Phase field model for electric-thermal coupled discharge breakdown of polyimide nanocomposites under high frequency electrical stress

In contrast to conventional transformers, power electronic transformers, as an integral component of new energy power system, are often subjected to high-frequency and transient electrical stresses, leading to heightened concerns regarding insulation failures. Meanwhile, the underlying mechanism behind discharge breakdown failure and nanofiller enhancement under high-frequency electrical stress remains unclear. An electric-thermal coupled discharge breakdown phase field model was constructed to study the evolution of the breakdown path in polyimide nanocomposite insulation subjected to high-frequency stress. The investigation focused on analyzing the effect of various factors, including frequency, temperature, and nanofiller shape, on the breakdown path of Polyimide(PI) composites. Additionally, it elucidated the enhancement mechanism of nano-modified composite insulation at the mesoscopic scale. The results indicated that with increasing frequency and temperature, the discharge breakdown path demonstrates accelerated development, accompanied by a gradual dominance of Joule heat energy. This enhancement is attributed to the dispersed electric field distribution and the hindering effect of the nanosheets. The research findings offer a theoretical foundation and methodological framework to inform the optimal design and performance management of new insulating materials utilized in high-frequency power equipment.

High-power High-efficient and Simplified High-frequency Switching Power Supply for Electrolytic Plating

针对大功率电解电镀开关电源的输入整流级引起的无功和谐波等电能质量问题,研究了一种基于高效PWM整流的高频开关电源。该电源前级整流器仅用4个开关管来进行PWM整流,后级采用半桥逆变器进行高频变换,显著减少了开关数量。针对三相四开关PWM整流器,推导一种基于开关模型的无差拍控制方法,该方法可实现系统的快速、无差整流。针对多台开关电源的并联均流问题,提出一种基于虚拟阻抗的自均流控制方法,可实现多台电源的均流稳定运行。通过仿真与实验验证了所提结构和控制方法的正确性。

High-Performance AC-DC Power Electronic Converter Generator for Hybrid-Solar Vehicles

This paper describes the principles of operation and the physical model of an advanced AC-DC converter generator （with the electronic converter acting as an AC-DC rectifier with reverse-conducting MOSFETs （metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors） as fast-electronic switches with a relatively low ON-state voltage drop） for HSVs. An AC-DC converter, when seen as an AC-DC rectifier, can be used in many fields, e.g., for multi-functional AC-DC/DC-AC convener generator^starter and conventional DC-AC convener motors and AC-DC converter generators or generator sets, welding machines, etc. The paper also describes a novel AC-DC convener, with reverse-conducting transistors and without the use of optoelectronic separation （which does not require a separate power supply）, which may be easily realized in IC （integrated-circuit） technology. Computer simulation allows for waveform evaluation for timing analysis of all components of the AC-DC-converter＇s physical model, both during normal operation as well as in some states of emergency. The paper also presents the results of bench experimental studies where the MOSFETs were used as fast-electronic switches with a relatively low ON-state voltage drop. For experimental studies, a novel AC-DC converter has been put together on the Mitsubishi FM600TU-3A module. The AC-DC converter with reverse-conducting transistors in a double-way connection has a lot of advantages compared to the conventional AC-DC convener acting as a diode rectifier, such as higher energy efficiency and greater reliability resulting from the lower temperature of electronic switches.

Analysis and Comparison of Power Electronic Converters for Conventional and Toroidal Switched Reluctance Machines

Different power electronic converter topologies are introduced in this paper for both Conventional Switched Reluctance Machine (CSRM) and Toroidal Switched Reluctance Machine (TSRM) drive systems. Their commutation, switch and diode currents, power losses, and efficiencies under over modulation operation are analyzed and compared for converter characteristics study, performance evaluation and topology selection for CSRM and TSRM drive systems. The switch and diode silicon volumes required for each CSRM and TSRM drives are also compared according to their corresponding currents at the equivalent machine torque versus speed operating points.

