Failure mechanism of bolting support and high-strength bolt-grouting technology for deep and soft surrounding rock with high stress

In deep underground mining, the surrounding rocks are very soft with high stress. Their deformation and destruction are serious, and frequent failures occur on the bolt support. The failure mechanism of bolt support is proposed to solve these problems. A calculation theory is established on the bond strength of the interface between the anchoring agent and surrounding rocks. An analysis is made on the influence law of different mechanical parameters of surrounding rocks on the interfacial bond strength. Based on the research, a new high-strength bolt-grouting technology is developed and applied on site. Besides, some helpful engineering suggestions and measures are proposed. The research shows that the serious deformation and failure, and the lower bond strength are the major factors causing frequent failures of bolt support. So, the bolt could not give full play to its supporting potential. It is also shown that as the integrity, strength, interface dilatancy and stress of surrounding rocks are improved, the bond strength will increase. So, the anchoring force on surrounding rocks can be effectively improved by employing an anchoring agent with high sand content, mechanical anchoring means, or grouting reinforcement. The new technology has advantages in a high strength, imposing pre-tightening force, and giving full play to the bolt supporting potential. Hence, it can improve the control effect on surrounding rocks. All these could be helpful references for the design of bolt support in deep underground mines.

Prying Force Calculation and Design Method for T-shaped Tensile Connector with High Strength Bolt

In order to establish the design method for T-shaped tensile connector with high strength bolt,the theoretical analysis is carried out. Firstly,it analyzes the performance of the connector and establishes prying force calculation model. Based on the model,prying force equation and function between bolt prying force and flange thickness is derived,and the min and max thickness requirement of flange plate under a certain tension load is then obtained. Finally,two simplified design methods of the connector are proposed,which are bolt pulling capacity method and flange plate bending capacity method.

1300 MPa High Strength Steel for Bolt with Superior Delayed Fracture Resistance

By the increase in Mo content,the addition of microalloying elements V and Nb and by reducing the contents of Mn,P and S based on the composition of steel 42 CrMo,we have developed a 1 300 MPa-grade high strength steel(ADF1)for bolts.The sustained load bending test,sustained load tensile test and stress corrosion cracking test have been carried out to evaluate the delayed fracture resistance of steel ADFl and commercial steel 42 CrMo.The results showed that steel ADF1 has superior delayed fracture resistance to that of 42 CrMo steel.It's concluded that the superior delayed fracture resistance of ADF1 is mainly due to the increase of tempering temperature,fine homogeneously distributed MC carbide and fine prior austenite grain size.

Residual Capacity of Friction⁃Type High⁃Strength Bolted T⁃stub Connection with Nut Corrosion Damage

Corrosion is a primary cause of the slippage of friction⁃type high⁃strength bolted(FHSB)T⁃stub connections.This paper attempts to quantify the residual capacity of FHSB T⁃stub connections with corroded nuts.Firstly,corrosion simulation tests were conducted on 48 manually cut nuts to find out the relationship between the damage degree of nut section and the residual clamping force(RCF)of bolt.Then,static load tests were carried out on 24 FHSB T⁃stub connections with nuts of different degrees of damage to obtain the failure modes.By finite⁃element(FE)models,a comparative analysis was performed on the initial friction load(IFL)and ultimate strength(US)of each connection with corroded nuts.Finally,the parameters of 96 FE models for FHSB T⁃stub connections were analyzed and used to derive the calculation formulas for the degree of damage for each nut and the IFL and US of each connection.The results show that the RCF decay of a bolt is a quadratic function of the equivalent radius loss ratio and the shear failure after nut corrosion;the IFL of each connection had a clear linear correlation with the RCF of the corresponding bolts,and the correlation depends on the applied load and static friction on connecting plate interface induced by the clamping force;the static friction had little impact on the US of the connection;the proposed IFL and US formulas can effectively derive the residual anti⁃slip capacity of FHSB T⁃stub connections from the degree of damage of the corroded nut section.The research results provide a scientific basis for the replacement and maintenance of corroded bolts of FHSB T⁃stub connections.

