Influence of depressurization rate on gas production capacity of high-rank coal in the south of Qinshui Basin, China

A desorption simulation experiment with the condition of simulated strata was designed. The experiment, under different depressurizing rates and the same fluid saturation, was conducted on the sample from 3# coal of Daning coal mine in Jincheng, Shanxi Province. The gas production rate and pressure change at both ends of the sample were studied systematically, and the mechanisms of some phenomena in the experiment were discussed. The experimental results show that, whether at fast or slow depressurizing rate, the methane adsorbed to high-rank coal can effectively desorb and the desorption efficiency can reach above 90%. There is an obvious inflection point on the gas yield curve during the desorption process and it appears after the pressure on the lump of coal reduces below the desorption pressure. The desorption of methane from high-rank coal is mainly driven by differential pressure, and high pressure difference is conducive to fast desorption. In the scenario of fast depressurization, the desorption inflection appears earlier and the gas production rate in the stage of rapid desorption is higher. It is experimentally concluded that the originally recognized strategy of long-term slow CBM production is doubtful and the economic benefit of CBM exploitation from high-rank coal can be effectively improved by rapid drainage and pressure reduction. The field experiment results in pilot blocks of Fanzhuang and Zhengzhuang show that by increasing the drainage depressurization rate, the peak production of gas well would increase greatly, the time of gas well to reach the economic production shortened, the average time for a gas well to reach expected production reduced by half, and the peak gas production is higher.

Trends and advances in the development of coal fly ash-based materials for application in hydrogen-rich gas production:A review

Coal fly ash(FA),a valuable industrial solid residue generated from coal combustion,is composed of various metal oxides and has a high thermal stability.Given that the coal-based energy will continue to account for a significant portion of global electricity generation in the coming years,the lack of effective management strategies exacerbates the threat of FA wastes to the surrounding environment and human health.For a sustainable development,green and renewable hydrogen economy and CO_(2)capture efforts provide appealing opportunities to valorize FA as catalysts and/or sorbents due to their appealing physicochemical properties.Hydrogen applications along with carbon neutrality are potential strategies to mitigate climate change crisis,but high processing costs(catalysts/sorbents)are challenging to realize this purpose.In this context,the utilization of FA not only enhances industrial competitiveness(by reducing manufacturing costs),but also provides ecologically friendly approaches to minimizing this solid waste.This state-of-the-art review highlights a wide-ranging outlook on the valorization of FA as catalysts and sorbents for hydrogen-rich gas production via conventional/intensified processes(CO_(2)/H_(2)O reforming,ammonia decomposition,hydride hydrolysis).The fundamental physicochemical characterizations and hazards/utilization of FA,which significantly affect the FA's utilization in various fields,are first introduced.The influence of several factors(like FA types and catalysis/sorption operation conditions)on the activity performance of FA-based materials is then discussed in detail.This critical review aims to open the window to further innovative ideas regarding the application of different FA residues in other catalytic and sorption processes.

Developing Sustainable Ultra High Strength Concrete Mixtures Using Spent Foundry Sand

This study presents the development of ultra high strength concrete(UHSC)that has been made more sustainable by using both local materials from central Texas and spent foundry sand(FS)from the metal casting industry,which has also been obtained locally.This study first describes various trial mixtures tested as well as the specimen preparation techniques investigated that led to the final UHSC-FS mixtures.The developed mixtures were proportioned with local constituents to increase the sustainable impact of the material by reducing emissions due to shipping as well as making UHSC more affordable to a wider variety of applications.The final mixture design constituents were:river sand,locally available type I/II cement,silica fume,and spent FS,which was obtained from a local steel casting company.Multiple variables were investigated,such as the aggregate type and size,concrete age(7,14,and 28-days),the curing regimen,and the water-to-cement ratio(w/cm)to optimize a UHSC mixture that used local materials and FS.This systematic development revealed that heat curing the specimens in a water bath at 50 oC(122 oF)after demolding and then dry curing at 200 oC(392 oF)two days before testing with a w/cm of 0.20 at 28-days produced the highest compressive strengths.Once an optimum UHSC mixture was identified a partial replacement of the fine aggregate with FS was completed at 10%,20%,and 30%.The results showed an increase of compressive strength performance at 10%replacement,followed by no change at 20%,and finally a slight decrease at 30%.Developing this innovative material with local materials and FS ultimately produces a novel sustainable construction material,reduces the costs,and produces mechanical performance similar to prepackaged,commercially,available construction building materials.