Analysis of Soft-Switched High Frequency AC-AC Converter for Induction Motor Drive

The systematic mathematical analysis of the high frequency soft-switched AC-AC converter is proposed for variable frequency induction machine load in this paper. Both PWM and square-wave modes of operation have been considered. The frequency relation and phase unbalance problem due to discrete time integral half-cycle switching has been discussed in the beginning. Then, generalized Fourier series have been derived for output voltage, output current and supply current in two modes.The analytical results help to understand tbe converter characteristics, design optimally a convertermachine system of arbitrary capacity considering the various trade-off parameters.

High-frequency magnetic properties and core loss of carbonyl iron composites with easy plane-like structures

To fully release the potential of wide bandgap(WBG)semiconductors and achieve high energy density and efficiency,a carbonyl iron soft magnetic composite(SMC)with an easy plane-like structure is prepared.Due to this structure,the permeability of the composite increases by 3 times(from 7.5 to 21.5)at 100 MHz compared with to the spherical carbonyl iron SMC,and the permeability changes little at frequencies below 100 MHz.In addition,the natural resonance frequency of the composite shifts to higher frequencies at 1.7 GHz.The total core losses of the composites at 10,20,and 30 m T are80.0,355.3,and 810.7 m W/cm^(3),respectively,at 500 k Hz.Compared with the spherical carbonyl iron SMC,the core loss at500 k Hz is reduced by more than 60%.Therefore,this kind of soft magnetic composite with an easy plane-like structure is a good candidate for unlocking the potential of WBG semiconductors and developing the next-generation power electronics.

Exact Dynamic Modeling of PWM DC-to-DC Power Converters—Part I: Continuous Conduction Mode

A general approach is presented by which the exact frequency response of any transfer function of switched linear networks can be determined. This is achieved with a describing function approach using a state space equation formulation. This work presents a somewhat simplified set of equations to one previously given by one of the authors. To demonstrate application of the general formulation, the frequency responses of switched networks used as PWM DC-to-DC converters operating in continuous conduction mode (CCM) under voltage mode control are derived. (The accompanying paper, Part II, will present results for converters operating in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM)). From the general sets of equations developed here, both the control to output and input source variation to output frequency responses are derived. The describing function approach enables exact frequency response determination, even at high frequencies where the accuracy using average models may be compromised. Confirmation of the accuracy of the derived models is provided by comparing the responses with those obtained using the commercial simulator PSIM on a PWM boost converter. The magnitude and phase responses are shown to match perfectly over the full range of frequencies up to close to half the switching frequency. Matlab code that implements the models is given such that the user can easily adapt for use with other PWM converter topologies.

Exact Dynamic Modeling of PWM DC-to-DC Power Converters—Part II: Discontinuous Conduction Mode

This paper follows on from the first paper, Part I, where a general formulation of a describing function approach to frequency response determination of switched linear networks, such as PWM converters, was simplified and updated. The models assume a piecewise linear state space equation description of the system and results in a closed form solution for the sought after frequency response. In Part I, model derivation was demonstrated for the case of PWM converters operating in the continuous conduction mode (CCM). This operating mode does not feature any state dependent switching times. In this paper, Part II, frequency response models for any transfer function for PWM converters operating in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) are derived based on the theory presented in Part I. This operating model features state dependent switching times. The describing function models developed are exact and therefore, in terms of accuracy, are to be preferred over averaged models which are widely used. The example of a boost dc-to-dc converter operating in DCM is simulated to obtain the control to output and input to output frequency responses and are compared with the models derived here. Excellent agreement between the simulated and model responses was found. Matlab code implementing the analytical models is also presented which the user can adapt for any other PWM converter topology. The models derived here may be used as a basis from which simplified models may be derived while still preserving required accuracy.

A Novel Device for Real-Time Monitoring of High Frequency Phenomena in CENELEC PLC Band

This paper proposes the design and development of a novel, portable and low-cost intelligent electronic device (IED) for real-time monitoring of high frequency phenomena in CENELEC PLC band. A high speed floating-point digital signal processor (DSP) along with 4 MSPS analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is used to develop the intelligent electronic device. An optimized algorithm to process the analog signal in real-time and to extract the meaningful result using signal processing techniques has been implemented on the device. A laboratory environment has setup with all the necessary equipment including the development of the load model to evaluate the performance of the IED. Smart meter and concentrator is also connected to the low voltage (LV) network to monitor the PLC communication using the IED. The device has been tested in the laboratory and it has produced very promising results for time domain as well as frequency domain analysis. Those results imply that the IED is fully capable of monitoring high frequency disturbances in CENELEC PLC band.

