P-Wave Velocity in Rocks of Dabieshan, China at High Pressure and High Temperature: Constraints for Composition of Lower Crust and Crust-Mantle Recycling

P-wave velocities in the rocks of Dabieshan, central China were measured at pressures up to 5.0 GPa and temperatures up to 1 300℃. The ultrahigh pressure eclogites have the highest density and P-wave velocity (Vp) and lower anisotropy. Pressure derivatives of the eclogites range from 0. 22 to 0. 33 km. s-1 GPa-1. Average temperature derivative of the eclogites is - 3. 41×10-4 km. s-1. °C -1. The density and VP of the eclogites imply that there will be two united possibilities related to crust-mantle recycling after the eclogite formed in the deep lithosphere. One is that some eclogites in the deep lithosphere were detached and sunk into deeper mantle due to their denser density. Another is that some eclogites returned to the crust and exposed to the surface.Small amounts (<12%) of eclogites may be still exist in the deep crust beneath Dabieshan based on our calculation.

Compressional elastic wave velocities of serpentinized pyroxenite at high pressures and high temperatures and its geological significance

Center for Analysis and Prediction, China Seismological Bureau, Beijing 100036, China 2) Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China

The experimental studies on electrical con-ductivities and P-wave velocities of anortho-site at high pressure and high temperature

Results of P-wave velocity (vP) and electrical conductivity measurements on anorthosite are presented from room temperature to 880 C at 1.0 GPa using ultrasonic transmission technique and impedance spectra technique respec-tively. The experiments show that the P-wave velocities in anorthosite decrease markedly above 680 C following the dehydration of hydrous minerals in the rock, and the complex impedances collected from 12 Hz to 105 Hz only indicate the grain interior conduction mechanism at 1.0 GPa, from 410 C to 750 C. Because the fluids in the rock have not formed an interconnected network, the dehydration will not pronouncedly enhance the electrical conduc-tivity and change the electrical conduction mechanism. It is concluded that the formation and evolution of the low-velocity zones and high-conductivity layers in the crust may have no correlations, and the dehydration can result in the formation of the low-velocity zones, but cannot simultaneously result in the high-conductivity layers.

A New Method of Measurement for Elastic Wave Velocities in Minerals and Rocks at High Temperature and High Pressure and Its Significance

We developed a new method of measurement for elastic wave velocity of rocks and minerals at high temperature and high pressure in a wedge-type cubic anvil. The shear-wave and other ultrasonic wave can be identified by full wave phase analysis (FWPA), thus the velocities of compression-wave and shear-wave can be obtained in a single experiment. We have done the measurements of elastic wave velocities on pyrophyllite, etc. at high pressure (0.1—5.5 GPa) and high temperature (ambient temperature 1600℃), the ranges of the pressure and the temperature are in the head among the methods of the wave velocites measurement in laboratory in the world.

The effect of phase transition on the compressional wave velocity for a trachybasalt at high temperature and high pressure

Compressional wave velocities in a trachybasalt, from Yichuan County, Henan Province, have been measured at 2.0 GPa and up to 1 350℃ in a YJ-3000 t cubic-anvil highpressure apparatus. The run products have been gained at the same pressure but different temperatures. The observation of the thin sections of the run products indicates that, corresponding to the variation of the compressional wave velocity in the trachybasalt, the phase transition has taken place. The relationship between the change of the compressional wave velocity and the hydrous mineral dehydration, solid-solid phase transformation and partial melting has been discussed. The experimental data presented here are of great importance to elucidating the geological process in the earth’s interior.