Coal and gas outburst prevention using new high water content cement slurry for injection into the coal seam

As coal and gas outburst is one of the most serious mine disasters, it is very important to at least control it if not prevent it from occurring. Injecting cement slurry or grouting into the coal seam can strengthen the seam, increase its rigidity coefficient(f), and reduce the volumetric expansion due to gas energy release.This paper reports the results of laboratory experiments on cement-based high water content slurry having different water-cement ratios(W/C) to be used for coal injection. The results show that as the W/C increases, the mobility of the slurry and its setting time increase. The compressive strength and rupture strength, however, are reduced. Furthermore, high W/C grout shows early strength after 7 days, which can be 80% of its 14-day compressive strength. To achieve rapid setting and early strength, the addition of Na_2SiO_3has proven to give the best result, when the concentration of the additive is 3%. The initial and final setting times are 13 and 21 min shorter than samples without Na_2SiO_3, while the compressive strength is more than double. As a retarder, the initial setting time can be extended to 83 min when tartaric acid of 0.4% concentration is added. Through the orthogonal experiment, the optimum recipe of the new high water content slurry has been determined to be: W/C = 2, tartaric acid = 0.2%, Na_2SiO_3= 3%, and12% bentonite. Reinforcement by injection simulation experiments show that the grouting radius of the new slurry mix is 250 mm when the applied grouting pressure is 60 k Pa, 7-day rupture strength and compressive strength are 5.2 and 6.4 MPa, respectively, and are 37% and 88% higher than ordinary cement grout. It can be concluded that the newly developed slurry mix is more effective than the ordinary mix for reinforcing coal and controlling gas outburst.

Developing Sustainable High Strength Concrete Mixtures Using Local Materials and Recycled Concrete

This study presents the development of high strength concrete (HSC) that has been made more sustainable by using both local materials from central Texas and recycled concrete aggregate (RCA), which has also been obtained locally. The developed mixtures were proportioned with local constituents to increase the sustainable impact of the material by reducing emissions due to shipping as well as to make HSC more affordable to a wider variety of applications. The specific constituents were: limestone, dolomite, manufactured sand (limestone), locally available Type I/II cement, silica fume, and recycled concrete aggregate, which was obtained from a local recycler which obtains their product from local demolition. Multiple variables were investigated, such as the aggregate type and size, concrete age (7, 14, and 28-days), the curing regimen, and the water-to-cement ratio (w/c) to optimize a HSC mixture that used local materials. This systematic development revealed that heat curing the specimens in a water bath at 50℃ (122oF) after demolding and then dry curing at 200℃ (392oF) two days before testing with a w/c of 0.28 at 28-days produced the highest compressive strengths. Once an optimum HSC mixture was identified a partial replacement of the coarse aggregate with RCA was completed at 10%, 20%, and 30%. The results showed a loss in compressive strength with an increase in RCA replacement percentages, with the highest strength being approximately 93.0 MPa (13,484 psi) at 28-days for the 10% RCA replacement. The lowest strength obtained from an RCA-HSC mixture was approximately 72.9 (MPa) (10,576 psi) at 7-days. The compressive strengths obtained from the HSC mixtures containing RCA developed in this study are comparable to HSC strengths presented in the literature. Developing this innovative material with local materials and RCA ultimately produces a novel sustainable construction material, reduces the costs, and produces mechanical performance similar to prepackaged, commercially, available construction building materials.

