IWHR HIGH SPEED WATER TUNNEL FOR CAVITATION RESEARCH

The paper concerns with the design philosophy,feasibility study,as well as some peculiar features of IWHR water tunnel for cavitation research.The highlights worth-mentioning are the maximum velocity of 35m/s and Reynolds number of 1×10~7 as well as the provision of a specially designed air resorber.

High Speed Observation of Periodic Cavity Behavior in a Convergent-Divergent Nozzle for Cavitating Water Jet

Cloud cavitation shows an unsteady periodic tendency under a certain flow condition. In a cavitating water jet flow with cavitation clouds, the cavities or the clouds produce high impact at their collapse. In order to make clear a mechanism of the periodic cavity behavior, we experimentally examine the behavior in a transparent cylindrical convergent-divergent nozzle using a high-speed video camera. An effect of upstream pressure fluctuation due to a plunger pump is investigated from a viewpoint of unsteady behavior in a cavitating water jet. As a result, it is found that the cavitating flow has two kinds of oscillation patterns in the cavity length (cavitation cloud region). One is due to the upstream pressure fluctuation caused by the plunger pump. The other is much shorter periodic motion related to the characteristic oscillation of cavitation clouds accompanied with the shrinking (reentrant), growing and shedding motion of the clouds.

Numerical Simulation of High-Speed Water Entry of Cone-Cylinder

Numerical method by solving Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations is presented to solve the vertical high-speed water entry problem of a cone-cylinder. The results of the trajectory and cavity shape agree well with the results obtained by the analytical model from literatures. The velocity of the projectile decays rapidly during the penetration,which is about 90% losing in 80D penetration depth. Pressure distributions are also discussed and the results show that the largest pressure appears on the tip of the cone and the lowest pressure occurs inside the cavity and causes vapor generation. For inside the cavity,there is always a supplement of air from outside before the splash closed,after that,the cavity is mainly filled with vapor.

Evaluation of Early High Speed Development of Bottom Water Heavy Oil Reservoir

The bottom water heavy oil reservoir has high natural energy, and the bottom water body multiple of the reservoir is 300 times or even higher. The natural energy of the reservoir can keep the superior condition that the formation energy does not decrease under the condition of large liquid volume and high recovery rate. In view of this reservoir condition, we take C oilfield as an example to carry out the oilfield development effect under the condition of large liquid volume and high-speed production, and analyze the influence of high-speed production and medium low-speed production on recovery rate of similar heavy oil bottom water-reservoir. The results show that the rising trend of water cut in oilfield is the same whether high-speed development with large liquid volume or conventional low-speed development is adopted. Under the condition of high liquid production, the sweep efficiency of water flooding is high in the same period of time, which has certain advantages of enhanced oil recovery. The development mode of early large liquid production is explored, which provides certain guidance for the efficient development of heavy oil reservoir with bottom water.

Study on the subgrade deformation under high-speed train loading and water–soil interaction

It is important to study the subgrade characteristics of high-speed railways in consideration of the water–soil coupling dynamic problem,especially when high-speed trains operate in rainy regions.This study develops a nonlinear water–soil interaction dynamic model of slab track coupling with subgrade under high-speed train loading based on vehicle–track coupling dynamics.By using this model,the basic dynamic characteristics,including water–soil interaction and without water induced by the high-speed train loading,are studied.The main factors-the permeability coefficien and the porosity-influencin the subgrade deformation are investigated.The developed model can characterize the soil dynamic behaviour more realistically,especially when considering the influenc of water-rich soil.

空心弹高速入水机理及特性数值模拟研究

为分析空心弹高速入水的机理及其特性,基于雷诺时均Navier-Stokes方程、VOF(volume of fluid)多相流模型、Realizable k-ε湍流模型,引入Schnerr-Sauer空化模型和重叠网格技术对空心弹高速入水进行数值模拟研究,获得了通孔孔径和头部形状对空心弹的空化特性、空泡形态和入水运动特性的影响规律。研究显示数值计算的空泡形态和入水速度、位移曲线与实验结果吻合较好,验证了数值模拟方法的可行性。结果表明:当通孔孔径不同时,通孔孔径越大,空化现象越明显,通孔射流越长,但对空泡半径的影响不大;通孔孔径越小,空泡闭合时间越早,与水面碰撞产生的阻力系数峰值越高,空心弹入水稳定后其阻力系数也越大;无量纲直径在0.575~0.600之间时,空心弹的运动最为稳定。当头部锥角不同时,头部锥角越大,空泡直径越大,空化现象出现得越晚,但空化生成的速度更快;随着头部锥角的增大,阻力系数变大,空心弹的速度衰减变快,相同时间运动的距离较短;头部锥角越大,俯仰角的变化越小,空心弹的运动越稳定。