Experimental studies of electrical conductivities and P-wave velocities of gabbro at high pressures and high temperatures

The P-wave velocities and electrical conductivities of gabbro were measured using ultrasonic transmission method and impedance spectroscopy from room temperature to 1100°C at 1–2 GPa, and the factors controlling the P-wave velocity and the microscopic conductance mechanisms of the rock were analyzed. The experimental results show that the P-wave velocities of gabbro drop abruptly at temperatures of 800-850°C and under pressures of 1–2 GPa due to the occurrence of grain boundary phases and dehydration melting; however, the electrical conductivities and electronic conduction mechanisms have not changed obviously at temperatures of 800–850°C. At temperatures Below 680°C, only one impedance arc (I) corresponding to grain interior conduction occurs at frequencies between 12 Hz and 105 Hz, the second arc (II) corresponding to grain boundary conduction occurs at temperatures above 680°C. The total conductivity of this rock is dominated by the grain interior conductivity as the occurrence of grain boundary conduction has a small effect on the total conductivity. The laboratory-measured velocities are consistent with the average P-wave velocity observations of lower crust and upper mantle. The conductivity values correspond well with the gabbroite composition of the lower crust and upper mantle; however, they are about 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than MT data from the high conductive layers. The experiments confirm that the dehydration of hydrous minerals can induce the partial melting, and the low seismic velocity zones might be correlated with the high conductive layers if partial melting occurs.

P-wave velocities of alkaline olivine basalt at high pressure and temperature and its controlling factors

SEISMIC wave inversion is one of the most important means for us to recognize the compositionand structure of the Earth’s interior.Although the experimental techniques of elastic wave ve-locity measurement at in situ high pressure and temperature develop very fast in recent

高海拔环境下运动装药的爆炸冲击波特性

为了研究高海拔环境下运动装药的爆炸冲击波传播特性,利用AUTODYN有限元软件,研究了不同海拔高度及其解耦对应的低温条件和低压条件对运动装药爆炸冲击波超压场的影响规律;建立了预测低温环境和低压环境下运动装药爆炸冲击波超压的理论计算模型,并通过试验数据和数值模拟进行了对比验证。结果表明,该计算模型可以有效预测不同低温、低压以及低温和低压耦合的高海拔环境下运动装药的爆炸冲击波超压;海拔高度从0升至10000 m,冲击波超压峰值平均减小35.6%,冲击波作用范围增加62.0%;随着环境温度降低,冲击波超压峰值平均增加0.43%,冲击波作用范围减小11.9%;随着环境压力降低,冲击波超压峰值平均减小36.4%,冲击波作用范围增加83.5%;不同海拔高度下装药运动速度引起的冲击波超压增大系数变化规律与解耦对应的低压条件影响规律基本相似;高海拔环境对运动装药爆炸冲击波的作用范围及超压的影响主要取决于低压条件,低温条件的影响程度较小。

Early Mesozoic mantle-crust transitional zone in eastern Inner Mongolia: Evidence from measurements of compressional velocities of xenoliths at high pressure and high temperature

Compression wave velocity Vp has been measured on 10 representative rock samples from the Early Mesozoic granulite and mafic-ultramafic cumulate xenoliths population from the Harqin area of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (for short Inner Mongolia) as an aid to interpreting in-situ seismic velocity data and investigating velocity variation with depth in a mafic lower crust. The experiments have been carried out at constant confining pressures up to 1 000 MPa and temperatures ranging from 20 to around 1 300℃, using the ultrasonic transmission technique. After corrections for estimated in situ crustal pressures and temperatures, elastic wave velocities range from 6.5 to 7.4 km · s-1, indicating that they are components of the Early Mesozoic crust-mantle transitional zone. Combining with previous experimental data, we have also reestablished the Early-Mesozoic continental compression velocity profile and compared it with those of the present and of the different tectonic environments in the world. The result shows that it is similar to the velocity pattern of the extensional tectonic area, providing new clues to the Mesozoic continental structure of the North China Craton.