活化煤废料替代水泥制备混凝土的基本特性

这是一篇陶瓷及复合材料领域的论文。为探索煤废料替代水泥进行混凝土制备的可行性,利用活性化处理的煤渣粉和煤矸石粉按照0、10%、20%、30%和40%的比例替代水泥进行混凝土试样的制备并对混凝土试样的坍落度、抗压和抗折强度进行测试,同时耐高温性能实验,结果证明:随着替代比的增加,坍落度、抗压强度和抗折强度均先增后减;煤废料的较优替代比为20%~30%。活化煤渣粉试样的早期强度增长率大;而活化煤矸石粉试样的长期强度增长率较大。当水灰比=0.45时,试样的抗压强度随着温度的升高先增后减,在100℃时达到极大值;当水灰比=0.5时,混凝土试样的抗压强度均随着温度的升高逐渐降低;活性煤渣粉试样界面区域的水合胶结构较最多,对照组次之,活化煤矸石粉试样较少。随着温度升高,试样表面的孔隙和裂缝明显增多且破坏面的破碎程度逐渐加剧。

极近距离煤层开采无煤柱自成巷控制方法研究

极近距离煤层传统长壁开采,受上层遗留煤柱和采空区垮落等因素的影响,下煤层开采过程中应力环境复杂、矿压显现剧烈,易诱发巷道围岩大变形。为解决上述问题,提出了极近距离条件下巷道定向切顶–约束高强支护无煤柱自成巷控制方法。通过顶板定向预裂切顶,主动改变顶板悬臂结构,切断采空区向巷道顶板的应力传递。充分利用矿山压力和岩体碎胀特性,取消煤柱留设,结合高强支护加强巷道顶板整体性,共同实现切顶自成巷。建立了极近距离煤层开采覆岩结构模型,计算了下煤层切顶自成巷巷旁支护阻力。以典型极近距离煤层为工程背景,开展了不同开采方法的数值试验对比研究,结果表明,提出的自成巷控制方法使巷道围岩应力降低59.8%,巷道顶板变形减少70.8%,并明确了极近距离煤层开采无煤柱自成巷控制机理。在此基础上,开展了典型极近距离煤层工程设计及现场应用研究,结果表明该方法有效降低了矿压显现程度,保证了自成巷的安全稳定控制。

地面井分层卸压的煤系气合采原理及方式探讨

为了进一步认识制约煤系气合采的因素,提高煤系合层排采各产层的产气贡献,分别从动力、通道和气源条件出发,分析了煤系气合采的必备因素。基于改变地应力状态提高储层导流能力以及分层改变储层流体压力,满足多层合采动力条件的原理,提出了地面井分层卸压的煤系气合采方式。该方式通过在地面进行定向钻井,在目标储层中进行高压水射流作业,人工创造卸压空间(缝、槽、穴等),改变地应力状态,降低有效应力伤害,增加储层导流通道的数量和开度,提高目标储层压降传递速率。待储层压力降至符合煤系气合采动力条件时进行合层排采,从而提高煤系合采各产气层的产气贡献。相较于常规增产改造措施,此方式能够减少煤系气储层在有效应力作用下的储层伤害,且有助于提高储层压降传递效率,增强煤系气的解吸和扩散,降低多层煤系气合采过程中的层间干扰。在以上研究基础上,认为地面井分层卸压的合采方式主要适用于储层地应力大、产层间距小的煤系气储层,且有望在薄互层煤系气储层增产改造及层间干扰严重的叠合共生煤系储层开发领域进行应用推广。

“6矿”协同视角下促进煤炭新质生产力形成的路径与对策

发展新质生产力给煤炭行业的转型升级与高质量发展持续注入新的动能。本文通过梳理我国煤炭新质生产力形成的基础条件,以矿工、矿山、矿企、矿城、矿区、矿业(“6矿”)为切入点,创新性地从“6矿”理念出发探讨“6矿”协同与煤炭新质生产力形成的关联关系,进而提出了“6矿”协同促进煤炭新质生产力形成的路径与任务。研究认为,我国发展煤炭新质生产力已经具备一定的基础,通过“6矿”协同将形成以矿工为中心、矿山为基石、矿企为抓手的煤炭行业优势生产力,向矿城、矿区的推广辐射将形成煤炭行业融合生产力,最终形成代表先进矿业形态的煤炭行业衍生生产力。同时,划分我国煤炭新质生产力的形成阶段为优势发展期、融合发展期和衍生发展期,提出了以“6矿”协同促进煤炭行业高质量发展与煤炭新质生产力形成的主要路径、阶段性任务与相关建议。

