Acquisition Practice of High Signal-to-Noise Ratio in YTB Block of Sichuan Basin

YTB block in Sichuan basin is a favorable area to exploit oil and gas in shallow tight rock. 3D seismic project of this zone has two characteristics. Firstly, it has high requirements for the tolerance rate of the construction process and the acquisition of high signal-to-noise ratio seismic data;Second, there are widely obstacles and noises that lead to difficult acquisition construction organization. In acquisition practice, high signal-to-noise ratio seismic data was obtained by reasonable design of construction scheme, optimization of excitation parameters, improvement of receiving conditions and optimization of obstacle crossing observation system. .

An innovative detection method of high frequency BPSK signal with low signal-to-noise ratio

Based on chaotic oscillator system, this paper proposes a novel method on high frequency low signal- to-noise ratio BPSK（ Binary Phase Shift Keying） signal detection. Chaotic oscillator system is a typical non-lin- ear system which is sensitive to periodic signals and immune to noise at the same time. Those properties make it possible to detect low signal-to-noise ratio signals. The BPSK signal is a common signal type which is widely used in modern communication. Starting from the analysis of advantages of chaotic, os~.illator system and signal features of the BPSK signal, we put forward a unique method that can detect low signar-to-noise ratio BPSK sig- nals with high frequency. The simulation results show that the novel method can dclct.t low signal-to-noise ratio BPSK signals with frequency in an order of magnitude of l0s Hz, and the input Signal-to-Noise Ratio threshold can be -20 dB.

Effective DOA Estimation Under Low Signal-to-Noise Ratio Based on Multi-Source Information Meta Fusion

Efficiently performing high-resolution direction of arrival(DOA)estimation under low signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)conditions has always been a challenge task in the literatures.Obvi-ously,in order to address this problem,the key is how to mine or reveal as much DOA related in-formation as possible from the degraded array outputs.However,it is certain that there is no per-fect solution for low SNR DOA estimation designed in the way of winner-takes-all.Therefore,this paper proposes to explore in depth the complementary DOA related information that exists in spa-tial spectrums acquired by different basic DOA estimators.Specifically,these basic spatial spec-trums are employed as the input of multi-source information fusion model.And the multi-source in-formation fusion model is composed of three heterogeneous meta learning machines,namely neural networks(NN),support vector machine(SVM),and random forests(RF).The final meta-spec-trum can be obtained by performing a final decision-making method.Experimental results illus-trate that the proposed information fusion based DOA estimation method can really make full use of the complementary information in the spatial spectrums obtained by different basic DOA estim-ators.Even under low SNR conditions,promising DOA estimation performance can be achieved.

Influence of signal-to-noise ratio on accuracy of spectral analysis by near infrared spectroscopy

As one of the important indicators of spectrometer,signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)reflects the ability of spectrometer to detect weak signals.To investigate the influence of SNR on the prediction accuracy of spectral analysis,we first introduce the major factors affecting the spectral SNR.Taking green tea as an example,the influence of spectral SNR on the prediction accuracy of the origin identification model is analyzed by experiments.At the same time,the relationship between the spectral SNR and prediction accuracy of spectral analysis model is fitted.Based on this,the common methods for improving the spectral SNR are discussed.The results show that the accuracy of the prediction set model first decreases slowly,then decreases linearly,and finally tends to be flat as the spectral SNR decreases.Through calculation,in order to achieve the prediction accuracy of prediction model reaching 90%and 85%,the spectral SNR is required to be higher than 23.42 dB and 21.16 dB,respectively.The overall results provide certain parameters support for the development of new online analytical spectroscopic instruments,especially for the technical indicators of SNR.

Signal-to-noise ratio comparison of angular signal radiography and phase stepping method

Grating-based x-ray phase contrast imaging has the potential to be applied in future medical applications as it is compatible with both laboratory and synchrotron source. However, information retrieval methods are important because acquisition speed, scanning mode, image quality, and radiation dose depend on them. Phase-stepping （PS） is a widely used method to retrieve information, while angular signal radiography （ASR） is a newly established method. In this manuscript, signal-to-noise ratios （SNRs） of ASR are compared with that of PS. Numerical experiments are performed to validate theoretical results. SNRs comparison shows that for refraction and scattering images ASR has higher SNR than PS method, while for absorption image both methods have same SNR. Therefore, our conclusions would have guideline in future preclinical and clinical applications.