Numerical Model Research on Rotational Performance of Beam-Column High-Strength Bolt Extension End-Plate Connection Node

The high-strength bolted end plate connection is widely used in the construction industry with its green environmental protection and excellent seismic performance. The joints of the joints are semi-rigid, the force performance is extremely complicated, and the experimental research cost is relatively high, and the cycle is very long. Therefore, the establishment of an efficient numerical model is of great significance for evaluating the force performance of high-strength bolt end plates. In this paper, the influence of different material models on the rotation performance of the joint is studied by numerical simulation, and the bending moment-rotation curve is obtained. The numerical simulation and the experimental results are in good agreement, so as to provide a reference for the design and application of this kind of joint.

建设项目钢结构安装施工方案及工艺研究

钢结构作为建筑的主体承重构件能广泛应用于高层建筑、飞机场等大型基础设施建设中,起重机等机械设备在桥梁承重中,具有稳定性的优点。基于项目工程概况,分析钢结构在工程建设中的重难点并设计整体施工方案,具体分析重点安装技术在项目中的应用,以期实现钢结构建筑的提质增优,顺利合龙,并为工程的顺利进行提供保障。

钢管混凝土拱桥钢格子梁安装施工关键技术研究

以犍为岷江特大桥桥面系钢结构格子梁安装施工为例,介绍了钢管混凝土拱桥钢结构格子梁安装施工关键技术。钢管混凝土拱桥格子梁由钢结构纵梁、横梁通过栓焊结合方式拼装成型,与钢筋混凝土预制桥面板通过现浇钢筋混凝土方式组合为整体受力结构。钢结构格子梁作为桥面系受力、传力的关键结构,采用缆索吊装施工法,以及对称加载、栓焊结合连接、吊杆索力与桥面线形双重控制等方式安装。监测结果表明,钢格子梁安装施工质量控制效果较好。

State-of-the-art on resistance of bearing-type bolted connections in high strength steel

With the recent development of material science,high strength steel(HSS)has become a practical solution for landmark buildings and major projects.The current codes for design of bearing-type bolted connections of steel constructions were established based on the research of conventional steels.Since the mechanical properties of HSS are different from those of conventional steels,more works should be done to develop the appropriate approach for the design of bearing-type bolted connections in HSS.A review of the research carried out on bearing-type bolted connections fabricated from conventional steel and HSS is presented.The up-to-date tests conducted at Tongji University on four connection types fabricated from three grades of HSS with nominal yield strengths of 550,690,and 890 MPa are presented.The previous research on failure modes,bearing resistance and the design with consideration of bolt hole elongation are summarized.It is found that the behavior of bolted connections in HSS have no drastic difference compared to that of conventional steel connections.Although the ductility is reduced,plastic deformation capacity of HSS is sufficient to ensure the load redistribution between different bolts with normal construction tolerances.It is also found that behavior of each bolt of multi-bolt connections arranged in perpendicular to load direction is almost identical to that of a single-bolt connection with the same end distance.For connections with bolts arranged in parallel to load direction,the deformation capacity of the whole connection depends on the minimum value between the end distance and the spacing distances in load direction.The comparison with existing design codes shows that Eurocode3 and Chinese GB50017-2017 are conservative for the design of bolted connections in HSS while AISC 360-16 may overestimate the bearing resistance of bolted connections.

Research on Bolt Support Technology in Soft Coal Seam Roadway

In order to solve the problem of surrounding rock control in soft coal seam roadway, taking the centralized return airway of No. 2 coal seam in Liangdu Coal Industry as the research background, the mechanical conditions of roadway surrounding rock were analyzed by means of field investigation, rock mechanics experiment and numerical simulation. The design principles of roadway support in soft coal seam were put forward: high strength anchor cable support, high preload support and high stiffness support. The bearing capacity of surrounding rock was strengthened by anchor cable support, and the deformation and failure of surrounding rock were effectively controlled. Through the numerical simulation method, the deformation and plastic failure range of roadwaysunder different support schemes are compared and analyzed. The support scheme of centralized transportation roadway is studied and determined, and the field test is carried out, which effectively controls the deformation of surrounding rock of roadway in weak coal seam.

