaque group and mixed plaque group （P=-0.246）. There was a negative correlation between the CT scale and Hs-CRP and IL-6 levels in the soft plaque group （r= -0.621, P〈0.01, and r= -0.593, P 〈0.01 respectively）. There was a positive correlation between the plaque burden and Hs-CRP and IL-6 levels in the soft plaque group （r=0.579, P〈0.05 and r=0.429, P〈0.05 respectively）. Conclusions 64-SCTA is an effective way to distinguish the different quality of coronary atherosclerosis plaque. Serum Hs-CRP and IL-6 levels can be considered as the indexes to judge the degree of CHD and may reflect the activity of plaque in CHD patients. Thus it is important for clinical diagnosis and risk evaluation of acute coronary syndrome （ACS） patients.

Comparision of high sensitivity C-reactive protein and matrix metalloproteinase 9 in patients with unstable angina between with and without significant coronary artery plaques

Background Inflammation within vulnerable coronary plaques may cause unstable angina by promoting rupture and erosion. C-reactive protein （CRP） is the most reliable and accessible test method for clinical use for identifying coronary artery disease event. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 （MMP-9） is highly over-expressed in the vulnerable regions of a plaque. Our aim was to evaluate the plasma levels of MMP-9 and hsCRP in subjects with both unstable angina and coronary plaques, as well as in those with unstable angina without coronary plaques.

Elevated high sensitive C-reactive protein and apelin levels after percutaneous coronary intervention and drug-eluting stent implantation

Objective:Percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI) triggers an acute inflammatory response,while sirolimus is known to have anti-inflammatory properties;the inflammatory system response to PCI after sirolimus-eluting stent placement remains unclear.The purpose of this study is to determine the changes in high sensitive C-reactive protein(hs-CRP) and apelin after PCI procedure and drug-eluting stent implantation in patients with and without reduced left ventricular systolic function.Methods:Forty-eight consecutive patients undergoing PCI at the Beijing Anzhen Hospital between July and September 2006 were recruited.Sirolimus-eluting stents were employed in all patients.Blood samples were drawn immediately before and 24 h after the procedure.Plasma hs-CRP and apelin levels were determined by enzyme immunoassay.Results:Paired t-test revealed a significant increase in both hs-CRP and apelin post-procedure(P=0.006 and P<0.0001,respectively).Patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF) had significantly lower baseline apelin levels compared to those with normal ventricular function [(46.8±10.8) vs.(72.0±8.4) pg/ml,P<0.001].However,apelin increased to a level similar to the level of those with normal left ventricular systolic function 24 h after the PCI procedure [(86.7±11.6) vs.(85.1±6.1) pg/ml,P=0.72].Conclusions:hs-CRP and apelin levels increased after PCI and sirolimus-eluting stent implantation.Patients with impaired left ventricular systolic function had significantly lower baseline apelin levels,which increased significantly after PCI.

Gensini评分和HsCRP在预测PCI术后支架内再狭窄的价值

目的探讨经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术后发生支架内再狭窄(ISR)的相关危险因素。方法选取本院2015年4月至2017年1月成功进行PCI术后随访并再次进行冠状动脉造影的215例患者作为研究对象,根据造影结果,将患者分为无再狭窄组(non-ISR组,113例)和再狭窄组(ISR组,102例),又根据超敏C反应蛋白(HsCRP)的水平,将患者分为HsCRP>1mg/L(113例)和HsCRP≤1mg/L组(102例)。对两组患者的临床资料和生化指标进行回顾性分析,采用单因素以及Logistic多因素回归分析相关指标与冠状动脉支架内再狭窄的关系。结果单因素分析显示:ISR组糖尿病的患病率为43%,高于non-ISR组的30%(P<0.05);ISR组年龄明显大于non-ISR组(P<0.05);ISR组血清HsCRP水平高于non-ISR组(P<0.001);ISR组血清CRP水平高于non-ISR组(P<0.05);ISR组血清总胆固醇(TC)水平高于non-ISR组(P<0.05);ISR组血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平高于non-ISR组(P<0.05);ISR组冠状动脉的病变明显较严重,Gensini评分较高(P<0.001);Logistic多因素回归分析显示:年龄、糖尿病、HsCRP水平以及冠心病的严重程度是ISR的危险因素。结论年龄、糖尿病、血清HsCRP水平和Gensini评分是PCI术后ISR发生的独立危险因素。TC和LDL-C水平与ISR相关,但不能独立预测再狭窄的发生。