高速跨介质入水多相流动与流固耦合特性研究综述

高速跨介质入水问题广泛存在于海洋工程、航空航天等领域,入水多相流动与流固耦合作用机理是该领域的研究热点,对于跨介质航行器的载荷预报、弹道稳定性评估、结构强度校核以及安全性设计等具有重要意义。本文围绕高速跨介质入水所涉及的基础关键力学问题,重点论述了高速跨介质多相流动与空泡演化、冲击载荷与降载方法、运动稳定性与流固耦合响应、流固耦合数值研究方法等方面的研究现状,并针对目前仍存在的问题提出了建议,旨在为高速跨介质入水的相关研究与设计等提供参考。

Observation and theoretic analysis of gas-bubble formation and growth in water-model

The behavior of bubbles is observed with high-speed digital camera in water-model. It is found that each bubble has three processes: bubble formation, bubble coalescence and bubble division. Bubble shape is spherical firstly, then elliptical and spherical crown after coalescence, and spherical again after division. These phenomena are explained theoretically. And the bubble size is defined newly. The so-defined bubble size is measured through digital camera and LECO graphical analyzer. And the measured results are compared with those in literatures.

UNDERWATER ACOUSTICS AND CAVITATING FLOW OF WATER ENTRY

The fluid mechanics of water entry is studied through investigating the underwater acoustics and the supercavitation.Underwater acoustic signals in water entry are extensively measured at about 30 different positions by using a PVDF needle hydrophone.From the measurements we obtain (1)the primary shock wave caused by the impact of the blunt body on free surface;(2)the vapor pressure inside the cavity;(3)the secondary shock wave caused by pulling away of the cavity from free surface;and so on.The supercavitation induced by the blunt body is observed by using a digital high-speed video camera as well as the single shot photography.The periodic and 3 dimensional motion of the supercavitation is revealed.The experiment is carried out at room temperature.

速度对射弹垂直破冰入水空泡流动特性的影响

探究冰层对高速射弹入水过程的影响机理对发展适用于冰区海域的先进跨介质武器具有重要指导意义。基于耦合欧拉-拉格朗日(Coupled Euler-Lagrange,CEL)方法对圆柱射弹以不同初速度垂直高速破冰入水过程进行研究。研究结果表明:射弹初速度较低时(50 m/s),撞击所形成的冰孔尺寸较小,严重阻碍了外界气体涌入,空泡扩张发展受阻,导致提前发生颈缩,且不再出现无冰时的表面闭合现象,空泡更快发生深闭合;射弹初速较高时(≥100 m/s),撞击所形成的冰孔尺寸较大,外界空气能够持续涌入,延迟空泡闭合,冰层与无冰的空泡尺度差异随初速增加而减小;随着入水速度增加,碎冰对气流干扰程度加剧,增强了空泡内部流场的非线性和湍流特性;射弹在无冰环境入水受力峰值为同速度下破冰入水(冰厚为二分之一射弹直径)的70%。当速度达到150 m/s时,破冰入水过程中的弹体头部会发生微弱塑性应变,在设计新型冰区跨介质武器时,应着重提高射弹头部结构强度。

空泡演化对航行体高速入水运动特性的影响研究

为了研究空泡演化与航行体运动特性之间的联系,并进一步探讨入水速度和入水角度对航行体运动特性的影响,文中基于STAR-CCM+,耦合SSTk-ω湍流模型、VOF界面捕捉方法和重叠网格技术,对航行体高速入水过程中空泡从生成到溃灭的整个发展演化过程进行了数值计算研究.结果表明,航行体高速入水过程中空泡的发展演化可以分为3个阶段:空泡稳定发展阶段、空泡断裂溃灭阶段、空泡脱落再生阶段.垂直入水条件下,提高入水速度能够延迟二次射流对航行体扰动时间,增强航行体维持初始入水弹道的能力;斜入水条件下,增大入水角度能够减缓航行体在入水前期的姿态变化,但会降低其在入水后期维持初始入水弹道的能力.

Influence of Ramjets’ Water Inflow on Supercavity Shape and Cavitator Drag Characteristics

Water ramjets using outer water as an oxidizer have been demonstrated as a potential propulsion mode for underwater High Speed Supercavitating Vehicles (HSSVs) because of their higher energy density, power density, and specific impulse, but water flux changes the shapes of supercavity. To uncover the cavitator drag characteristics and the supercavity shape of HSSVs with water inflow for ramjets, supercavitation flows around a disk cavitator with inlet hole are studied using the homogenous model. By changing the water inflow in the range of 0-10 L/s through cavitators having different water inlet areas, a series of numerical simulations of supercavitation flows was performed. The water inflow flux of ramjets significantly influences the drag features of disk cavitators and the supercavity shape, but it has little influence on the slender ratio of supercavitaty. Furthermore, as the water inlet area increases, the drag coefficient of the cavitators' front face decreases, but this increase does not influence the diameter of the supercavity's maximum cross section and the drag coefficient of the entire cavitator significantly. In addition, with increasing waterflux of the ramjet, both the drag coefficient of cavitators and the maximum diameter of supercavities decrease stably. This research will be helpful for layout optimization and supercavitaty scheme design of HSSVs with water inflow for ramjets.