Experimental studies on elastic and rheological properties of amphibolites at high pressure and high temperature

Laboratory measurements of compressional-wave velocities and rheological properties are carried out on natural amphibolites collected from Chencai, Zhejiang Province at high pressures and high temperatures. The experiments of elastic wave velocity find that the compressional-wave velocities travel faster along the lineation(X-direction) within the foliation plane than those normal to the foliation (Z-direction). The velocity anisotropies are high for the amphibolites at 550℃ and pressure of 800 MPa or 600 MPa. Furthermore, the values of anisotropy and average velocity are respectively 7.83% and 6.77km/s for the samples with fine grain size, 9.77% and 6.64km/s for the samples with medium grain size. With increasing temperature at high static pressure, the wave velocities spreading along three structure directions in the samples all start to drop from 750℃ up. The rheological experiments also find that there is a marked strength reduction from 750℃ to 800℃ although the flow strength gradually decreases with increasing temperature for the fine-grained amphibolite at a confining pressure of 500 MPa and strain rate of 1×10-4s-1. Based on the results of microcopy observations, electronic probe analyses and infrared spectra analyses for some samples, the reduction of flow strength and wave velocity may be due to partial melting of amphibole above 750℃. In addition, the rock deformations undergo from localized brittle fracture, semi-brittle deformation (cataclastic flow or semi-brittle faulting, semi-brittle flow) to homogeneous crystal-plastic flow from 600℃ to 1000℃, confining pressure of 500 MPa and strain rate of 1×10-4s-1.

基于超声导波的高温管道壁厚监测技术优化

超声导波技术因可将超声换能器与高温环境隔离而常被用于高温管道的壁厚监测系统,但高温下常规耦合技术失效问题和信号信噪比低的问题影响了测量系统的可靠性和测量精度。设计用于传导超声信号的导波杆,基于声学匹配原理优化干耦合技术,解决高温环境下常规耦合技术的失效问题。提出自适应激励方式和测量数据的乘幂算法以提高高温下测量系统的自适应性和信号信噪比。采用智能分段声速方法对声速进行修正,使高温超声导波测厚系统的测量精度达到±0.03 mm。实验结果表明:在500℃的长期热源环境下,超声波换能器端的温度最高不超过56℃,验证了测量系统在高温环境下的可靠性。

高温风洞收集口对舱压试验匹配性影响的研究

针对高温燃气流风洞试验中舱压不稳定可能造成试验设施损害的问题,从波系与分离涡之间相互干扰的角度,开展了扩压器的收集口位置和尺寸对舱压试验匹配性影响的机理研究。使用计算流体力学方法对不同收集口位置和尺寸的工况进行了模拟,得到了试验舱内的压力分布情况,研究了波系与分离涡之间的相互干扰对试验稳定运行的影响,为收集口的优化设计提供了参考。研究表明,合理的收集口位置和尺寸,能够增强波系与锥身后的分离涡的相互影响,避免分离涡主导收集口,增加主流的通流量,减小舱内溢流及其产生的回流涡的尺度,有利于试验的成功开展。

核电站蒸汽发生器传热管电磁超声导波自动化检测系统设计

蒸汽发生器传热管作为高温气冷堆核电站一回路压力边界的关键部件,承担着热交换及辐射屏障的重要作用,其结构完整性严重影响核电安全运行。针对该类特殊结构传热管的在役检查难题,设计了专用的电磁超声导波自动化检测系统,研制了内置单点检测式的磁场增强型电磁超声导波探头,开发了采用模块化组件的五轴联动多自由度自动运载装置,提出了基于机器视觉的管孔动态定位方法,建立了蒸汽发生器全尺寸模拟体试验平台并开展了定位精度测试与缺陷检测试验。试验结果表明所设计的自动化检测系统可实现任意位置目标管孔的高精度定位及自动行走,可识别模拟体上异种钢焊缝处与距离检测端约60 m处的刻槽缺陷,有效检测范围覆盖传热管全长,有望为高温气冷堆核电站蒸汽发生器特殊结构传热管的质量健康评价提供技术支撑。