新型承插式螺栓连接柱-柱节点抗拉性能研究

为实现模块化钢结构单元房间的上下连接,提出一种新型承插式螺栓连接柱-柱节点,以有无注浆、承插深度为参数设计并制作3个足尺节点试件,并对其进行抗拉试验,分析了各节点的破坏形态、应变分布以及承载能力等,探讨了该新型节点的抗拉性能.建立了数值分析模型,进行了轴拉荷载作用下的受力性能参数化分析,研究了承插深度、螺栓直径及内套筒厚度对节点抗拉承载力的影响.基于高强螺栓的抗剪承载力,提出了适用于该新型节点的抗拉承载力计算公式.研究结果表明:该新型节点可将轴向拉力有效传递至高强螺栓,试件破坏时均出现高强螺栓群被剪断,灌浆节点试件发生破坏时,出现钢材与灌浆料界面的黏结破坏及螺栓周围局部灌浆料的压碎;高强螺栓群在拉力荷载作用下呈端部螺栓受剪较大、中心螺栓受剪较小的分布,试件破坏时,各螺栓承受的剪力趋于相等;灌浆节点与无浆节点相比,灌浆料与高强螺栓协同工作性能良好,弹性阶段最大摩擦力平均值提高64.4%,极限抗拉承载力提高14.1%;承插深度由300 mm增至500 mm,节点极限抗拉承载力提高80.9%;承插深度和螺栓直径对节点抗拉承载力影响较大,内套筒厚度对节点抗拉承载力的影响较小;根据提出的节点抗拉承载力计算公式得到的计算值与有限元模拟值吻合良好.

核电厂海水泵用镀锌高强度螺栓的开裂原因

某核电厂海水泵用双头镀锌高强度螺栓发生开裂失效。通过材料性能(化学成分、显微组织和力学性能等)检测及断口和裂纹形貌观察,分析了螺栓的失效原因。结果表明:镀锌螺栓开裂的原因为氢致开裂。锌镀层破损的高强度螺栓与海水接触时,表面锌镀层和螺栓基体形成电偶对,基体作为阴极析出氢,部分原子氢扩散进入螺栓基体导致氢致损伤,螺栓在预紧力的持续作用下发生氢致开裂。

倾覆力耦合的大兆瓦风机主轴-齿轮箱法兰结构疲劳寿命研究

大兆瓦风机主轴-齿轮箱法兰连接受倾覆力及其他交变载荷的作用,极易产生疲劳破坏。文中建立了考虑倾覆力耦合作用的法兰连接有限元数值模型,分析了特定工况下法兰连接各部件应力场分布规律;通过GH-Bladed获得主轴实际转矩变化数据,根据雨流计数法计算得到了主轴和螺栓多种工况下载荷-时间历程曲线,基于Brown-Miller准则并结合材料的S-N曲线,使用FE-SAFE给出了不同预紧力条件下主轴和螺栓的疲劳寿命,疲劳分析结果表明:随着预紧力的减小,主轴的疲劳寿命大于螺栓的,螺栓在风机运行过程中更容易发生疲劳破坏。基于VDI2230规范,结合法兰界面涂层增摩工艺,得到了法兰界面摩擦因数、螺栓预紧力与法兰结构疲劳寿命的理论模型。该研究对于大兆瓦风机主轴-齿轮箱法兰连接结构设计和疲劳寿命提升具有一定的指导意义。