自由面碎冰浮冰环境高速入水动力学特性

为了研究碎冰环境下航行体高速入水过程中的空泡流场演化、航行体动力学响应以及碎冰载荷特性等规律,基于任意拉格朗日-欧拉方法建立了碎冰环境下的航行体高速入水流固耦合计算模型,并与高速入水试验、冰材料三点弯矩试验对比验证了方法的有效性和冰材料模型的可靠性。利用构建完成的高速入水流固耦合计算模型重点研究了碎冰以及碎冰间隙对航行体入水过程流场、动力学参数以及载荷的影响。研究结果表明:碎冰的存在对航行体入水后的水面抬升以及产生的飞溅演化存在抑制作用;碎冰环境下航行体的入水冲击载荷显著增加,其过程相较于无冰环境具有更大的动能损耗,但其砰击载荷持续时间与无冰环境入水过程一致;入水形成的飞溅冠连续性随着碎冰间隙的增加而增加,一定碎冰间隙范围内,航行体瞬时砰击载荷与间隙大小呈负相关关系,间隙足够大时,砰击载荷变化相对较小。

不同入水攻角下高速射弹的流固耦合特性

高速入水时弹体结构响应(变形)大小关系射弹能否安全入水。当前,基于刚体模型的高速入水数值计算方法无法深入揭示初始扰动影响下射弹入水过程中复杂多相流、水动力与弹体结构响应等之间的相互耦合作用规律。为解决上述难题,基于流体力学和结构动力学,建立一种高速入水流固耦合数值计算方法,重点研究攻角对某型射弹高速入水过程的影响,分析攻角影响下空泡演化、冲击载荷、弹体运动与结构变形的相互耦合作用机理。研究结果表明:随攻角增大,弹体下表面与空泡壁面逐渐产生强烈撞击,迫使空泡壁面弯曲;对该型射弹,当攻角>3°时,射弹会因尾翼拍击液面出现第2次载荷峰值,此时射弹因沾湿产生弯矩,迫使射弹出现塑性应变,随入水深度增加,射弹形成明显的尾翼弯折,因沾湿产生的表面压力最大值超过10 MPa;攻角为2°时,射弹虽因弹头尾翼同时受力产生弯矩,但内部应力未超过弹体材料的屈服强度,未出现塑性变形,因此,对该型射弹,其安全入水攻角≤2°。

Measurement of the spatial specific impulse distribution due to buried high explosive charge detonation

Buried high explosive(HE) charges represent a high threat to military vehicles. The detonation of these charges can lead to significant momentum transfer onto vehicles and their occupants. A detailed understanding of the physical processes involved in the loading of vehicle structures is necessary for an optimization of effective countermeasures and protection systems. A quantitative description of the local momentum distribution on the vehicle underbody due to the detonation process is of special importance. In the following, a new test setup is presented that allows the experimental determination of the specific impulse distribution. It is based on a ring arrangement where the elements are nested into each other and the velocity of each ring is correlated with the local specific impulse at its position.The momentum transfer to a vehicle depends on a number of influencing factors such as: charge mass,embedding material(e.g. sand, gravel, clay), density, water content, saturation, depth of burial, ground clearance and vehicle shape. The presented technology is applied to quantify the influence of the embedding material(alluvial sand, quartz sand), the burial depth and the water content on the local specific impulse distribution. The obtained data can be used as initial condition for the numerical simulation of occupant safety assessment and as input for empirical modeling of momentum transfer on structures.

基于ALE方法的弹体入水硬质聚氨酯泡沫缓冲器降载性能分析

针对弹体高速入水过程中的降载问题,设计一种硬质聚氨酯泡沫缓冲器。基于霍普金森压杆实验技术,获取冲击载荷下硬质聚氨酯泡沫密度和应变率效应,构建其宏观本构模型。采用拉格朗日-欧拉流固耦合方法(ALE),建立弹体入水冲击数值仿真模型,验证所建本构关系及ALE方法的合理性,对加装缓冲器的弹体高速入水问题进行数值仿真计算,获得入水过程中硬质聚氨酯泡沫的动态破坏过程及弹体运动参数,从而分析硬质聚氨酯泡沫密度、厚度对降载特性影响规律,讨论不同入水速度下硬质聚氨酯泡沫参数的设计方法。研究结果表明:硬质聚氨酯泡沫动态力学性能应变率效应不明显,但密度效应明显,缓冲降载性能随硬质聚氨酯泡沫密度和厚度的增大而升高。