Application of GaN in Hard-switching Converters:Challenges and Potential Solutions

This paper overviews the benefits,challenges,research trends and potential solutions on the design and application of gallium nitride(GaN) technology in hard-switching power electronic converters from the device level up to converter level.

High Temperature Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage and Its Power Control Technology

High temperature superconducting （HTS） power inductor and its control technology have been studied and analyzed in the paper. Based on the results of simulations and practical experiments, a controlled release scheme has been proposed and verified for developing a practical HTS SMES prototype.

一种低延时低功耗PWM比较器电路设计

设计了一种基于HHGrace 0.35μm BCD工艺的低延时低功耗电压型静态脉冲宽度调制(Pulse Width Modulation,PWM)比较器,主要应用于高频低功耗的开关电源系统。设计中包含动态尾电流源和改进型正反馈放大器,以改进传统跨导放大器(Operational Transconductance Amplifier,OTA)型比较器高延迟和高功耗等问题。仿真结果表明:在1.2~5.0 V供电电压范围内稳定工作,最大上升沿延时35 ns,最大下降沿延时41 ns,支持6 MHz开关频率的系统,比较精度8 mV,失调电压439μV,静态功耗仅为2.5μA(1.2 V供电)和4.4μA(5.0 V供电)。

新型全固态模块化多电平特种高压电源优化设计

模块化多电平换流器(MMC)已成为新型全固态特种高压电源的有效解决方案,对其进行轻量化设计以节约设备空间成本成为当前研究热点。MMC中限制功率密度提升的首要因素为子模块大尺寸电容,为降低MMC对子模块容值的需求,提高系统功率密度,提出一种改进型MMC(I-MMC)拓扑。应用隔离型开关电容变换器,实现上下桥臂一对子模块高频链互联。研究中相单元内上、下桥臂子模块对并联的高频链两侧采用同步控制,使子模块电容之间呈现开关电容特性,实现波动功率在电容之间的自由传递,进而消除相位相反的基频与3倍频波动分量。结合MMC运行调制比和功率因数分析基频与3倍频波动分量消除后子模块电容取值,完成模块化设计。所提方案可将子模块电容减小至常规MMC的1/4。仿真与实验结果验证了所提拓扑方案的正确性与有效性。

高频双频Buck变换器平面集成磁件优化设计

针对目前开关器件和磁性元件性能不足导致双频Buck变换器的效率和功率密度低的问题,研究了一种高效高功率密度的双频Buck变换器。变换器将工作在连续导通(CCM)模式,采用解耦合的平面集成电感器完成系统磁元件的集成,结合磁件的集成方法、有限的PCB层数和变换器的特性给出双频Buck变换器的参数,然后,提出了一种双频Buck变换器平面磁件的设计方法,并完成系统磁元件的优化设计。最后,基于第3代半导体SiC器件以及平面集成磁件,设计了额定功率200 W、开关频率400 kHz的双频Buck变换器。结果表明:该变换器峰值效率将达到96.1%,功率密度为46.1 W/in^(3)(1 in=25.4 mm),验证了双频Buck变换器设计方法的正确性和有效性。

计及高比例新能源多种控制方式及运行约束的连续潮流

高比例新能源电网的电压稳定问题突出,连续潮流是电压稳定分析的重要工具。现有含电压源换流器(VSC)电源电网的连续潮流未充分考虑VSC的多种控制方式以及运行约束,导致电压稳定裕度计算的准确性不足。文中提出同时计及新能源并网VSC的输出电流约束和内电势约束,以及考虑构网型新能源恒电压控制、无功功率-电压下垂控制和跟网型新能源恒无功控制的连续潮流模型和计算方法,给出了由约束导致的控制方式切换逻辑和分岔点类型识别方法。通过改造的IEEE 39节点系统算例结果表明,所提模型与算法提升了传统连续潮流方法对高比例新能源电网静态电压稳定分析的适用性。