三软煤层沿空留巷顶板结构模型及合理支护研究

为了揭示三软煤层沿空留巷围岩变形机理,探索适用于三软煤层巷道围岩控制的新技术,通过切顶沿空留巷物理相似模拟实验,研究了不切顶普通支护、切顶高强支护和切顶普通支护3种条件下顶板岩层断裂演化过程,构建了三软煤层切顶留巷顶板结构力学模型,给出了支护阻力计算方法,在韩城矿区象山煤矿进行了现场工业性试验验证。研究表明:切顶技术切断了顶板的应力传递,巷内采用高强支护,使顶板形成稳定的“短悬臂-砌体梁”结构。现场监测结果显示,不切顶普通支护的留巷顶底板平均移近量1000~1200 mm,两帮平均移近量600~700 mm;切顶高强单体支护的留巷顶底板平均移近量200~300 mm,两帮平均移近量200~300 mm;切顶组合式支架支护的留巷顶底板平均移近量50~100 mm,两帮平均移近量100~200 mm。组合式支架高强支护能够较好地控制三软煤层沿空切顶留巷围岩变形,可实现留巷二次复用无返修。

工业副产石膏制备高强石膏的方法及其应用技术

本文论述了高强石膏的制备方法,从高强石膏传统的制备工艺入手,分析了蒸压法(饱和蒸汽法)、常压盐/酸溶液法和加压盐/酸溶液法的优点及缺点,阐释了在高强石膏的制备过程中转晶剂的应用以及优化颗粒级配对提高α-半水石膏性能的重要性,论述了高强石膏的技术要求。在建材、模具铸造、航空航天、医疗以及美术制品等领域,高强石膏有非常广泛的应用,介绍了其出众的性能,最后讨论了水膏比对高强石膏硬化浆体强度的影响,以及高强石膏制品耐水性差的原因和解决方法。

湿基α-半水石膏制备高强石膏制品研究

为实现湿基α-半水石膏制备高强石膏制品,研究了湿基α-半水石膏陈化时间、粉磨时间、浇筑料浆温度及缓凝剂掺量等工艺参数对高强石膏凝结时间和强度的影响,并确定最佳制备工艺。此外,采用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜等微观测试手段,揭示了各因素对强度的影响机理。结果表明:陈化时间越长,石膏凝结时间越短,制品强度越低;随着粉磨时间延长,石膏凝结时间显著缩短,制品强度先升高后降低;料浆温度越高,石膏凝结时间越长,制品强度越低。最佳制备工艺:陈化时间5 min、粉磨时间20 s、料浆温度20℃。在此基础上加入0.08%(质量分数)缓凝剂能够有效地延长石膏凝结时间并提高硬化强度,制备的石膏制品性能优异,绝干抗折强度为14.1 MPa,绝干抗压强度为58.3 MPa。微观测试结果表明,各工艺参数会通过改变石膏标稠用水量和水化进程来影响石膏内部结构的密实程度和二水石膏晶体的生长发育,最终影响制品硬化强度。

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 1,000 MPa Ultra-High Strength Hot-Rolled Plate Steel for Coal Mine Refuge Chamber

The 1,000 MPa ultra-high strength hot-rolled plate steel with low-carbon bainitic microstructure was developed in the laboratory for coal mine refuge chamber. The static recrystallization behavior, microstructure evolution, and mechanical properties of this hot-rolled plate steel were investigated by the hot compression, continuous cooling trans- formation, and tensile deformation test. The results show that the developed steel has excellent mechanical properties at both room and elevated temperature, and its microstructure mainly consists of lath bainite, granular bainite, and ferrite after thermal-mechanical control process （TMCP）. The ultra-high strength plate steel is obtained by the TMCP process in hot rolling, strengthened by bainitic transformation, microstructure refinement, and precipitation of alloying elements such as Nb, Ti, Mo, and Cu. The experimental steel has relatively low welding crack sensitivity index and high atmospheric corrosion resistance index. Therefore, the developed steel has a good balance of strength and ductility both at room and elevated temperature, weldability and corrosion resistance, and it can suffice for the basic demands for materials in the manufacture of coal mine refuge chamber.

