Effect of Boron on Delayed Fracture Resistance of Medium-Carbon High Strength Spring Steel

The delayed fracture behavior of medium carbon high strength spring steel containing different amounts of boron （0. 000 5%, 0. 001 6 %） was studied using sustained load delayed fracture test. The results show that delayed fracture resistance of boron containing steels is higher than that of conventional steel 60Si2MnA at the same strength level and it increases with the increase of boron eontent from 0. 000 5% to 0. 001 6%. The delayed fracture mode is mainly intergranular in the boron containing steels tempered at 350℃, which indicates that the addition of boron does not change the fracture character. However, the increase of boron content enlarges the size of the crack initia tion area. Further study of phase analysis indicates that most boron is in solid solution, and only a very small quantity of boron is in the M3 （C, B） phase.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of high-strength low alloy steel by wire and arc additive manufacturing

A high-building multi-directional pipe joint(HBMDPJ)was fabricated by wire and arc additive manufacturing using high-strength low-alloy(HSLA)steel.The microstructure characteristics and transformation were observed and analyzed.The results show that the forming part includes four regions.The solidification zone solidifies as typical columnar crystals from a molten pool.The complete austenitizing zone forms from the solidification zone heated to a temperature greater than 1100℃,and the typical columnar crystals in this zone are difficult to observe.The partial austenitizing zone forms from the completely austenite zone heated between Ac1(austenite transition temperature)and1100℃,which is mainly equiaxed grains.After several thermal cycles,the partial austenitizing zone transforms to the tempering zone,which consistes of fully equiaxed grains.From the solidification zone to the tempering zone,the average grain size decreases from 75 to20μm.The mechanical properties of HBMDPJ satisfies the requirement for the intended application.

EFFECT OF CARBON CONTENT ON MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF HIGH STRENGTH AND HIGH ELONGATION STEELS

The micro structure and mechanical properties of new kind of hot-rolled high strength and high elongation steels with retained austenite were studied by discussing the influence of different carbon content. The research results indicate that carbon content has a significant effect on retaining austenite and consequently resulting in high elongation. Besides, new findings about relationship between carbon content and retained austenite as well as properties were discussed in the paper.

Effect of Fast Cooling Rate on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Low-Carbon High-Strength Steel Annealed in the Intercritical Region

The effect of fast cooling rate on the microstructure and mechanical properties of low-carbon high-strength steel annealed in the intercritical region was investigated using a Gleeble 1500 thermomechanical simulator and a continuous annealing thermomeehanical simulator. The results showed that the microstructure consisted of ferrite and bainite as the main phases with a small amount of retained austenite and martensite islands at cooling rate of 5 and 50 ℃/s, respectively. Fast cooling after continuous annealing affected all constituents of the microstructure. The mechanical properties were improved considerably. Ultimate tensile strength （U-TS） increased and total elongation （TEL） decreased with increasing cooling rate in all specimens. The specimen 1 at a cooling rate of 5 ℃/s exhibited the maximum TEL and UTSxTEL （20% and 27 200 MPa%, respectively） because of the competition between weakening by presence of the retained austenite plus the carbon indigence by carbide precipitation, and strengthening by martensitic islands and precipitation. The maximum UTS and YS （1 450 and 951 MPa, respectively） were obtained for specimen 2 at a cooling rate of 50 ℃/s. This is attributed to the effect of dispersion strengthening of finer martensite islands and the effect of precipitation strengthening of carbide precipitates.

Study on rolling process optimization of high carbon steel wire

The existing problems in the manufacture of SWRH82B high carbon steel wire were discussed by sampling and testing the microstructure and properties of the steel from the workshop. To solve the problems, the experimental parameters for thermal simulation were optimized, and the thermal simulating experiments were carded out on a Gleeblel500 thermal simulator. The process parameters for the manufacture were optimized after analysis of the data, and the productive experiments were performed after the water box in front of the no-twist blocks was reconstructed, to control the temperature of the loop layer. The results from the productive experiments showed that the cooling rate of 10-15℃/s was reasonable before phase transformation, about 5℃/s during phase transformation, and 600-620℃ was the suitable starting temperature for phase transformation. The ultimate strength of the Ф11.0 mm wire was increased to 1150-1170 MPa with an increase of 20-30 MPa, the percentage reduction of section was to 34%-36% with an increase of 1%-3% by testing the finished products after reconstruction.