A fast decoupled ISAR high-resolution imaging method using structural sparse information under low SNR

Inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) image can be represented and reconstructed by sparse recovery (SR) approaches. However, the existing SR algorithms, which are used for ISAR imaging, have suffered from high computational cost and poor imaging quality under a low signal to noise ratio (SNR) condition. This paper proposes a fast decoupled ISAR imaging method by exploiting the inherent structural sparse information of the targets. Firstly, the ISAR imaging problem is decoupled into two sub-problems. One is range direction imaging and the other is azimuth direction focusing. Secondly, an efficient two-stage SR method is proposed to obtain higher resolution range profiles by using jointly sparse information. Finally, the residual linear Bregman iteration via fast Fourier transforms (RLBI-FFT) is proposed to perform the azimuth focusing on low SNR efficiently. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the proposed method has better performence to efficiently implement higher-resolution ISAR imaging under the low SNR condition.

Speech Separation Methodology for Hearing Aid

In the design of hearing aids(HA),the real-time speech-enhancement is done.The digital hearing aids should provide high signal-to-noise ratio,gain improvement and should eliminate feedback.In generic hearing aids the perfor-mance towards different frequencies varies and non uniform.Existing noise can-cellation and speech separation methods drops the voice magnitude under the noise environment.The performance of the HA for frequency response is non uni-form.Existing noise suppression methods reduce the required signal strength also.So,the performance of uniform sub band analysis is poor when hearing aid is con-cern.In this paper,a speech separation method using Non-negative Matrix Fac-torization(NMF)algorithm is proposed for wavelet decomposition.The Proposed non-uniformfilter-bank was validated by parameters like band power,Signal-to-noise ratio(SNR),Mean Square Error(MSE),Signal to Noise and Dis-tortion Ratio(SINAD),Spurious-free dynamic range(SFDR),error and time.The speech recordings before and after separation was evaluated for quality using objective speech quality measures International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication standard ITU-T P.862.

简易烈度计记录的噪声水平评价:以泸定M_(S)6.8级地震为例

在我国地震预警和烈度速报系统中,烈度计被广泛使用。烈度计的频谱特征主要是通过检定实验室进行标定,但在破坏性地震中,烈度计响应特点缺少必要的研究分析。该文以2022年四川泸定M_(S)6.8级地震为例,对比分析了烈度计记录和强震仪记录在噪声水平、信噪比(signal-to-noise ratio,SNR)、高通滤波截止频率(f_(HP))取值以及有效周期范围(T_(max))方面的特点,综合评价了烈度计记录的频谱特征,分析了噪声影响。得到以下结论:在整个频域范围内,烈度计记录的SNR要比强震仪记录平均意义上低一个数量级,可以估计烈度计动态范围较强震仪大致低20 dB;烈度计记录的最佳f_(HP)取值相较于强震仪记录存在更大的不确定性,尤其是在竖直方向上;烈度计记录的最佳f_(HP)取值更大,反应谱T_(max)较传统强震仪记录在水平方向小1~2 s,在竖直方向小3 s左右。该研究结果有助于合理应用烈度计记录,服务地震学和地震工程学相关研究。

基于逆全极点滤波器的高频PWM噪声整形方法

高频开关功率放大器具有高功率、低纹波、高响应的优点,是高加速、高精度定位系统的核心部件。为了解决高频PWM中开关频率与占空比分辨率的矛盾,该文分析调制中噪声整形的基本原理,采用误差反馈结构提取PWM量化噪声进行数字整形,阐述噪声整形滤波器设计约束条件。提出通过逆全极点无限脉冲响应(IIR)滤波器获得有限脉冲响应(FIR)噪声整形滤波器的简明设计方法,仿真及实验表明,该文提出的方法可利用低阶FIR整形滤波器获得平坦的通带和高整形衰减。在不足9位的PWM中,4阶的FIR噪声整形滤波器能够恢复调制信号在10 kHz频段内约40 dB的信噪比损失。

Consistency in responses to conspecific advertisement calls with various signal-to-noise ratios in both sexes of the Anhui tree frog

Environmental noise has a significant negative impact on acoustic communication in most situations,as it influences the production,transmis-sion,and reception of acoustic signals.However,how animals respond to conspecific sounds when there is interference from environmental noise,and whether males and females display convergent behavioral responses in the face of noise masking remain poorly understood.In this study,we investigated the effects of conspecific male advertisement calls with different signal-to-noise ratios on male-male competition and female choice in the Anhui tree frog Rhacophorus zhoukaiyae using playback and phonotaxis experiments,respectively.The results showed that(1)female Anhui tree frogs preferentially selected the conspecific calls with higher SNR compared to calls with lower SNR;(2)males preferen-tially responded vocally to the conspecific calls with higher SNR compared to calls with lower SNR;and(3)males'competitive strategies were flexible in the face of noise interference.These results suggest that preferences of both sexes converge in outcome,and that male competitive strategies may depend on predictable female preferences.This study will provide an important basis for further research on decision-making in animals.