基于高效解离-选择性絮凝耦合作用的煤气化渣提炭实验研究

煤气化渣是由煤气化工艺产生的一种富含铝硅酸盐、灰组分及残炭的大宗工业固体废弃物,其规模化生产对生态环境造成了严重的影响。因此,将煤气化渣进行炭-灰分离是实现其减量化、无害化和资源化利用的关键。以煤气化渣为研究对象,采用高效解离-选择性絮凝耦合作用的工艺,为实现煤气化渣更为合理、高效的资源化利用,减少煤气化渣带来的土壤、空气、水体资源等污染问题,对煤气化渣进行提炭实验研究。首先分析了煤气化渣的理化性质,其次采用单因素变量法探究了磨矿时间、pH、絮凝剂种类、絮凝剂用量、高速剪切转速对煤气化渣提炭实验的影响,以实现残余炭产品的高度富集。结果表明:原煤气化渣灰分质量分数为67.19%,普通湿筛筛上物料灰分质量分数为54.3%,当煤气化渣磨矿时间为5 s, pH为7,絮凝剂聚氧化乙烯用量为0.4 kg/t,在转速为4 000 r/min高速剪切15 min的条件下提炭效果最佳,最终可获得产率为26.6%、湿筛筛上灰分质量分数为43.3%的残炭产品。对比普通湿筛法,基于高效解离-选择性絮凝实验方法在普通湿筛的基础上灰分质量分数降低了11%,降灰效果明显。

典型炼焦煤成焦界面结合特性及其焦炭高温强度的研究

焦炭的界面结合对提高焦炭质量有十分重要的作用。实验选用五种炼焦煤分别配入弱粘结性的XS贫瘦煤进行坩埚焦实验,随着煤料粒度增大和贫瘦煤含量增加,炼焦煤界面结合指数下降。肥煤自身黏结性好,界面结合指数影响较小,而1/3焦煤和焦煤则影响较大。同时分别完成了LF煤和XQ煤与XS贫瘦煤的共炭化实验,表明随着界面结合指数的提高,焦炭的高温热性能得到了较好改善。相应地,微晶结构更加规整,碳层堆积高度和碳网平面直径增大。

矸石电厂粉煤灰薄喷材料制备及性能研究

为实现矸石电厂粉煤灰的综合利用,在分析了陕西黄陵矸石电厂粉煤灰理化性能基础上,研究粉煤灰掺量、胶沙比、粉煤灰质量分数对薄喷材料流动性能及抗压强度的影响规律。通过正交实验确定了矸石电厂粉煤灰薄喷材料基础配比,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)对薄喷材料1、28 d龄期的微观结构进行表征。通过外加剂对材料流动性能进行调控,揭示了调控机理。研究结果表明,当粉煤灰∶水泥(质量比)为6∶1,胶沙比(质量比)为1.0∶1.2,粉煤灰质量分数为77%,聚羧酸减水剂掺量为0.5%(质量分数),SD-WJ40液体无碱速凝剂掺量为11%(质量分数)时,薄喷材料性能满足混凝土基层喷浆处理技术规程要求。

基于能源保供的黄河流域煤炭资源开发与产量预测分析

黄河流域地区煤炭资源储量丰富,但存在植被覆盖率低、水资源利用水平差、受洪涝灾害威胁、省际发展不均衡、经济社会发展相对滞后、高质量发展局面尚未完全形成等问题。为系统认识黄河流域煤炭资源开发现状,服务能源保障安全,在充分调研黄河流域煤炭资源分布情况的基础上,围绕资源赋存、生产现状、开发强度、产销供需等主要方面分析了区域煤炭资源开发现状,综合发展潜力、社会需求和水资源利用等因素对相关区域的煤炭产量进行预测,探寻煤炭生产量的规律。结果表明:煤炭资源现状主产区煤炭产量增速总体放缓,在能源保供的基础上从严控制煤炭产能和产量、坚持高质量发展、淘汰落后产能、持续推动产业升级是煤炭产业的发展方向。