高强螺栓锥孔灌浆连接的预制天沟抗剪性能试验研究

针对装配式混凝土建筑工程中多采用现浇天沟导致安装工序复杂的问题,为了探讨预制天沟替代现浇天沟的可行性,提出一种由预留锥形灌浆孔、高强螺栓、螺母、紧固件和高强灌浆料构成的预制构件连接方式,即“高强螺栓锥孔灌浆连接方式”,并对采用该种连接的简化天沟试件进行竖向力加载试验,研究预制天沟与预制混凝土剪力墙结合面的抗剪性能。结果表明:高强螺栓锥孔灌浆连接的预制天沟性能可靠,剪力作用下,试件未发生脆性破坏,螺栓未断裂;天沟等非结构预制构件,可以采用该种连接方式与预制结构构件连接;提出了该种构造下单个螺栓连接件的抗剪承载力计算公式,可为工程应用提供参考。

喷砂处理钢板高强度螺栓摩擦型连接循环抗剪试验研究

为了解决地震下高强度螺栓抗剪连接承载力性能的问题,对钢板喷砂处理的不同螺栓尺寸和孔型的36个高强度螺栓抗剪连接件进行了双剪、单剪和夹紫铜片双剪的循环加载试验,获得了连接件抗剪承载力、抗滑移系数、滑移前变形、刚度、滑移后的滑动承载力、实测摩擦因数、名义摩擦因数和螺栓拉力。结果表明:双剪连接刚度大,单剪连接滑移前变形是双剪连接的1.8倍;在喷砂钢板间夹紫铜片后抗滑移系数提高约16.1%并可减小摩擦力离散性和滑移噪声;螺栓垫圈与喷砂钢板间的摩擦力对单剪抗剪承载力有提高作用;提出修正的单剪连接抗滑移承载力公式;给出双剪、单剪和夹紫铜片双剪连接的滑移前变形建议取值,提出3类连接的滑动承载力公式。

基于超声多尺度衰减的螺栓轴向应力评价

针对超声波传统衰减法测量高强度短螺栓应-力时,难以达到预期精度,提出了一种基于超声散射衰减理论和小波多尺度分解的测量螺栓应力的方法。基于立方晶系材料的瑞利散射,推导了超声衰减系数与应力关系的理论模型。利用小波变换得到各个尺度的衰减系数并定义加权超声多尺度衰减系数,结合粒子群优化算法和灰色关联分析确定衰减系数最优尺度组合及其归一化权重系数,建立轴向应力的超声多尺度衰减测量模型。利用搭建的螺栓轴向应力超声波测量系统,对普通螺栓进行轴向应力测量,证明了该方法的可行性。对比了多尺度衰减法与渡越时间和传统衰减法对高强度短螺栓轴向应力的测量结果,验证了多尺度超声衰减法更适合高强度短螺栓的轴向应力测量。

钢板加固螺栓球节点力学性能试验研究

针对螺栓球节点高强螺栓漏拧、少拧的情况,实际工程中常采用焊接钢板加固螺栓球节点来保障螺栓球节点承载力。为探究钢板加固螺栓球节点的破坏形式及极限承载力规律,对三组高强螺栓拧入深度0.5d(d为螺栓直径)螺栓球节点采用钢板加固并进行受拉承载力试验。试验结果表明,钢板加固螺栓球节点虽能提高节点的承载力,但试件高强螺栓和钢板变形很难协调,共同受力不理想,易发生局部破坏。故对原有加固方法进行改进,并进行加固后螺栓球节点拉伸破坏试验。结果表明,改进后的钢板加固螺栓球节点力学性能得到很好的提升,可为螺栓节点加固提供保障。

高强螺栓连接装配式混凝土剪力墙抗震性能试验研究

提出一种用于装配式剪力墙结构的螺栓连接的干式连接方法,即预制墙板上预埋钢件,上、下层墙体通过高强螺栓和预埋钢件进行连接。为研究高强螺栓连接装配式混凝土剪力墙的抗震性能,对1个现浇试件和2个高强螺栓连接试件进行拟静力试验,对试件的破坏特征、滞回性能、变形能力、承载能力、耗能能力及延性等进行分析。结果表明:高强螺栓连接装配式剪力墙有效实现了剪力墙构件的工作机制,滞回曲线饱满,耗能能力较强,抗震性能良好。现浇试件RCSW、钢筋焊接试件DCSW1、钢筋环绕型试件DCSW2的极限位移角分别达到了1/60、1/60和1/41;钢筋焊接试件DCSW1的裂缝开展形态、受力性能及破坏形态与现浇试件RCSW相似,耗能曲线基本一致,耗能能力接近;钢筋环绕型试件DCSW2的屈服荷载、峰值荷载和极限荷载均小于RCSW和DCSW1,墙体塑性变形偏小,耗能能力偏低。