Effect of RE-Modifier on Microstructure and Mechanical Property of High-Carbon Medium-Manganese Steel

The effect of RE-modifier on the microstructure and mechanical properties of high carbon-medium manganese steel has been investigated in present work.The results showed that the RE-modifier can refine the crystalline grain of high-carbon medium-manganese steel.The shape and distribution of carbides are improved and the columnar grains and phosphide in grain boundary are eliminated.Consequently,the impact toughness of the steel is increased by more than one time,compared with no addition of RE-modifier.

Latest Development and Application of High Strength and Heavy Gauge Pipeline Steel in China

Over the past twenty years, significant advances have been made in the field of microalloying and associated applications, among which one of the most successful application cases is HTP practice for heavy gauge, high strength pipeline steels. Combined the strengthening effects of TMCP and retardation effects of austenite recrystallization with increasing Nb in austenite region, HTP conception with low carbon and high niobium alloy design has been successfully applied to develop X80 coil with a thickness of 18.4 mm used for China＇s Second West-East pipeline. During this process, big efforts were made to further develop and enrich the application of microalloying technology, and at the same time the strengthening effects of Nb have been completely unfolded and fully utilized with improved metallurgical quality and quantitative analysis of microstructure. In this paper, the existing status and strengthening effect of Nb during reheating, rolling and cooling have been analyzed and characterized based on mass production samples and laboratory analysis. As confirmed, grain refinement remains the most basic strengthening measure to reduce the microstructure gradient along the thickness, which in turn enlarges the processing window to improve upon low temperature toughness, and finally make it possible to develop heavy gauge, high strength pipeline steels with more challenging fracture toughness requirements. As stated by a good saying that practice makes perfect. Based on application practice and theoretical analysis, HTP has been extended to develop heavy gauge and high strength pipeline steels with increasing requirements, including X80 SSAW pipe with a thickness of 22.0 mm and above, X80 LSAW pipe combining heavy gauge and large diameter, heavy gauge X80 LSAW pipe with low temperature requirements, as well as X90 steels. In this paper, alloy design, production processing, as well as mechanical properties and microstructure used for these products would be illustrated.

Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Medium Carbon Steel Quenched in Water and Oil

Samples of medium carbon steel were examined after heating between 900℃ - 980℃ and soaked for 45 minutes in a muffle furnace before quenching in palm oil and water separately. The mechanical behavior of the samples was investigated using universal tensile testing machine for tensile test and Vickers pyramid method for hardness testing. The microstructure of the quenched samples was studied using optical microscope. The tensile strength and hardness values of the quenched samples were relatively higher than those of the ascast samples, suggesting improved mechanical properties. However, samples quenched in palm oil displayed better properties compared with that of water-quenched samples. This behavior was traced to the fact that the carbon particles in palm oil quenched samples were more uniform and evenly distributed, indicating the formation of more pearlite structure, than those quenched in water and the as-received samples.

Microstructural Transformation and Precipitation of an Ultra-high Strength Steel under Continuous Cooling

We investigated phase transition and precipitation of ultra-high strength steel（UHSS）in a new ＂short process＂ with controlled rolling and controlled cooling.Thermalexpansion test combined with metallographic observation was used to research the continuous cooling transformation（CCT）curve.Moreover,the microstructuraltransformation and precipitation law was revealed by morphologicalobservation and alloying elements by electron probe micro-analyzer（EPMA）.Transmission electron microscopy（TEM）was utilized to analyze the composition and grain orientation of microstructure.The study showed that the measured criticaltransformation temperatures of Ac1 and Ac3 were 746 and 868 ℃,respectively.The CCT curve indicated that the undercooled austenite was transformed into proeutectoid ferrite and bainite with HV 520 in a broad range of cooling rate 0.1^（-1） ℃·s^（-1）.When subjected to a cooling rate of 1 ℃·s^（-1）,the undercooled austenite was divided into small-sized blocks by formed martensite.With further increase of cooling rate,micro-hardness increased dramatically,the microstructure of specimen was mainly lathe bainite（LB）,granular bainite（GB）,lath martensite（LM）and residualaustenite.By diffraction test analysis,it was identified that there was K-S orientation relationship between martensite and austenite for {110}_α//{111}_γ,{111}_α//{101}_γ.EPMA clearly showed that carbon diffused adequately due to staying for a long time at high temperature with a lower cooling rate of 2 ℃·s-1.Phase transition drive force was lower and the residualaustenite existed in the block form of Martensite austenite island（M-A）.With the increase of cooling rate to 10 ℃·s^（-1）,the block residualaustenite reduced,the carbon content of residualaustenite increased and α phase around the residualaustenite formed into a low carbon bainite form.