陕北三叠纪煤显微组分特征对热解焦油组成影响研究

通过密度梯度法富集了陕北三叠纪高油煤中镜质组(ZCV)单组分与惰质组(ZCI)单组分,发现不同单组分分子结构差异显著,组分组成与热解焦油组成之间存在显著耦合关系,ZCV脂肪碳相对含量为34.42%,其中脂甲基碳与氧取代芳香碳相对含量较高、脂肪侧链较长、芳香环上的脂肪长链结构和烷基侧链结构丰富、无定型碳相对含量较高;ZCI芳碳率高达77.29%、羰基和羧基相对含量较高、芳香度较高;ZCV热解焦油产率、热解气、热解水产率较高,半焦产率最低,焦油中脂肪烃类化合物以链烷烃为主、酚类化合物含量较高,这与ZCV分子结构中脂肪侧链较长、脂肪碳与氧取代芳碳含量较高密切相关;ZCI热解产物产率与ZCV相反,焦油中不饱和烃类化合物、多环芳烃(三环、四环)含量相对较多,这与ZCI分子结构中芳香碳含量较高、芳环缩合度较大不无关系。

深井高应力腐蚀环境下锚杆强度劣化机理及预测

煤矿深部开采除了面临“三高一扰动”之外,还面临井下腐蚀性大气和高应力、强扰动等因素共同形成的高应力腐蚀环境,井下大气腐蚀环境等级能达到CX(极高腐蚀)级。以山东巨野煤田深部矿井为工程背景,首先分析了深井开采高应力腐蚀特征及影响因素,对锚杆杆体材料开展实验和理论研究,揭示了高应力腐蚀环境下锚杆强度劣化机理,推导了杆体强度劣化理论模型。①通过对杆体材料开展SEM、腐蚀SSRT和加速腐蚀实验发现:腐蚀会造成杆体材料的断后伸长率和断裂时间的衰减,相较于惰性条件分别减少了8.22%和8.34%;随腐蚀率增加,材料破坏形式由韧性破坏向脆性破坏转变,区域腐蚀类型逐渐由点蚀发展为均匀腐蚀。②结合实验结果、电化学理论与非均匀腐蚀模型,引入Pruckenr温度影响因子,推导出杆体材料强度劣化时变模型。深入探究该模型中服役环境温度T、杆体截面半径R和杆体材料常温腐蚀速率V_(h,298K)对杆体服役寿命的影响发现,R与服役寿命呈线性正相关;T和V_(h,298K)与服役寿命的关系表现为服役寿命衰减程度随影响因素水平升高而减小。③结合实验结果与锚杆防冲吸能原理,对巷道锚杆支护极限抗冲能力进行计算分析。结果表明,随锚杆腐蚀率增加,锚杆吸能减少,可抵抗最大震级降低,巷道动力失稳灾害发生风险增加。

浸水含瓦斯抽采钻孔煤柱稳定性研究及控制

窄煤柱护巷可有效提高煤炭资源采出率,改善采掘接替关系,但施工维护难度大,尤其是在采空区积水且矿井瓦斯含量较高的条件下,煤柱稳定性控制显得更为重要。基于石泉煤矿30108工作面沿空巷道掘进及支护的工程背景,结合钻孔可视化探测技术提出了一种基于MATLAB图像处理的钻孔裂隙定量表征方法。综合浸水煤柱力学模型和数值模拟,确定了合理煤柱宽度,提出了采空区疏水及“锚索网梁+窄煤柱侧索梁补强+窄煤柱侧注浆加固”的巷道高强非对称支护方案,并进行了工业性实践。研究结果表明:钻孔截面中裂隙面积占比随钻孔深度增加呈负对数减小趋势,煤柱宽度为10.00 m时正常区段及含瓦斯抽采钻孔区段的煤柱内部均存在较大范围的弹性区,具备较强的承载能力;相应支护方案控制效果较好,具有显著的经济效益。