High Solids-Content Nanosize Polymeric Microlatexes Made by Microemulsion Copolymerization at Ambient Temperature

The microemulsion copolymerizations of acrylic acid (AA),acrylamide (AM),N-methylol acrylamide (NMA),methylmethacrylate (MMA),butyl acrylate (BA) and acrylonitrile (AN) initiated by the redox initiator ammonium persulfate (APS) and N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) at ambient temperature were investigated.With this process high solids-content (44.0 wt%) and small (less than 50 nm) particle diameter copolymer latexes were attained.The effects of surfactants,the mechanical stabilities and application properties as an environmentally friendly self-crosslinking pigment printing binder with multifunctional groups were studied.

Dissolution Kinetics of Calcined Ulexite in Ammonium Chloride Solutions at High Solid-to-Liquid Ratios

The dissolution kinetics of calcined ulexite in ammonium chloride solutions at high solid-to-liquid ratios were investigated. In the experiments, calcination temperature, solution concentration, reaction temperature, and pre-hydration were chosen as parameters. It was observed that the dissolution rate increased with increasing calcination temperature, solution concentration, and reaction temperature, whereas it was not affected by pre-hydration. Employing graphical and statistic methods, the dissolution rate, based on homogeneous reaction model, can be given as: (1-X(B2O3))-1-1= k(c(NH4Cl))1.982t. The activation energy for the dissolution of the ulexite sample calcined at 160 ℃ was found to be 84.04 kJ·mol-1.

Combustion Properties of Some High Solid Loading Butalites Compositions

The combustion （ballistic） properties of a high solid loading composite solid propellant family （Butalites） was studied experimentally by using propellant formulations based on hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene pre-polymer （HTPB） as a fuel binder main backbone, bimodal system ammonium perchlorate oxidizer （AP） and aluminum powder （AI） as metallic fuel. Burning rates were doubled at various pressures, when solids loading （AP and 17% A1） were increased from 80 to 88% and the measured characteristic velocity values were increased by about 100m/sec. The pressure exponent （n） values were lower with 80-85% solids loading. The burning rates were increased by about 2-5% when comparing the data obtained by static firing with those obtained by the strand burner method.

Factors Influencing Droplet Size of Silicone Oil Emulsion with High Solid Content

A silicone oil emulsion with 60% of solid content was prepared with methyl silicone oil used as the main material by means of the emulsifier-in-oil method.The influence of emulsification conditions on the droplet diameter of silicone oil emulsion was discussed.The experimental results showed that the emulsification method,including the quantity of the emulsifier,the time and temperature of emulsification,the emulsifying water dosage,and the stirring speed,had significant impact on the droplet size.The optimal conditions were identified to achieve a smallest droplet diameter of the emulsion at an emulsifier dosage of 6%,an emulsification temperature of 70 ℃,an emulsification time of 30 min,and a stirring speed of 1100 r/min,with water added in two portions at a ratio of 1:1.The high-solid content silicone oil emulsion with a mean droplet diameter of 2.731 μm was prepared under these conditions that could ensure absence of stratification and floating oil under centrifuging at a speed of 3000 r/min for 30 min.

Decomposition of ammonium sulfate residue in a high solid/gas ratio suspension state with an industrial-scale reactor system(production line)

Ammonium sulfate residue is a particulate solid and is produced during the manufacture of ammonium sulfate fertilizer. The residue used in this study contained a large portion of calcium carbonate, from which active lime （CaO） was recovered via thermal decomposition. We used a purpose-built device to decom- pose the residue in a semi-suspension state. We found that CaO had the highest activity when residue was decomposed at 850-900 ~C. Our experiments indicated that ammonium sulfate residue should be decom- posed in a suspension state to produce active CaO. Based on our laboratory test findings, an industrial-scale production line with a high solid/gas ratio in a suspension state was devised. The optimal operating con- ditions for the decomposition of the ammonium sulfate residue to produce high quality CaO were also investigated.We found that the CaCO3 decomposition rate was high and the CaO product was highly active, averaging 170 s by the citric acid method. Morphology measurements showed that the CaO product had a porous structure and a large specific surface ensuring high activity.