Influence of array elements’ consistency on SNR of hydrophone array

The influence of array element’s consistency on the hydrophone array’s signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is studied. The consistency of array elements means the outputs of all the array’s elements are the same, that is to say, the outputs have the same phase and amplitude when their inputs are the same. The relationship between the SNR and the correlation coefficient of signal and the relationship between the SNR and the correlation coefficient of noise are given. Hydrophone array’s gain with the output of elements’ inconsistent phase and amplitude is analyzed theoretically. When the signal is single-frequency, the gain expression of two-elements array is deduced. Then the gain is calculated when the phase difference is 10° and the amplitude difference is 3 dB. The theoretical analysis is verified through simulation. The simulation results show the variation rule of array’s SNR when the consistency changes: the array SNR gain is greatly affected by the consistency of the elements’ output and the gain decreases as the consistency decreases and the gain may be negative when the amplitude response becomes worse.

Long term integration of radar signals with unknown Doppler shift for ubiquitous radar

Ubiquitous radar is a new radar system that provides continuous and uninterrupted multifunction capability within a coverage volume. Continuous coverage from close-in ＂pop-up＂ targets in clutter to long-range targets impacts selection of waveform parameters. The coherent processing interval （CPI） must be long enough to achieve a certain signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） that ensures the efficiency of detection. The condition of detection in the case of low SNR is analyzed, and three different cases that would occur during integration are discussed and a method to determine the CPI is presented. The simulation results show that targets detection with SNR as low as -26 dB in the experimental system can possibly determine the CPI.

Nonsaturation Throughput Enhancement of IEEE 802.11b Distributed Coordination Function for Heterogeneous Traffic under Noisy Environment

In this paper, we propose a mechanism named modified backoff （MB） mechanism to decrease the channel idle time in IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function （DCF）. In the noisy channel, when signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） is low, applying this mechanism in DCF greatly improves the throughput and lowers the channel idle time. This paper presents an analytical model for the performance study of IEEE 802.11 MB-DCF for nonsaturated heterogeneous traffic in the presence of transmission errors. First, we introduce the MB-DCF and compare its performance to IEEE 802.11 DCF with binary exponential backoff （BEB）. The IEEE 802.11 DCF with BEB mechanism suffers from more channel idle time under low SNR. The MB-DCF ensures high throughput and low packet delay by reducing the channel idle time under the low traffic in the network. However, to the best of the authors＇ knowledge, there are no previous works that enhance the performance of the DCF under imperfect wireless channel. We show through analysis that the proposed mechanism greatly outperforms the original IEEE 802.11 DCF in the imperfect channel condition. The effectiveness of physical and link layer parameters on throughput performance is explored. We also present a throughput investigation of the heterogeneous traffic for different radio conditions.

A BLIND SNR ESTIMATOR FOR DIGITAL BANDPASS SIGNALS

A subspace-based blind Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) estimation algorithm for digital bandpass signals in Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel is discussed. The lower bounds of the mean and variance of the estimation are derived, and simulations are performed for the commonly used digital bandpass signals, such as MPSK (M=2, 4, 8), MFSK (M=2, 4) and MQAM (M=16, 64, 128, 256) signals. Theoretical analyses and simulation results indicate that the proposed algorithm is ef- fective even when the SNR is below 0dB. Furthermore, the algorithm can provide a blind estimator in that it needs neither the parameters of the received signals, such as the carrier frequency, symbol rate and modulation scheme, nor the synchronization of the system.

A NOVEL METHOD FOR ESTIMATING THE SNR OF UNKNOWN EMITTER SIGNAL

It is important to estimate the Signal-to-Noise Ratio(SNR) of unknown emitter signal accurately.In order to resolve the disadvantages of present algorithm,a novel method is proposed in this letter.We extract and normalize the information of zero frequency of received signal by the Wigner-Vile Distribution(WVD) transformation and then get the approximate power of original signal by mathematic transformation,at last,we get the estimate value of SNR by the known account formula of SNR.Simulation results show that it is correct and feasible.