基于超声导波的氟化工高温管道壁厚检测技术

基于超声导波无损检测技术,开发了一套应用于氟化工装置高温管道的壁厚检测装备,结合无线传输技术能够实现对高温管道腐蚀状况的长期在线监测,进而降低因腐蚀问题造成的泄漏、破裂等事故的发生频率。采用矩形波导杆作为温度缓冲结构,在超声换能器和高温管道之间实现自然降温,同时还能作为传递非频散水平剪切波的媒介。利用COMSOL Multiphysics多物理场仿真软件对波导杆和高温试件进行热仿真分析和超声波场模拟,对波导杆进行结构优化,并在波导杆上激励和接收了非频散水平剪切波。对常温和高温工况下的不锈钢板进行试验和仿真分析,研究了超声导波的传播特性与机理,测量了不同温度下的钢板厚度,揭示了温度对厚度测量的影响规律。

Comparative experimental study on several methods for measuring elastic wave velocities in rocks at high pressure

To measure elastic wave velocities in rocks at high temperature and high pressure is an important way to acquire the mechanics and thermodynamics data of rocks in the earth? interior and also a substantial approach to studying the structure and composition of materials there. In recent years, a rapid progress has been made in methodology pertaining to the measurements of elastic wave velocities in rocks at high temperature and high pressure with solids as the pressuretransfer media. However, no strict comparisons have been made of the elastic wave velocity data of rocks measured at high temperature and high pressure by various laboratories. In order to compare the experimental results from various laboratories, we have conducted a comparative experimental study on three measuring methods and made a strict comparison with the results obtained by using the transmission method with fluid as the pressure-transfer medium. Our experimental results have shown that the measurements obtained by the three methods are comparable in the pressure ranges of their application. The cubic sample pulse transmission method used by Kern is applicable to measuring elastic wave velocities in crustal rocks at lower temperature and lower pressure. The prism sample pulse reflection-transmission method has some advantagesin pressure range, heating temperature and measuring precision. Although the measurements obtained under relatively low pressure conditions by the prism sample pulse transmission method are relatively low in precision, the samples are large in length and their assemblage is simple. So this method is suitable to the experiments that require large quantities of samples and higher pressures. Therefore, in practical application the latter two methods are usually recommended because their measurements can be mutually corrected and supplemented.

低温和低压环境下炸药爆炸冲击波的传播特性

针对高海拔或高空的低温、低压环境对炸药爆炸冲击波传播的影响,利用量纲分析理论和AUTODYN有限元软件,研究了低温、低压及海拔高度对炸药爆炸冲击波参量(峰值超压、比冲量和波阵面运动轨迹)的影响规律,建立了相应的计算公式,并通过数值模拟和实验数据进行了对比验证。结果表明,该计算公式可以有效预测低温和低压环境下炸药爆炸冲击波参量。环境压力降低,爆炸冲击波峰值超压和爆炸远场(比例距离Z>0.2 m/kg^(1/3))比冲量减小,冲击波传播速度增大。环境温度降低,冲击波比冲量增大,传播速度降低,峰值超压影响不大。海拔高度在0~9000 m范围内,每升高1000 m冲击波峰值超压和爆炸远场比冲量分别平均降低约3.9%和3.2%。海拔升高,爆炸近场冲击波传播速度升高,爆炸远场冲击波传播速度则降低。高海拔环境下低压对冲击波峰值超压和比冲量的影响大于低温,爆炸近场冲击波传播速度取决于低压的影响,爆炸远场冲击波传播速度取决于低温的影响。