血清SOD和hsCRP等指标在急性冠脉综合征中的应用及相关性分析

目的探讨急性冠脉综合征(acute coronary syndrome,ACS)患者血清超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、超敏C反应蛋白(high-sensitive C-reactive protein,hsCRP)以及心肌损伤标志物之间的临床应用价值及其相关性。方法采用病例对照研究,选择2015年1~12月入住解放军第一八一医院的ACS患者64例,同期因冠心病住院的非ACS患者(对照组)50例,检测患者血清SOD,hsCRP及心肌损伤标志物肌红蛋白(myoglobin,MYO)、心肌肌钙蛋白I(cardiac troponin I,cTnI)和肌酸激酶MB亚型(creatin kinase MB,CK-MB)。统计学分析采用t检验,Pearson相关分析。结果 ACS组SOD水平低于对照组(t=4.136,P<0.001),hsCRP,MYO,cTnI,CK和CK-MB水平明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(t=-5.396,-3.495,-5.578,-4.655,-4.614;均P<0.001)。ROC曲线分析SOD,hsCRP,MYO,cTnI,CK和CK-MB曲线下面积(area under curve,ROC AUC)分别为0.713,0.758,0.699,0.879,0.841和0.802。血清SOD与hsCRP,总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC),低密度脂蛋白(low density lipoprotein,LDL-C)相关(r=-0.493,0.548,0.404,均P<0.01);血清hsCRP与cTnI,三酰甘油(triglyceride,TG),SOD相关(r=0.671,-0.417,-0.493,均P<0.01)。结论 cTnI与hsCRP以及心肌损伤标志物呈正相关,hsCRP与SOD呈负相关,说明氧化应激、炎症刺激、血液脂质沉积在ACS的发生发展过程中均起到一定的作用。

妊娠糖尿病患者血清hsCRP和Hcy水平的变化

目的探讨妊娠糖尿病患者血清高敏C反应蛋白(hsCRP)和同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平的变化。方法选择2011年1至12月就诊于天津市第一人民医院的妊娠糖尿病患者46例为病例组,同期正常妊娠妇女46例作为对照组。分析比较两组间hsCRP和Hey水平,同时分析hsCRP和Hey之间的相关性。结果 病例组与对照组比较,hsCRP(14.1±3.0mg/L vs 6.3±2.1mg/L)、Hcy(13.5±4.6μmol/Lvs 8.6±3.7μmol/L)、血糖(8.4±2.8mmol/Lvs 5.5±1.3mmol/L)水平差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为14.446、5.630、6.371,均P<0.05)。血糖水平与hsCRP和Hcy均呈正相关关系(r值分别为0.755、0.643,均P<0.05)。结论妊娠糖尿病患者的hsCRP和Hey水平均高于正常妊娠者,血糖水平与hsCRP和Hcy均具有正相关关系。

Matrix γ-carboxyglutamate protein and Fetuin-A, in wet type age-related macular degeneration

AIM: To evaluate the high sensitivity C-reactive protein(hs CRP), Fetuin-A and matrix γ-carboxyglutamate protein(MGP) as the main factors for vascular calcification and inflammation in serum of patients with advanced age-related macular degeneration(ARMD) in comparison to healthy controls. METHODS: The subjects were 40 patients with choroidal neovascularization(CNV) having a mean age of70.9 ±9.1y and a matched group of 49 apparently healthy control subjects. The ARMD was diagnosed using a slitlamp with superfield lens, fundus photography and fluorescein angiography. Measurement of hs CRP was done by nephelometry method. Levels of Fetuin-A and MGP were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) technique.RESULTS: hs CRP [0.45(0.07-2.63) mg/L vs 0.25(0.03-1.2) mg/L, P =0.02)] and Fetuin-A levels(50.27 ±5.04 vs44.99±10.28 ng/m L, P =0.009) were higher in the patients than in the control groups. We could not find significant difference in MGP level between two groups(P =0.08).There was not a significant correlation between MGP with Fetuin-A and hs CRP among the patients(P =0.7, P =0.9respectively). A significant negative correlation of hs CRP with Fetuin-A was observed in both case and control groups(P =0.004, r =-0.33 and P =0.001, r =-0.54,respectively).CONCLUSION: Although our study shows that serum hs CRP and Fetuin-A is increased in CNV patients as well as negatively correlated with both study groups, their direct role on pathogenesis of ARMD required future studies.

缬沙坦对高血压患者血浆VWF和血清HsCRP的影响

目的:探讨缬沙坦治疗原发性高血压病患者对患者的血压,血浆血管性假性血友病因子(VWF)和血清高敏C反应蛋白(HsCRP)水平的影响。方法:选择未经药物治疗的原发性高血压患者70例为治疗组。同时选健康自愿者70例为正常对照组。睡前口服缬沙坦80mg/次,1次/d,疗程8周治疗前及治疗后测血压,血浆VWF和血清HsCRP水平。结果:经缬沙坦治疗后血压、血清VWF和HsCRP水平明显降低(P<0.01)。结论:缬沙坦不仅可降低原发性高血压患者血压,并且能显著降低能血浆VWF和血清HsCRP的水平。

Role of plasma C-reactive protein in predicting in-stent restenosis in patients with stable angina after coronary stenting