A HIGH SENSITIVITY AND WIDE DYNAMIC RANGE ZERO-IF RF RECEIVER FOR COGNITIVE RADIO APPLICATION

This paper presents an RF receiver of zero-Intermediate Frequency(IF) architecture for Cognitive Radio(CR) communication systems.Zero-IF architecture reduce the image reject filter and IF filter,so it is excellent in low cost,compact volume,and low power dissipation.The receiver employs three digital attenuator and a high gain,high linearity low noise amplifier to achieve wide dynamic range of 70 dB and high receiving sensitivity of-81 dBm.A fully balanced I/Q demodulator and a differential Local Oscillator(LO) chips are used to minimize the negative effects caused by second-order distortion and LO leakage.In order to select an 8 MHz-channel from 14 continuous ones located in UHF band(694-806 MHz) accurately,approach of channel selectivity circuits is proposed.The RF receiver has been designed,fabricated,and test.The measured result shows that the noise figure is 3.4 dB,and the error vector magnitude is 7.5% when the input power is-81 dBm.

Blind parameter estimation of pseudo-random binary code-linear frequency modulation signal based on Duffing oscillator at low SNR

Conventional parameter estimation methods for pseudo-random binary code-linear frequency modulation(PRBC-LFM)signals require prior knowledge,are computationally complex,and exhibit poor performance at low signal-to-noise ratios(SNRs).To overcome these problems,a blind parameter estimation method based on a Duffing oscillator array is proposed.A new relationship formula among the state of the Duffing oscillator,the pseudo-random sequence of the PRBC-LFM signal,and the frequency difference between the PRBC-LFM signal and the periodic driving force signal of the Duffing oscillator is derived,providing the theoretical basis for blind parameter estimation.Methods based on amplitude method,short-time Fourier transform method,and power spectrum entropy method are used to binarize the output of the Duffing oscillator array,and their performance is compared.The pseudo-random sequence is estimated using Duffing oscillator array synchronization,and the carrier frequency parameters are obtained by the relational expressions and characteristics of the difference frequency.Simulation results show that this blind estimation method overcomes limitations in prior knowledge and maintains good parameter estimation performance up to an SNR of-35 dB.

High signal-to-noise ratio fiber laser at 1596 nm based on a Bi/Er/La co-doped silica fiber

We fabricate a high-performance Bi/Er/La co-doped silica fiber with a fluorescence intensity of-33.8 dBm and a gain coefficient of 1.9 dB/m.With the utilization of the fiber as a gain medium,a linear-cavity fiber laser has been constructed,which exhibits a signal-to-noise ratio of 74.9 dB at 1596 nm.It has been demonstrated that the fiber laser has a maximum output power of 107.4 mW,a slope efficiency of up to 17.0%,and a linewidth of less than 0.02 nm.Moreover,an all-fiber single-stage optical amplifier is built up for laser amplification,by which the amplified laser power is up to 410.0 mW with pump efficiency of 33.8%.The results indicate that the laser is capable of high signal-to-noise ratio and narrow linewidth,with potential applications for optical fiber sensing,biomedicine,precision measurement,and the pump source of the mid-infrared fiber lasers.

A HIGH RESOLUTION WIDE SWATH SAR METHOD BASED ON INTRA-PULSE NULL STEERING AND MIMO

High Resolution Wide Swath (HRWS) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) often suffers from low Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) due to small transmitting antenna, especially in phased array antenna systems. Digital Beam Forming (DBF) based on Single Input and Multiple Output (SIMO) achieves receiving array gain at the cost of increasing data rate. This letter proposes a new HRWS SAR method, which employs intra-pulse null steering to get receiving gain in elevation and decrease the data rate, and Multiple Input and Multiple Output (MIMO) using Space-Time Block Coding (STBC) in azimuth to get transmitting gain and receiving array gain simultaneously. The feasibility is verified by deduction and simulations.

SUBSPACE-BASED NOISE VARIANCE AND SNR ESTIMATION FOR MIMO OFDM SYSTEMS

This paper proposes a subspace-based noise variance and Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) estimation algorithm for Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) wireless Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems. The special training sequences with the property of orthogonality and phase shift orthogonality are used in pilot tones to obtain the estimated channel correlation matrix. Partitioning the observation space into a delay subspace and a noise subspace, we achieve the measurement of noise variance and SNR. Simulation results show that the proposed estimator can obtain accurate and real-time measurements of the noise variance and SNR for various multipath fading channels, demonstrating its strong robustness against different channels.