Microstructure evolution of an ultra-high strength metal alloy with tempering temperature

Optical microscopy (OM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to investigate the effect of tempering temperature on the experimental extra-high carbon steels. It is found that tempering reaction can reduce austenite content and influence the stability of the austenite. As-normalized microstructure is a mixture of twinned martensite and retained austenite. Tempered at 250 °C for 2 h, lath martensite can occasionally be found nearby the diffusionally decomposed austenite area. It also is found that tempering at 650 °C for 2 h, nanoparticles of carbides precipitate in the martensite and decomposed austenite. © The Nonferrous Metals Society of China and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012.

点蚀效应下超强钢丝疲劳损伤演化及寿命预测

主缆作为悬索桥不可更换的关键承重构件,其钢丝的疲劳寿命将直接影响桥梁的安全性和耐久性。由于主缆通常暴露于侵蚀环境中,往往会产生不同形式的腐蚀效应,其中点蚀是一种破坏力强且十分典型的腐蚀损伤,通常会成为疲劳裂纹萌生的初始点,从而显著降低构件的疲劳寿命。为研究点蚀效应对超高强钢丝疲劳性能的影响,采用能反映腐蚀电化学机理的元胞自动机模型模拟点蚀复杂形成过程,并基于盐雾试验标定演化参数,获得超高强钢丝的表面点蚀坑模型;在ABAQUS中开发基于连续损伤力学的UMAT子程序,实现腐蚀钢丝的疲劳损伤演化与寿命预测,揭示腐蚀程度、蚀坑形状参数对超高强钢丝的损伤演化规律和疲劳寿命的影响。结果表明:采用元胞自动机方法能够准确模拟钢丝点蚀过程,生成的模型可以很好地展现真实的蚀坑形态和特征;在蚀坑处最早出现损伤,前中期损伤速率较慢,后期发展迅速;随着疲劳荷载的加载,蚀坑处会发生应力重分布现象,蚀坑底部的应力逐渐降低,周边应力反而增加;在元胞自动机中以质量损失率表征钢丝腐蚀程度,当钢丝的质量损失率从0.1%增加到0.25%时,其疲劳寿命减少约36.8%;点蚀坑的深宽比越大,形状越尖锐,钢丝越容易发生疲劳破坏。研究结果可为腐蚀环境下超高强钢丝的疲劳寿命评估和提高桥梁的耐久性提供参考。

南京仙新路长江大桥主桥结构设计

南京仙新路长江大桥主桥为跨径1760 m的单跨钢箱梁悬索桥,主缆垂跨比1/9,边跨跨径580 m,边中跨比0.33。该桥上、下游各设1根主缆,单根主缆由169股127∅5.4 mm镀锌铝高强钢丝索股组成,采用PPWS法施工,钢丝标准抗拉强度2100 MPa。吊索与索夹采用销接式结构,跨中设置柔性中央扣索,短吊索设置关节轴承。主索鞍采用宽鞍槽单纵肋铸焊结合构造,散索鞍采用底座式全铸结构。加劲梁采用扁平流线型封闭整体钢箱梁,总宽31.5 m,梁高4 m,顶板与U肋之间采用双面埋弧全熔透焊接。桥塔采用门形混凝土结构,总高277.3 m,其上横梁为预应力混凝土结构,外包N字造型钢结构;桥塔基础采用直径2.8 m钻孔灌注桩。南锚碇采用外径65 m圆形地下连续墙基础;北锚碇采用沉井基础,平面尺寸70 m×50 m,高50 m。对结构进行静力分析及抗风性能理论和试验研究,结果表明:结构强度、刚度均满足规范要求;在加劲梁上设置0.67 m高中央稳定板、两侧风嘴处设置1 m宽水平稳定板后,大桥的颤振、涡振等抗风性能均满足要求,且具备一定的阻尼储备。