端板攻丝高强度螺栓连接受力性能试验研究

对10.9S级M16、M20高强度螺栓和Q345B端板攻丝连接与传统高强度螺栓连接受力性能进行试验对比,研究了其在单向受拉、单向受剪以及拉-剪复合受力状态下的破坏形态、受力机理和极限承载能力。试验结果表明:单向受拉时,极限承载能力和变形与传统连接方式基本一致;单向受剪时,即使是厚径比为0.8的M20螺栓,仍可实现栓杆剪断,而端板攻丝孔内牙体无明显变形破坏且攻丝连接件形式早期滑移量明显较小;拉-剪复合受力时,随着拉剪比从0.58增大到1.73,破坏形态由剪切破坏转变为受拉破坏。因此,为确保端板攻丝牙体无明显破坏,应考虑螺栓与板厚的合理设计,建议M20螺栓在单向受拉和拉-剪复合受力时厚径比不小于0.9d,3种受力状态下高强度螺栓端板攻丝连接方式的承载力与传统连接方式基本一致。试验结果分析可为工程设计提供参考依据。

模块化钢结构单元房承插式节点弯剪性能研究

为实现钢结构建筑模块化施工,提出一种新型承插式对穿螺栓连接柱-柱节点,该节点的组成构件在工厂预制,在施工现场仅需采用高强对穿螺栓拼装。通过对3个足尺节点试件进行弯剪试验,研究节点在弯剪受力状态下的受力特征、破坏模式、弯矩-转角关系及应变发展,对比节点内外套筒嵌套深度、套筒内有无注浆对节点极限承载力和初始刚度的影响。结果表明:该类节点初始转动刚度大、受弯性能好,满足欧洲规范3中刚性连接的要求,适用于钢结构模块化建筑;高强螺栓的紧固作用及内外套筒嵌套区域的“杠-撬作用”在一定程度上限制了节点域刚度发展;内套筒与端板焊接处焊缝质量和强度对节点承载性能影响较大,宜采用与钢材等强度设计;节点内外套筒嵌套深度为400 mm时,注浆与不注浆相比,初始转动刚度提高142%,承载力提高19%;承插深度减小可使节点内套筒应变发展变缓,但影响程度有限。采用ABAQUS有限元软件建立的考虑接触效应的实体单元非线性有限元模型可以很好地模拟该类节点的受力性能。进一步对该类注浆节点进行参数分析,结果表明:增加内、外套筒厚度可以提高注浆节点承载能力、初始刚度,但内套筒影响更为显著;套筒嵌套深度对注浆节点初始转动刚度和承载能力影响很小。

大兆瓦风机主轴法兰螺栓疲劳寿命评估方法研究

大兆瓦风电机组主轴法兰螺栓连接受到复杂交变载荷的作用,极易产生疲劳破坏。针对此问题,构建法兰螺栓连接有限元数值模型,以法兰界面涂层增摩工艺为背景,分析不同预紧力工况下法兰连接各部件危险部位应力变化规律。通过GH-Bladed结合雨流计数法给出螺栓实际载荷数据,根据Eurcode3规范修正材料S-N曲线,使用FE-SAFE得到了不同预紧力下螺栓连接疲劳寿命,明确了法兰界面涂层增摩、预紧力变化对螺栓连接疲劳寿命的影响,提出了基于法兰结构的螺栓疲劳寿命评估方法。结果表明:增大法兰界面的摩擦因数,在850~1100 kN内降低螺栓预紧力有益于改善螺栓连接的疲劳寿命。