High-gravity-assisted emulsification for continuous preparation of waterborne polyurethane nanodispersion with high solids content

In this work,we developed a continuous preparation strategy for the production of high-solidscontent waterborne polyurethane(WPU)emulsions via high-gravity-assisted emulsification in a rotating packed bed(RPB)reactor.By adjusting the experimental parameters and formula,WPU emulsions with a high solids content of 55%and alow viscosity were prepared.Preliminary applications of the high-solids-content WPU as a thermally insulating material were demonstrated.RPB emulsification is an economical and environmentally friendly production strategy because of the low energy consumption,short emulsification time,and effective devolatilization.This study demonstrated an effective method for preparation of high-solids-content WPU,moving toward commercialization and industrialization.

Cationic CO_(2)-based Waterborne Polyurethane with High Solid Content and Excellent Ageing Resistance

High solid content CO_(2)-based cationic waterborne polyurethanes(CWPUs)were prepared using CO_(2)-polyols as soft segment and Nmethyl diethanolamine(MDEA)as hydrophilic group.The resulting stable aqueous dispersion displayed a high solid content of 52%with a low MDEA loading of 3.52 wt%.This novel structural CWPU can provide excellent adhesive strength,whose T-peel strength could reach 173.48N/5cm,20%higher than that of ester-based cationic waterborne polyurethane(87.55 N/5cm).The CO_(2)-based CWPU film showed only 2 wt%swelling percentage after 240 min immersion in water,and no change was observed during its immersion in 5 wt%sodium hydroxide solution.The tensile strength of CO_(2)-WPUs dropped slowly to 91.2%after 480 min immersion in a 5 wt%sodium hydroxide solution,whereas that of esterbased CWPUs dropped quickly to 32%after 240 min and their mechanical properties were lost after 360 min immersion.Meanwhile,the retention of the tensile strength of the CO_(2)-CWPUs was 81.5%even after 720 min immersion in 10 wt%H_(2)O_(2) solution,while it was only ca.38%for the ester-based CWPUs.These results indicated that the cationic CO_(2)-based CWPU may be promising waterborne adhesive with outstanding ageing resistance due to its synergistic effect from carbonate and ether groups of CO_(2)-polyol structure.

High-solid Anaerobic Co-digestion of Food Waste and Rice Straw for Biogas Production

Anaerobic co-digestion of food waste（FW） and rice straw（RS） in continuously stirred tank reactor（CSTR） at high organic loading rate（OLR） was investigated. Co-digestion studies of FW and RS with six different mixing ratios were conducted at an initial volatile solid（VS） concentration of more than 3 g VS · L-1. The biogas production, methane contents, degradation efficiency of VS, chemical oxygen demand（COD） and volatile fatty acids（VFAs） were determined to evaluate the stability and performance of the system. The results showed that the co-digestion process had higher system stability and higher volumetric biogas production than mono-digestions. Increase in FW content in the feedstock could increase the methane yield and shorten retention time. The efficiency of co-digestion systems mainly relied on the mixing ratios of FW and RS to some extent. The highest methane yield was 60.55 m L· g V· S-1 · d-1 at a mass ratio（FW/RS） of 3 ： 1, which was 178% and 70% higher than that of mono-digestions of FW and RS, respectively. Consequently, the anaerobic co-digestion of FW and RS could have superior stability and better performance than monodigestions in higher organic loading system.

Organic Fluorescent Molecule with High Solid State Lumines- cent Efficiency and Protonation Stimuli-response

有高稳固的州的光效率的新奇器官的 fluorophor 基于 1,4 二度(2,2-di (pyridin-2-yl ) 乙烯基) ，苯(BDP2VB ) 被设计并且综合。它在答案微弱地射出，但是处于总数状态成为强壮的 emitter，证明它的聚集导致了排放(AIE ) 性质。根据水晶结构分析， J 类型聚集在分子的收拾行李的模式被形成，它被表明有益增加高荧光灯处于稳固的状态的量效率。另外， BDP2VB 的排放颜色能由 protonation 刺激处于稳固的状态以及在答案戏剧性地变化。

Nonionic Polymerizable Emulsifier in High-Solids-Content Acrylate Emulsion Polymerization

Stable high-solids-content acrylate emulsion were obtained with a nonionic polymerizable emulsifier allyloxy nonylphenoxy poly （ethyleneoxy） （10） ether （ANPEO10）, and a conventional emulsifier OP-10 as a reference sample. 1H NMR proves that the polymerizable emulsifier ANPEO10 has been incorporated into the resulted acrylate polymers. TEM demonstrates that there are some differences in the particle morphologies. AFM proves that the polymerizable emulsifier ANPEO10 migrating to the surface of the emulsion film was much less than the conventional emulsifier OP-10. The polymerizable emulsifier ANPEO10 can enhance the adhesion with glass plate compared to the conventional emulsifier. Furthermore, with increasing amount of emulsifier, the surface free energy of the films first decreased and then increased, and the adhesion with glass plate is initially enhanced and then attenuated. The water-resistance and solvent-resistance of the films prepared by the polymerizable emulsifier ANPEO10 are superior to those prepared by the conventional emulsifier OP-10.

