Effect of UV radiation aging on creepage discharge characteristics of high temperature vulcanized silicon rubber at high altitude

The physicochemical properties and creepage discharge characteristics of aged high temperature Vulca nized(HTV)silicone rubber materials were investigated by ultraviolet radiati on(UV)aging method in this study.The experimental results show that as the aging time increases,the creepage discharge flashover voltage increases first and then decreases.But the aging time has little effect on the creepage discharge inception voltage.With the aging time prolonged,the discharge endurance time of HTV silicone rubber is shortened,and the creepage discharge development velocity is accelerated.In the short time of applying voltage to aging material,the magnitude of discharge in creases rapidly.According to the partial discharge characteristic parameters of creepage discharge,the whole creepage discharge process is partitioned into four stages.Compared with unaged HTV silicone rubber,the aged HTV silicone rubber has less fluctuation in performance parameters and a clear trend.The study found that UV aging not only affects the physicochemical and hydrophobic properties of the HTV silicone rubber,but also accelerates the development of creepage discharge under AC voltage.

Martensite Aging Effect and Thermal Cyclic Characteristics in Ti-Pd and Ti-Pd-Ni High Temperature Shape Memory Alloys

The effect of thermal cycling and aging in martensitic state in Ti-Pd-Ni alloys were investigated by DSC and TEM observations. It is shown that the thermal cycling causes the decreases in M, and Af temperatures in Ti50Pd50-xNix (x=10, 20, 30) alloys, but no obvious thermal cycling effect was observed in Ti50Pd50Pd40Ni10 alloys and the aging effect shows a curious feature, i.e., the Af temperature does not saturate even after relatively long time aging, which is considered to be due to the occurrence of recovery recrystallization during aging.

Phase Transformation and Thermal Stability of Aged Ti-Ni-Hf High Temperature Shape Memory Alloys

The use of Ni-rich TiNiHf alloys as high temperature shape memory alloys （SMAs） through aging has been presented. For Ni-rich Ti80-xNixHf20 alloys, their phase transformation temperatures are averagely increased more than 100 K by aging at 823 K for 2 h. Especially for the alloys with Ni-content of 50.4 at. pct and 50.6 at. pct, their martensitic transformation start temperatures （Ms） are more than 473 K after aging. TEM observation confirmed that some fine particles precipitate from the matrix during aging. The aged Ni-rich TiNiHf SMAs show the better thermal stability of phase transformation temperatures than the solutiontreated TiNiHf alloys. The fine particles precipitated during aging should be responsible for the increase of phase transformation temperatures and its high stability.

Effects of gold plating on the resistance to high temperature discoloration of the cavity for ceramic packages

The effects of thickness and types of gold plating on the resistance to hightemperature discoloration of gold plating on cavity surface of ceramic package were investigated. Itwas found that the thicker gold plating, the less discoloration degree for ceramic packages.Non-cyanide gold plating performed better resistance to high-temperature aging than cyanide goldplating. The relationship between the gold plating thickness and the amount of diffused Ni to thegold plating of ceramic packages with Au/Ni and Au/Ni-Co platings after heating at 420℃ for 15 minwas also studied. When the gold plating thickness reach 2.0 μm and 1.6 μm for Au/Ni and Au/Ni-Coplating systems, respectively, no discoloration was observed on the gold plating surface of cavity,and the corresponding diffused Ni amounts (mass fraction) are 1.0% and 0.4%, while the diffused Coto the gold plating is 0.04%.

Effect of seedling age and water depth on morphological and physiological aspects of transplanted rice under high temperature

To study the effect of high temperature, rice seedlings 20, 30, 40 and 50 d were kept at 5, 10, 15 and 20 cm water depth in a water pool. Meteorological findings indicated that water temperature varied up to 10 cm but became stable below this depth. Deep water inflicted higher tiller mortality, minimal increase in dry weight of aerial parts and leaf area, decrease in root length, and decrease in root dry weight especially at 20 cm water depth and produced an unbalanced T/R ratio (top versus root dry weight). However, deep water tended to increase plant length. These parameters, however, excel in shallow water. Older seedlings, with the exception of root dry weight, could not perform well compared to young seedlings in all physiological and morphological aspects. The study revealed that seedlings, particularly young ones, stand well in shallow water and can cope with high temperature.