辊模在高碳钢丝连续拉拔中的应用

采用2种拉拔应变对高碳钢丝进行辊模拉拔,并与传统拉拔对比。结果表明:在拉拔应变1.12时,辊模拉拔钢丝的抗拉强度、扭转性能、弯曲性能、金相组织、捻制断丝率与传统拉拔相近;在拉拔应变2.21时,辊模拉拔和传统拉拔相比,钢丝抗拉强度更高,扭转性能、弯曲性能较差,金相组织不均匀程度更大,捻制断丝率明显升高。在钢丝材质、机床功率、拉拔速度、道次压缩率等因素相同的情况下,辊模拉拔的能耗和传统拉拔相近。

Multiphase microstructure formation and its effect on fracture behavior of medium carbon high silicon high strength steel

This work investigated the evolution of multiphase microstructure and impact fracture behavior of medium carbon high silicon high strength steel subjected to the austempering treatment at 240,360,and400℃.The results show that martensite,bainite,and retained austenite(RA)are the main microstructural phases.The austempering treatments at 360 and 400℃ caused the formation of carbon-poor ferrite in the matrix,and the transformation of ultrafine bainite into coarse lath bainite and granular bainite,respectively.Thick filmy RA was distributed between bainite laths.The polygonal martensiteaustenite islands and blocky RA formed along the grain boundaries.The average carbon concentration in the matrix decreased with the temperature increase,while the impact toughness initially increased and then dropped with temperature.The quasi-cleavage brittle fracture dominated the impact fracture mechanism of the sample austempered at 240℃ by forming tearing surfaces and tearing steps.The microcracks disappeared in the RA on the prior austenite grain boundaries.On the other side,the fracture surface of the sample austempered at 360℃ exhibited ductile fracture with deep dimples and brittle fracture with cleavage river patterns.The polygonal martensite-austenite islands or blocky RA constrained the microcracks.After austempered at 400℃,the brittle fracture was dominant,showing river patterns,and the microcracks propagated through the granular bainite without any resistance.

2060 MPa级高强钢丝高温力学性能及破断模式

采用非接触式光学应变测试系统,跟踪测试了2060 MPa级高强钢丝试件在20~900℃下的全过程应力-应变曲线,建立了高温钢丝各力学性能指标的高温函数模型,得到其高温破断参数.结果表明:高温下高强钢丝试件的各力学性能指标均有不同程度折损.当温度低于200℃时,试件的力学性能指标折损率不超过10%,破断模式为脆性破坏;当温度超过200℃后,试件的各力学性能指标折损率显著增大,破断模式逐渐由脆性破坏转变为塑性破坏.

热传导模式对电弧增材制造800 MPa级船用高强钢组织与性能的影响

为了研究热传导模式对800 MPa级船用高强钢增材构件组织与性能的影响,采用电弧增材制造技术在不同工艺下沉积了800 MPa级船用高强钢构件,并对其进行微观组织表征和力学性能测试.沿高度方向沉积时,构件底部主要为针状铁素体和马氏体组织,中部和顶部为块状和针状铁素体+粒状贝氏体组织,水平和竖直方向的屈服强度分别为708 MPa和652MPa,抗拉强度分别为895 MPa和831 MPa,-60℃冲击吸收能量分别为66 J和86 J;沿横向沉积时,构件的显微组织为细小的针状铁素体和板条状马氏体,屈服强度和抗拉强度分别达到929 MPa和1 020 MPa,-60℃冲击吸收能量为92 J,结果表明,800 MPa级船用高强钢增材构件的力学性能对热传导模式的敏感性较高,优化热传导模式可以明显提升其综合力学性能.