Effects of high-pressure heat treatment on the solid-state phase transformation and microstructures of Cu_(61.13)Zn_(33.94)Al_(4.93) alloys

The phase transformation activation energy of the Cu61.13Zn33.94A14.93 alloys, which were treated at 4 GPa and 700 ℃ for 15 minutes, was calculated by means of differential scanning calorimetry curves obtained at various heating and cooling rates. Then, the effects of high-pressure heat treatments on the solid-state phase transformation and the microstructures of Cu61.13Zn33.94A14.93 alloys were investigated. The results show that high-pressure heat treatments can refine the grains and can change the preferred orientation from （111） to （200） of α phase. Compared with the as-cast alloy, the sample with high-pressure heat treatment has finer grains, lower β＇→β and/β→β＇ transformation temperature and activation energy. Furthermore, we found that high cooling rate favours the formation of fine needle-like α phase in the range of 5-20℃/min.

SPHERICAL MICROSTRUCTURE FORMATION OF THE SEMI-SOLID HIGH CHROMIUM CAST IRON Cr20Mo2

The nondendritic semi-solid slurry preparation of high chromium cast iron Cr20Mo2 has been studied in this paper. The experiments show that the proeutectic austenitic particles are more spherical under a larger stirring power condition, even if the stirring time is shorter, while the proeutectic austenitic particles are not very much spherical under a smaller stirring power condition and some proeutectic austenitic dendrites also exist, even if the stirring time is very long. The experiments also show that when stirred for 5-6 minutes under the test condition, the semi-solid slurry with 40vol.%-50vol.% solid fraction and spherical proeutectic austenite in the size of 50-80μm can be obtained.

Formation of AgI/Ag_3PO_4 solid solution on alumina for enhancing radioactive iodine adsorption at high temperatures

Radioiodine-131 is one of the pernicious radionuclides released during nuclear accidents, as its radioactivity can potentially affect public health and safety.To prevent radioiodine-131 from being released into the environment, the use of adsorbents that are highly efficient at high temperatures is significantly important. The radioactive gas from the nuclear core in an accident, such as the Fukushima nuclear accident, is usually released occurs under high-temperature conditions. Therefore, in this study, a 10 wt% silver phosphate-loaded alumina(Ag_3 PO_4/Al_2 O_3) adsorbent was prepared. Further, its performance toward radioiodine adsorption was tested at high temperatures up to 750 0 C, using Al_2 O_3 and traditional 10 wt% Ag/Al_2 O_3 adsorbent as controls. The results of the iodine adsorption test indicated that the 10 wt% Ag_3 PO_4/Al_2 O_3 adsorbent showed a higher decontamination factor than did the 10 wt% Ag/Al_2 O_3 adsorbent by two orders of magnitude at 650 and 750℃. Results of the iodine desorption test revealed that the new adsorbent could be effectively used at 750 ℃. The characteristic powder X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis-differential scanning calorimetry data indicated that the enhanced adsorption ability at high temperatures was attributed to the formation of a solid solution between silver iodide and Ag_3 PO_4.

Development of rheometer for semi-solid high-melting point alloys

A rheometer for semi-solid high-melting point alloys was developed based on the principle of a double-bucket rheometer, with which the solidifying of semi-solid high-melting point alloy melt could be effectively controlled by the control of temperature and the outer force-field; and different microstructures have also been obtained. This rheometer can be used to investigate the rheological behavior under different conditions by changing the Theological parameters. By way of full-duplex communication between the computer and each sensor, automatic control of the test equipment and real- time measurement of rheological parameters were realized. Finally, the influencing factors on torque are also quantitatively analyzed .