Effects of gold plating on the resistance to high temperature discoloration of the cavity for ceramic packages

The effects of thickness and types of gold plating on the resistance to high temperature discoloration of gold plating on cavity surface of ceramic package were investigated. It was found that the thicker gold plating, the less discoloration degree for ceramic packages. Non-cyanide gold plating performed better resistance to high-temperature aging than cyanide gold plating. The relationship between the gold plating thickness and the amount of diffused Ni to the gold plating of ceramic packages with Au/Ni and Au/Ni-Co platings after heating at 420℃for 15 min was also studied. When the gold plating thickness reach 2.0 μm and 1.6 μm for Au/Ni and Au/Ni-Co plating systems, respectively, no discoloration was observed on the gold plating surface of cavity, and the corresponding diffused Ni amounts (mass fraction) are 1.0% and 0.4%, while the diffused Co to the gold plating is 0.04%.

Thermodynamic Foundation for High Temperature Electrochemistry

Thermodynamic concepts required for the thermodynamic calculation of the potentials of electrodes for high temperature applications are briefly reviewed. A thermodynamic approach to the calculation of half cell potentials and the standard chemical potential of an electron at high temperatures which are related to the Standard Hydrogen Electrode(SHE) is discussed. As examples, an external Ag/AgCl reference electrode and a YSZ(Ag|O_2) pH sensor for high temperature applications are analyzed by using the thermodynamic approach to derive a high temperature pH measurement equation. The two electrodes are employed to measure high temperature pH and the measured pH was compared with the calculated pH by using a solution chemistry method. Concepts and principles for electrode kinetics are also briefly introduced and a modification to the Tafel equations is suggested.

Influence of chemical composition and cold deformation on aging precipitation behavior of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels

The influence of chemical composition and cold deformation on aging precipitation behavior of 18Cr-16Mn-2Mo-1.1N(HNS-A), 18Cr-16Mn-1.3N(HNS-B), 18Cr-18Mn-2Mo-0.96N(HNS-C) and 18Cr-18Mn-2Mo-0.77N(HNS-D) high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels was investigated. The results show that the "nose" temperatures and incubation periods of the initial time temperature precipitation(TTP) curves of aged HNSs are found to be 850℃,60s; 850℃, 45s; 850℃, 60 s and 900℃,90s, respectively. Based on the analysis of SAD patterns, the coarse cellular Cr2N precipitate which presents a lamellar structure has a hexagonal structure of a=0.478 nm and c=0.444 nm. The χ phase corresponding to a composition of Fe36Cr12Mo10, is determined to be a body-centered cubic structure of a=0.892 nm. The precipitating sensitivity presents no more difference with the nitrogen content increasing from 0.77% to 0.96%, but exhibits so obviously that the cellular precipitates nearly overspread the whole field. The addition of Mo element can restrain the TTP curves moving left and down, which means decreasing the sensitivity of aging precipitation. With increasing the cold deformation, the sensitivity of precipitation increases obviously.

Ag在橄榄石、斜方辉石、单斜辉石和玄武质熔体间的分配

地幔部分熔融过程中亲S元素Ag的分配行为能够限定地幔中Ag含量,同时可以追踪地幔中S含量和去向。在地幔部分熔融过程中, Ag的分配行为与其在地幔硅酸盐矿物–玄武质熔体间的分配系数密切相关。因此准确地测定Ag在除硫化物之外地幔硅酸盐矿物和共存熔体之间的分配系数是预测Ag分配行为的必要条件之一。目前缺乏Ag在地幔矿物(橄榄石、辉石等)和玄武质熔体之间分配系数的报道,阻碍了对Ag在地幔部分熔融过程中分配行为的研究。本研究通过高温高压实验获得了在洋中脊玄武岩(MORB)产生的温度和压力条件下,Ag在橄榄石(ol)、斜方辉石(opx)、单斜辉石(cpx)与玄武质熔体(melt)之间的分配系数,分别为DAgol/melt=0.0005±0.0002、DAgopx/melt=0.007±0.003和DAgcpx/melt=0.046±0.009。根据实验获得的分配系数进行模拟的计算结果表明,太古代科马提岩和洋中脊苦橄岩源区的地幔Ag含量为(8±2)×10^(-9)。如果这个值能代表MORB源区地幔的Ag含量,那么当MORB地幔中的S含量为170×10^(-6)~240×10^(-6)时,其低于15%部分熔融产生熔体中Ag含量与原始MORB中Ag含量吻合。因此MORB源区地幔中的S含量为(205±35)×10^(-6)。另外,原始MORB熔体产生时,其源区普遍有硫化物残留。