应力比对高强钢丝腐蚀疲劳寿命的影响研究

建立了高强钢丝腐蚀疲劳寿命模型,用于预测不同应力比和应力范围下的腐蚀疲劳寿命,研究应力比对腐蚀疲劳寿命的影响。利用应力比与应力范围之间的关系,处理了不同应力比和应力范围下高强钢丝腐蚀疲劳耦合试验数据。基于处理后的试验数据,对寿命模型进行参数估计,建立了高强钢丝腐蚀疲劳寿命模型,研究了不同应力比下腐蚀疲劳寿命的演化规律。结果表明:高强钢丝腐蚀疲劳寿命模型的预测值与试验数据吻合较好。该模型对高应力范围的腐蚀疲劳寿命预测值小于试验数据,对低应力范围的腐蚀疲劳寿命预测值大于试验数据。随着应力比的增大,高强钢丝的S-N曲线逐渐左移,而且斜率的绝对值逐渐变小。高强钢丝的腐蚀疲劳寿命随应力比的增大而减小。当应力比较大时,应力范围对腐蚀疲劳寿命的影响减小。应力比对低应力范围下的腐蚀疲劳寿命影响更显著。

含裂纹高强钢丝的腐蚀损伤与拉伸性能研究

为了研究桥梁含裂纹拉索钢丝的腐蚀损伤机理和受拉力学特性,以含预置裂纹的腐蚀高强钢丝为研究对象,采用电弧线切割方法、中性盐雾腐蚀试验、拉伸试验、电镜试验和有限元分析,开展相关内容研究。提出了考虑中性盐雾腐蚀影响的含裂纹高强钢丝拉伸受力性能的评价方法。结果表明:刻痕的应力集中系数远大于正常腐蚀蚀坑的系数,钢丝力学性能的变化是由于初始裂纹进一步腐蚀而引起,特别在腐蚀初期,钢丝处于非常不利的阶段,其受拉性能较低。建立的初始裂纹钢丝有限元模型,能较好地描述中性盐雾腐蚀试验和静力拉伸试验得出的质量损失率、截面面积损失率及极限强度的关系。

碳含量对18Mn18Cr0.44N钢高温拉伸性能的影响

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机对含碳量(质量分数,下同)为0.025%和0.160%的18Mn18Cr0.44N钢进行高温拉伸试验,研究了不同温度(950~1250℃)下钢的断面收缩率和抗拉强度。结果表明:(1)碳含量影响18Mn18Cr0.44N钢的高温塑性,1号钢的断面收缩率随温度升高而升高,2号钢的断面收缩率随温度升高呈“V”形变化;2号钢在1025~1100℃温度范围内的塑性较低,断面收缩率仅为28%~33%,其原因主要是晶界残留的析出相脱落形成少量孔洞,孔洞在变形过程中成为裂纹,也可能是析出相固溶区域的元素偏析所致,应避免在该温度区间热加工,以防止零件开裂。(2)随着变形温度的升高,两种钢的抗拉强度均降低;当碳含量从0.025%增加至0.160%时,钢的抗拉强度随温度升高而增加的幅度减小。

拉伸-弯曲组合作用下高强钢丝受力行为研究

为研究拉伸-弯曲组合作用下高强钢丝的受力行为,开展了拉伸-弯曲组合作用下高强钢丝的应力测试试验,测试了高强钢丝在不同轴向荷载和弯曲角度下的应力值。建立了拉伸-弯曲组合作用下高强钢丝的有限元模型,分析了高强钢丝的应力分布情况,模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好,验证了数值模型的准确性和合理性。基于该有限元模型,进一步研究了高强钢丝表面和截面内的应力分布情况,以及弯曲作用对应力范围的影响。结果表明,存在弯曲角度时,高强钢丝的应力分布会变得不均匀。相同轴向荷载时,高强钢丝应力值和应力范围都随弯曲角度的增加而增大。拉伸-弯曲组合作用会显著影响高强钢丝中部和两端区域的应力变化,使得这些区域内应力沿轴向和径向都存在较大的应力梯度,拉伸-弯曲组合作用效果在这些区域内应重点考虑。