不同厚度航行器高速入水冲击载荷及壳体变形特性

航行器高速入水过程中,壳体受冲击载荷作用将产生大变形,而大变形又反过来影响航行体的受力状态。为了了解航行体结构受入水冲击的动态响应特性,基于结构化任意拉格朗日-欧拉(structured arbitrary Lagrange-Euler,S-ALE)算法研究了航行器撞水阶段壳体所受冲击载荷与变形的关联性,获取了壳体变形模式,并分析了壳体厚度对变形的影响规律。结果表明:壳体内凹大变形将增大航行器所受法向载荷,载荷峰值的脉宽虽为“毫秒级”,但对壳体变形具有较大影响。入水速度较低时,壳体变形模式以弹性变形为主,变形区域在上凹和下凸间不断转换,增大壳厚,结构主要通过减小脉宽来抑制变形;入水速度较高时,壳体变形模式以塑性变形为主,依次出现内凹区、拉伸区和卷曲压缩区,随形变量增大,拉伸区不断扩张,而卷曲压缩区不断后移,其中内凹变形受斜入水影响向y+方向偏斜,而卷曲压缩区在壳厚较小时出现S形卷曲对,增大壳厚,结构主要通过减小峰值来抑制变形。航行器斜入水内凹变形非对称性的内在机理为弹性应变与塑性应变的叠加效应,当冲击能量不变时,增大壳厚提升了内凹区壳体对冲击能量的吸收能力,减小了拉伸和卷曲压缩形变量,此为总形变量随壳厚增加而减小的内在机理。本文得到的航行器入水载荷及变形结果,可为相关领域的研究提供参考与支持。

红毛藻膳食纤维制备工艺优化

在传统酶法制备膳食纤维的工艺基础上,基于膳食纤维提取率、可溶性膳食纤维含量及不溶性膳食纤维持水力的差异,对红毛藻膳食纤维的制备工艺进行改进,旨在获得高品质红毛藻膳食纤维的制备工艺。通过4种不同制备工艺(酶法制备工艺、高速剪切分散辅助酶法制备工艺、乳杆菌发酵辅助酶法制备工艺、乳杆菌发酵-高剪切分散辅助酶法制备工艺)对红毛藻中膳食纤维进行提取,利用响应面法对提取工艺条件进行优化。结果表明,乳杆菌发酵-高剪切分散辅助酶法对红毛藻总膳食纤维具有最佳的提取率,较传统酶解法提高1.2倍。优化后的提取工艺条件为分散转速15 000 r/min、分散时间10 min、料液比1∶60(g/mL),此条件下制备的膳食纤维提取率为(50.32±1.23)%,可溶性膳食纤维含量为(12.04±0.45)%、不溶性膳食纤维持水力为(12.73±0.87)g/g。

水可压缩性对高速航行体入水过程的影响

为研究流体的可压缩性对航行体高速入水的影响,对不同入水速度和不同入水角度的航行体入水过程进行了数值仿真。结果表明:在不同入水角度情况下,与不考虑流体可压缩性相比,随着航行体入水速度的增加,空泡尺寸逐渐减小、航行体阻力增大。考虑流体可压缩性引起的空泡尺寸偏差最大超过20%,入水运动轨迹速度方向的偏移程度最大可达1.7倍的差距。对于高速入水航行体,流体可压缩性对于流场参数的影响愈加显著。

高速铁路微膨胀泥岩破碎土非饱和渗透特性研究

非饱和渗透系数是非饱和膨胀泥岩土体渗流分析及水-力耦合研究的基础,对工程建设和工程病害预防具有重要意义。以新疆哈密地区微膨胀泥岩破碎土为例,制备4种不同初始干密度重塑土样,采用压力板法和滤纸法试验测量其土-水特征曲线,采用变水头试验测量土样饱和渗透系数;通过自主研制的土柱渗流试验装置进行恒定体积条件下一维土柱入渗试验,探究湿润锋前进法和瞬态剖面法的适用性,以获得不同初始干密度土体的非饱和渗透性曲线,并结合试验值对Childs和Collis-Geroge (CCG)渗透系数预测模型进行修正。结果表明:新疆哈密微膨胀泥岩破碎土的基质吸力范围为1~10^(5)kPa,渗透系数范围为10^(-9)~10^(-4)cm·s^(-1);试验土样初始干密度越大,大孔隙占比越小,阻渗作用越明显;CCG渗透系数预测模型可较好地反映土体渗透性曲线发展趋势,但在量值上随吸力的增加逐渐“远离”土体实测渗透性曲线;修正后的CCG渗透系数预测模型可反映不同初始干密度下土体渗透性曲线的发展规律。