Background The role of plasma high sensitivity C-reactive protein （hs-CRP） in in-stent restenosis （ISR） remains controversial. We investigated plasma hs-CRP level at both admission and follow-up in patients with stable angina （SA）after successful coronary stenting in order to clarify the predictive value of hs-CRP for ISR.Methods We summarized 303 consecutive chronic SA patients with coronary drug-eluting stent （DES） implantation.The ISR was analyzed by quantitative coronary analysis （QCA） at a mean follow-up of 8 months, and the patients were divided into two groups according to the detected ISR as ISR group （n=48） and non-ISR group （n=255）. Plasma hs-CRP was examined at both admission and 8-month follow-up in all patients, standard medication continued throughout the investigation period.Results QCA presented that 48 patients （15.8%） suffered from ISR at follow-up. The basic clinical characteristics were similar between the two groups, while plasma hs-CRP was higher in ISR group than that in non-ISR group at both admission and follow-up, P 〈0.001 respectively. Multivariate regression analysis indicated that plasma hs-CRP level at either admission or follow-up could independently predict ISR occurrence （OR=5.581, 95% Cl 2.532-12.302, P〈0.001and OR=6.299, 95% CI 2.722-14.577, P 〈0.001, respectively）.Conclusions Our data indicate that plasma hs-CRP level may independently predict ISR at both admission and follow-up in SA patients with coronary DES implantation, which implies that a chronic, sustained systemic inflammatory response might be involved in ISR pathogenesis.

Improving Cardiovascular Risk Assessment to Optimize Therapy

Background: Quantifying ten-year cardiovascular risk can be challenging. Different online risk calculators provide different risk estimates and online risk calculators use only one point in time. However, risk factors occur over the lifetime of the individual. Purpose: This manuscript provides three solutions to improving ten-year cardiovascular risk assessment in individuals at intermediate risk. Methods: Measuring Lipoprotein(a)—Lp(a) is recommended for assessing cardiovascular risk in all individuals who are in the intermediate risk category by standard online risk calculators. Lp(a) is primarily determined by genetic inheritance. It has the undesirable properties of being proatherosclerotic, proinflammatory, and prothrombotic. Measuring apolipoprotein B (apo B) provides a good index of the number of atherosclerotic particles present. Studies have demonstrated that small, dense LDL cholesterol particles are more atherogenic than larger, less dense LDL cholesterol particles. Measuring high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) provides a good estimation of the degree of inflammation in the vascular system. Inflammation is a critical component of heart attacks and strokes. It is increased in diabetes and obesity. Treatment to reduce inflammation results in a reduction of cardiovascular events, independent of lipid values. Results: The above three risk factors should be measured in all patients with an intermediate risk score. Routine assays are readily available at a reasonable cost. They are independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Their recommendation is based on the pathophysiology of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Successful therapy will result in the decrease of each of these risk factors. Conclusion: The recommended approach will improve the assessment of cardiovascular risk and guide the physician and patient to the correct treatment recommendations.

2型糖尿病并发周围血管病变的临床流行病学分析

目的通过对比分析2型糖尿病并发周围血管病变(DPVD)及未发生周围血管病变(非DPVD)病例的临床流行病学资料,明确2型糖尿患者伴发DPVD的相关危险因素,为其早期诊治和预防提供依据。方法收集157例40～70岁临床已诊断2型糖尿病患者的临床流行病学资料,依据周围血管病的诊断标准将其分为DPVD组和非DPVD组;以生化分析仪测定两组患者的血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和超敏C反应蛋白(hsCRP);用多因素Logistic回归分析相关危险因素。结果与未发生周围血管病变病例相比,DPVD组患者病程较长,且高血压、周围神经病变及糖尿病眼病的并发率较高,生化分析显示DPVD组患者血清中hsCRP、TC/HDL-C水平升高,而HDL-C降低;经多因素Logistic回归分析发现,病程、hsCRP、HDL-C、TC/HDL-C为DPVD的独立危险因素。结论病程、血压增高、周围神经病、眼病、HDL-C减低及hsCRP增高与2型糖尿病患者并发周围血管病变相关,并且病程、HDL-C、hsCRP、TC/HDL-C是周围血管病变的独立危险因素。

脑梗死患者血清IDO及KAT比活性测定

目的 探讨吲哚氨2,3-双加氧酶（IDO）及犬尿氨酸氨基转移酶（KAT）活性在脑梗死患者中的变化情况及病理作用.方法 正常对照组35例和脑梗死组81例,采用免疫透射比浊法测定血清超敏C反应蛋白（hsCRP）、载脂蛋白A1（APOA1）、载脂蛋白B（APOB）浓度,采用酶法分析甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（CHO）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL）、游离脂肪酸（NEFA）浓度,采用HPLC-荧光衍生法测定血液色氨酸（TRP）、犬尿氨酸（KYN）及犬尿喹啉酸（KYNA）浓度,计算IDO及KAT比活性,并进行对照分析.结果 脑梗死组TRP、KYNA、HDL、KAT比活性明显低于对照组（P均＜0.05）.脑梗死组hsCRP、IDO比活性明显高于对照组（P均＜0.01）.脑梗死患者IDO比活性与hsCRP呈正相关（r=0.425,P=0.027）.结论 脑梗死患者体内存在炎症反应,炎症应答上调IDO的活性表达,进而影响KYN代谢途径,可能与脑梗死患者的病理生理密切相关.