2022年我国夏季极端高温阶段性特征及成因

利用常规观测和自动气象站加密观测资料以及ERA5再分析资料分析2022年夏季我国大范围极端高温阶段性特征及其热动力成因,结果表明:此次极端高温存在两个不同阶段:6月高温区集中在华北黄淮地区,7—8月高温区位于四川盆地—长江中下游地区;两个阶段极端高温均发生在异常环流背景条件下,对流层上层为显著偏强的南亚高压控制区,其主导系统分别为500 hPa强烈发展的华北高压脊和异常强盛的副热带高压坝;Rossby波能量自上游向华北地区持续频散和瞬变天气扰动偏弱是华北高压脊增强和维持的主要成因,西北太平洋副热带高压南侧的大气热源增强、赤道附近热带辐合区异常偏强的上升气流在30°N副热带高压脊线附近下沉,有利于西北太平洋副热带高压的西伸加强且稳定维持。对流层低层强烈暖平流和边界层非绝热加热是华北黄淮地区高温形成的主要影响因子,高温的维持主要依靠异常强烈的非绝热加热;四川盆地—长江中下游地区高温的形成受深厚对流层内异常下沉增温和边界层内非绝热加热共同影响,高温长时间维持的影响因子除非绝热加热外,极端强盛的南亚高压控制区内异常绝热加热项(下沉增温)的贡献亦不可忽视。

高温气冷堆蒸汽发生器换热管电磁超声导波检测方法研究

高温气冷堆蒸汽发生器螺旋换热管是压力边界相对薄弱的部分,若出现降质破损,可能引起放射性介质泄漏并造成堆芯损伤。针对该类换热管由于管路复杂缺乏无损检测方法的现状,提出了适用于高温气冷堆蒸汽发生器复杂结构换热管的电磁超声导波检测方法,开发了专用电磁超声导波检测仪及检测探头,建立了1∶1的高温气冷堆蒸汽发生器换热管全尺寸模拟体试验平台,开展了灵敏度测试优化试验及换热管全长缺陷检测试验。试验结果表明,该电磁超声导波检测方法能够有效解决高温气冷堆蒸汽发生器换热管在役无损检测难题,所开发的电磁超声导波检测仪和检测探头能够在单点位置实现换热管长距离全覆盖检测,可有效识别模拟体上换热管异种钢焊缝薄弱处与远端约60.2 m处截面损伤率为16.8%的刻槽缺陷,验证了高温气冷堆蒸汽发生器换热管电磁超声导波在役检测的可行性。

高温、高压型导波雷达液位仪表的故障分析原因分析与改进

高温、高压型导波雷达液位仪表在核电厂应用中出现的关键问题是周期性测量失效问题,已经成为该仪表的应用制约。某核电机组高压加热器液位计均出现了测量失效,两列高压加热器同时存在解列风险。为找出问题原因,本文开展了蒸汽补偿计算、定位分析,确定探杆顶部液滴对补偿的扰动,详细分析故障形成原因,并开展了针对性改进,效果较好。该课题对国内外仪表厂家的设计提供了重要借鉴,并对后续项目与变更改造提供了工程优化方案。

1.0GPa和常温至1100 ℃条件下角闪石斜长片麻岩的V_p变化:实验测量与理论计算

在1.0GPa、常温至1100℃条件下测量了角闪石斜长片麻岩的纵波速度(V_P),并统计了不同温度实验产物中各种矿物的体积百分含量。结果显示,1.0GPa下,角闪石斜长片麻岩的V_P首先随温度升高(室温至700℃)缓慢降低约6%,然后(700～850℃)快速降低约6%,再(850～950℃)转而急剧升高15%～25%,最后(T>950℃)又快速下降。实验产物分析表明在高温高压下α石英-β石英相变和岩石部分熔融是岩石V_P异常变化的主要因素。由取样产物的矿物含量和弹性参数,计算了各温度条件下岩石的V_P,得出与实验测量相同的波速-温度变化趋势,即V_P随温度升高先缓慢降低,接着快速降低后又急剧升高,最后又快速减小。实验测量和理论计算对比研究表明,通过高温高压下岩石中的物相变化观测结果进行岩石波速的计算,是检验岩石弹性波速测量结果和研究地球内部地震波结构的一种有效方法。