高频链矩阵变换器直接功率反步控制策略

针对高频链矩阵变换器(HFLMC)电路前后级耦合导致系统动态性能和鲁棒性降低的问题,提出一种基于直接功率的非线性反步控制策略(BS-DPC)。首先,建立HFLMC非线性数学模型和有功、无功功率动态模型,分析双极性电流空间矢量调制策略;然后,在考虑系统不确定性情况下引入2个解耦控制分量,设计直流输出电流和无功功率反步控制器,实现电池不同工况下输出电流参考值的快速跟踪控制;最后,根据李雅普诺夫稳定性理论证明HFLMC闭环系统全局渐进稳定性,并对比传统PI直接功率控制和BS-DPC策略。仿真和实验结果表明,所提BS-DPC策略控制HFLMC提高了输出电流的动态性能和电网波动及直流滤波电感变化下的鲁棒性,响应时间减少了约78%,网侧THD降低了0.98%。

虚拟仿真技术在“通信电子线路”实验课程教学中应用

针对“通信电子线路”实验课程教学中操作复杂、数据测量困难和实验现象难以观察等缺点,引入虚拟仿真技术进行仿真实验。通过在谐振功率放大器实验教学过程中进行虚拟仿真,利用虚拟仿真仪器能方便地观测到电路的三种工作状态,精准测量参数,实用性强。实践证明,先进行仿真实验,在进入实验室完成硬件电路实验,能提高实验教学的质量和效率,提高学生对电路的理解和分析能力。

构网型变流器:物理本质与特征

全球能源产业变革促进了电力系统电力电子化转型,以新能源为主体的电力电子化电力系统中同步机占比低,系统呈现低惯量、弱阻尼特征,引发了一系列运行问题。构网型变流器本质为电压源,能够主动构建电压频率,为系统提供惯量支撑,有利于改善系统稳定性,是提高新能源主动支撑能力的有效手段,近年来成为研究热点。该文从电力电子化电力系统的运行问题出发,梳理了下垂控制、虚拟同步机控制等典型构网型控制策略的实现原理及内在联系,建立构网型控制策略的统一数学模型;通过类比稳态条件下同步机与构网型变流器的电压频率构建原理,揭示了构网型变流器的物理本质,从电压频率构建、惯量阻尼支撑、同步机制等角度解释了构网型变流器的内涵与特性,可为构网型变流器的稳定与控制提供理论参考。

基于等效励磁电感的SiC串联器件型中压双有源桥变换器的软开关技术

基于SiC串联器件的双有源桥变换器因具有开关损耗小、功率密度高、能量控制简单等优势,有望成为中压变换场景中实现高频隔离的优选方案。为保证SiC串联器件的可靠均压,各器件上并联大容值缓冲电容,然而该设计使变换器在传输功率较低时难以实现零电压开通,严重影响变换器的整体效率和串联器件的可靠运行。该文通过构建SiC串联器件型中压双有源桥变换器多模态运行模型并深入分析其运行特性,提出一种基于等效励磁电感的无源软开关技术。所提技术可通过优化外接传输电感位置的方式实现中压侧等效励磁电感参数调节,从而在无额外控制前提下实现SiC串联器件的软开关范围扩展。最后,设计了4 kV/1 kV实验样机,实现了100 kW下运行。实验结果显示,所提出的软开关技术能显著地扩展变换器中SiC串联器件的软开关范围,在保证SiC串联器件均压稳定性的同时能够大幅降低变换器在轻载运行时的功耗。

基于高频振荡的变流器杂散电感多参数提取方法

针对变流器不同位置杂散电感准确获取困难的问题,提出一种基于LC高频振荡原理的杂散电感多参数提取方法,充分利用变流器自身结构,通过3个现场实验主动构建不同的谐振电路,并根据它们的振荡频率计算变流器不同位置的杂散电感。首先阐述了高频振荡法的基本原理,建立了不同谐振实验的等值电路模型。然后,以1700 V/450 A IGBT变流器系统为例,通过仿真与实验进行了可行性与有效性验证。最后,通过实验与传统双脉冲法进行了对比分析。研究表明:所提出的方法可有效提取变流器内不同位置的杂散电感参数,与双脉冲法提取开关杂散电感结果基本一致,精度可达纳亨级。