杨木旧材高温作用后力学性能试验研究

依托新疆玉儿滚军垦旧址保护项目,采用火灾后未过火原木制作杨木旧材的标准无疵小试样,考虑温度、恒温时间两种因素高温处理试样并进行抗拉、抗压力学性能试验,探究木材顺纹和横纹方向上的主要力学性能演化规律。在试验基础上,建立了顺纹杨木旧材抗压本构模型。试验结果表明:高温处理后,顺纹木材抗压强度整体下降幅度为15%~30%,横纹木材抗压强度整体下降幅度为20%~50%;顺纹木材和横纹木材的抗拉强度均显著下降,为25%~62%。建立的本构模型曲线与试验结果相比,误差在10%以内,可适用于相应木材力学性能分析。

时效温度对Fe-30Mn-12Al-0.9C轻质高强钢组织和硬度的影响

针对高Al、高Mn含量的轻质高强钢Fe-30Mn-12Al-0.9C,研究了时效温度对该钢相组成、组织和硬度的影响,通过OM、XRD等分析了不同时效温度下其微观组织的演变规律。结果表明:在低温时效时,该钢的时效组织和固溶组织差异较小,主要为奥氏体+铁素体,晶内存在纳米级别κ-碳化物,硬度变化幅度较小;500℃时效时,组织中出现β-Mn,硬度开始升高;当时效温度为650℃时,组织发生明显改变,晶界出现大量β-Mn,硬度明显升高;当时效温度达到700℃时,奥氏体彻底分解为铁素体和κ-碳化物,伴随着晶界处β-Mn和κ-碳化物的聚集长大,材料的硬度达到最大值66.3 HRC。

成核剂改性沥青的制备及性能评价

为了扩大沥青改性剂的使用范围,并改善现有技术中存在的问题。采用NAB、NAP两种成核剂来制备不同掺量的改性沥青。通过三大指标试验、DSR试验、紫外老化试验、长期老化试验和BBR试验,研究成核剂改性沥青的基本性能、高温流变性能、紫外老化性能、长期压力老化性能和低温流变性能。研究结果表明:成核剂改性沥青软化点提高12.93%,针入度下降21.60%;成核剂改性沥青高温抗车辙性能较好;其紫外老化指数和长期老化指数远低于基质沥青的,具有较明显的抗老化性能;成核剂改性沥青的低温蠕变劲度模量减小,蠕变速率增大,低温流变性能得到明显改善。成核剂改性沥青明显提高了基质沥青的高温流变性能、抗老化性能和低温流变性能,推荐成核剂最佳掺量为1.0%~2.0%。

Ag含量对Al-Cu-Mg-Ag合金高温力学性能及耐热性的影响

通过对高温拉伸强度、延伸率、高温持久时间的测试以及SEM、TEM观察表明:Ag含量的增加显著提高合金在高温拉伸时的强度和高温持久强度极限;合金在高温下的断裂仍为塑性穿晶断裂;Ag含量越大,合金中析出的?相的数量越多,经长时间高温之后,其粗化程度不大,仍为主要强化相。

高温高压水溶液用Ag/AgCl参比电极研究现状及发展趋势

对目前国内外高温高压水溶液用Ag/AgCl参比电极的研究现状进行了回顾和总结 ,主要针对内置式参比电极和外置式参比电极的结构和存在的问题进行了讨论 .两种电极在结构上的发展都是从复杂到简单实用 ,大量新材料和新技术的应用使参比电极的性能有了很大的提高 .相比来说 ,内置式参比电极由于结构简单 ,电位稳定 ,比较适合用于热力学方面的研究 ;而外置式参比电极的结构比较复杂 ,适合于动力学方面的研究 .并对参比电极的发展趋势进行了展望 .