Microstructural morphology of the semi-solid high carbon steel T12 before and after rheo-rolling

The semi-solid high carbon steel T12 was rolled in a closed box groove under a certain condition by the rheo-rolling equipment, and the microstructural morphology of the semi-solid T12 before and after deformation was investigated by optical mi- croscope to analyze and summarize the microstructure evolution law of T12 deformed in semi-solid state. The experiment results show that the grain shape before deformation of the semi-solid T12 steel displays globule or ellipse by the electromagnetic stirring, the distribution of solid and liquid phases is homogeneous. But the microstructure of semi-solid product after rheo-rolling exhibits macrosegregation that the distribution of liquid and solid phases changes, the liquid phases divorce from the solid phases. In the transverse section, most of the solid phases get together in the center of the specimen, the liquid phases flow to the surface or the edge of the specimen, and the grains occur plastic deformation while reduction increased. In longitudinal section, the middle micro- structure of the specimen is more homogeneous than that at the head or tail, the head microstructure is similar to the tail and the size of the grains is not homogeneous.

Molecular crystals based on 9,10-distyrylanthracene derivatives with high solid state fluorescence efficiency and uniaxial orientation induced by supramolecular interactions

Two 9,10-distyrylanthracene (DSA) derivatives CNDSA and t-BUDSA were designed and synthesized, and their photophysical properties and crystal structures were investigated. Compared to DSA, the maximum emission peaks of the two compounds showed red-shift not only in THF solution, but also in crystals, because the introduction of electron-withdrawing substituents to DSA leads to more dispersion of the electrons in the molecules. The two crystals of CNDSA and t-BUDSA show strong fluores- cence with the efficiency F of 45% and 33%, respectively, which may be resulted from no obvious-interactions between molecules inside the crystal due to the large distance between the two adjacent molecules and nearly no overlap between the central anthracene planes. The analysis of crystal structures of the two compounds indicated that the molecules are arranged in the same conformation and orientation in their crystals, i.e. uniaxially oriented packing crystal, because of the supramolecular interac- tion of CH/ in the two crystals and additional C-H···N interactions in CNDSA.

Integration of high-solid digestion and gasification to dispose horticultural waste and chicken manure

To realize full energy recovery from grass and chicken manure(CM), the integration of high-solid anaerobic digestion(HSAD) and gasification was investigated experimentally. The anaerobic biodegradability of grass can be enhanced through codigestion with CM. When the volatile solid(VS) ratio of CM to grass was 20:80, C/N ratio calculated to be 21.70, the cumulative biogas yield was the highest, 237 ml·(g VS)^(-1). The enhancement of biogas production was attributed to the buffering effects of ammonia and rich trace elements in CM. In semi-continuous systems, when the organic loading rate was 4.0 g VS·L^(-1)·d^(-1), the HSAD process was stable, with the average biogas yield 168 ml·(g VS)^(-1). More than 80% fractions of the digestates were volatile matters, which meant that the digestates can be used as feedstock for gasification to produce syngas. The VS ratio of grass to CM had significant overall energy generation through HSAD and gasification. Compared with gasification of digestate,cogasification with woodchips increased syngas yield and low heat value(LHV). Increasing of mass ratio of digestates to woodchips led to the decrease of LHV.

Pressure-relief and permeability-increase technology of high liquid–solid coupling blast and its application

As for the coal seam with high stress,high gas and low permeability,a single technology cannot prevent the complex dynamic disasters.Because of this,the study proposes a new method of pressure-relief and permeability-increase technology of the high liquid–solid coupling blast.Through coal seam injection and charging structure change,the paper fully works out the dual functions of the water and explosion.Using the theoretical calculation,numerical simulation and physical experiments,we obtained that the initial blasting stress,displacement and overpressure of the liquid–solid coupling blast are much better than that of ordinary blasting.The technology has been used in the relative coal mine,and the application results show that the technique has effectively prevented the coal and gas outburst,which has a wide range of application.

SEED SEMICONTINUOUS EMULSION MULTI-COPOLYMERIZATION OF (METH) ACRYLATES WITH HIGH-SOLID CONTENT: EFFECT OF THE OPERATION CONDITIONS

The seeded semicontinuous emulsion multi-copolymerization of butyl acrylate (BA), 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (2EHA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), 2-hydroxyl propyl acrylate (HOPA) and acrylic acid (AA) was used to prepare the acrylic latexes with high-solid content. The effects of monomer emulsion feed rates (R(a)) and (R/E)(E) values, the ratio of emulsifier amount between the initial charge (R) and the addition monomer emulsion (E), on the polymerization reaction features, the viscosities, surface tensions,particle sizes and particle sizes distributions of latexes, T-g and the insoluble fractions of films, the 180 degrees peel strength, tack and holding power of pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) tapes, prepared from the latexes, were studied. Experimental study shows that the grafting and crosslinking fraction in the PSA tapes must be controlled within a suitable range to keep the balance of the 180 degrees peel strength, tack and holding power.