基于老化补偿的功率模块全生命周期在线结温监测方法

功率模块结温在线监测对提升系统性能和可靠性具有重要意义。应用导通饱和压降和电流对结温进行估计,对测量带宽要求不高,对硬件和算法的侵入性低,是比较理想的结温在线监测方法。但是传统的测量方法很难满足结温精度要求,另外长期工作下功率模块老化会引起温度模型参数漂移,进一步加剧结温估计误差。为此,该文提出一套高精度测量电路和采样校准策略,应用温漂抑制、动态自适应采样、误差定向标定、同步时序控制等策略,大幅提高了在线采样分辨率和结温估计精度。针对老化问题,提出一种基于大电流注入的急停控制策略,解决了老化特征参数在线辨识问题,实现了结温模型的老化补偿,大大提高了老化后的结温监测精度,实现了全生命周期高精度在线监测。最后,在250kW三相变流器平台上进行了实验验证,得到老化前后的结温估计误差,证明了该文方法对提高结温监测精度具有明显效果。

Al-Cu-Mg-Ag合金的高温力学性能

利用高温短时拉伸试验、扫描电镜和透射电镜等分析手段,研究了经165℃×2 h时效处理的Al-Cu-Mg-Ag合金在不同温度下的显微组织和力学性能。结果表明:随着温度的升高,强度逐渐下降,而伸长率先降后升。在200℃时合金具有最低的伸长率(12%),在温度高于200℃时,合金强度下降较快。当温度升至350℃时,抗拉强度、屈服强度分别降至105 MPa、98 MPa,伸长率增至23%。在高温条件下,该合金力学性能的下降主要是由于析出相的粗化与转变引起的。

YSZ表面的 Ag电极的高温退化性能

采用交流复阻抗法对用于固体氧化物燃料电池的 Ag电极材料的高温 ( 850℃ )退化特性进行研究 .发现 Ag电极的性能退化不随时间单调变化 ,其界面反应电阻在初始阶段随时间急剧增大 ,达到最大值后开始缓慢下降 。

长时高温时效对T23水冷壁焊接接头CGHAZ微观组织的影响

通过高温时效方法分析了焊后未热处理T23水冷壁管焊接接头粗晶热影响区(coarse grained heat affected zone,CGHAZ)在服役过程中形成再热裂纹的微观机理,揭示了工程中未热处理T23水冷壁接头在机组启机后,短期运行容易发生开裂泄漏的内在原因.采用材料表征手段对未时效和高温时效处理后的水冷壁焊接接头CGHAZ硬度、微观组织、析出物物相等进行系统分析.结果表明,在530℃时效100 h后,CGHAZ硬度出现由晶内弥散强化导致的二次硬化现象,随着时效(运行)时间增加,CGHAZ硬度逐渐降低,但时效1000 h后,CGHAZ硬度仍有319 HV高于标准要求;在600℃温度下,随着时效时间的增加,CGHAZ硬度随之降低,组织回复、再结晶、马氏体板条宽化、位错密度降低、C元素及合金元素从基体析出等因素导致的CGHAZ硬度降低作用高于MX碳化物在晶内弥散析出导致的硬度升高,M_(23)C_(6)型碳(氮)化物在晶界、亚晶界逐渐析出和长大.

Al-4.72Cu-0.45Mg-0.54Ag-0.17Zr合金高温持久后的剩余室温拉伸性能及组织分析

研究了Al-Cu-Mg-Ag合金在165℃时效组织与性能的变化,并分别采用欠时效和峰值时效的试样进行200℃及外加应力为200MPa高温持久实验。结果表明,欠时效态的试样在高温持久下,随时间延长,其剩余强度先上升后下降,强度峰值出现在持久20h。延伸率变化与强度变化基本相似。持久100h后,合金力学性能相对欠时效态无明显下降,显示出优良的热稳定性。合金欠时效的高温持久后的性能优于峰时效态。

Cu-Cr-Zr-Ag合金高温热变形行为与变形机制

在Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机上对Cu-Cr-Zr-Ag合金进行高温等温压缩试验,当热压缩应变速率为0.001~10 s-1、热变形温度为650~950℃时,同时对合金高温热压缩的热加工图以及变形机制进行研究。结果表明:流变应力随变形温度的升高而减小,随应变速率的提高而增大;热变形过程中的稳态流变应力可用双曲正弦本构关系式来描述,其激活能为Q=343.23 k J/mol,同时利用逐步回归的方法建立了该合金的流变应力方程。根据动态材料模型计算并分析了合金的热加工图,并且获得了试验参数范围内热变形过程的最佳工艺参数:温度为750~800℃、应变速率范围为0.01~0.1 s-1,并利用热加工图分析了该合金不同区域的高温变性特征以及组织变化。