Self-propagating high temperature synthesis of MoSi_2 matrix composites

MoSi2 is presently regarded as the most important material for electrical heating and as one with huge potential for high temperature structural uses. MoSi2 and MoSi2 matrix composites were prepared by self-propagating high temperature synthesis （SHS）. Pure MoSi2 was obtained and a compound of MoSi2 and WSi2was synthesized in the form of predominant solid solution （Mo,W）Si2. By adding aluminum of 5.5 at.% to Mo-Si, the crystal structure of MoSi2 changed into a mixture of tetragonal Cllb MoSi2and hexagonal C40 Mo（Si,Al）2. The （Mo,W）Si2-Mo（Si,Al）2-W（Si,Al）2 composite materials were synthesized by adding aluminum of 5.5 at.% to Mo-W-Si. However, if the amount of the added aluminum was not larger than 2.5 at.%, it did not have any significant effect. SHS is an effective technology for synthesis of MoSi2 and MoSi2 matrix composites.

Microstructure evolution of SiC_w/AZ91 magnesium matrix composite during high temperature compression

The compressive behavior of the squeeze cast SiC_w/AZ91 composite was investigated at 400℃ and strain rate of 0.01s -1 by Gleeble-1500 thermal mechanical simulator. The microstructure evolution of the composite during compression was observed by scanning electron microscope(SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results indicate that the microstructure evolutions involve the movement of SiC whiskers and the changes of the matrix. The rotation and the broken of SiC whiskers tend to be obvious with the increasing strain. At the initial stage of compression (ε=1%), high density of dislocations was observed in the matrix. And at further strain (ε=10%), a number of twins are formed in the matrix. In this case, some twins intercept with each other and are broken with the increasing strain, and dynamic recrystallization (DRX) grains are nucleated at twin boundaries and twin intersections.

High-temperature oxidation behavior of CeO_2-SiO_2/Ni-W-P composites

Ni-W-P matrix composites containing CeO2 and SiO2 nano-particles were prepared on common carbon steel surface by means of pulse electrodeposition,and the high-temperature oxidation behavior was investigated.The results show that when the oxidation time is controlled in 1 h,oxidation kinetics curve between oxidation mass gain rate and oxidation temperature of CeO2-SiO2/Ni-W-P composites accords with the index increasing law.When the oxidation temperature is controlled at 300℃,the kinetics curve between oxidation mass gain rate and oxidation time accords with the linear increasing law.The composites as-deposited are in the amorphous state and turn into the crystal state at 400℃.The microstructures of oxidation film on the composites will change from the compact state to the loose state with increasing oxidation temperature to 800℃.They are still continuous and compact,and there are no crackle,strip and falling-out.CeO2 and SiO2 nano-particles co-deposited into Ni-W-P alloy can improve the high-temperature oxidation resistance.

High-temperature frictional wear behavior of MCrAlY-based coatings deposited by atmosphere plasma spraying

Al2O3-r2O03/NiCoCrAIYTa coatings were prepared via atmosphere plasma spraying （APS）. The microstructure and phase com- position of the coatings were analyzed by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, laser confocal scanning microsco- py （LSCM）, and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. The dry frictional wear behavior of the coatings at 500℃ in static air was inves- tigated and compared with that of 0Cr25Ni20 steel. The results show that the coatings comprise the slatted layers of oxide phases, unmelted particles, and pores. The hot abrasive resistance of the coatings is enhanced compared to that of 0Cr25Ni20, and their mass loss is approxi- mately one-fifteenth that of 0Cr25Ni20 steel. The main wear failure mechanisms of the coatings are abrasive wear, fatigue wear, and adhe- sive wear.

Effect of Ni content on the wear behavior of Al-Si-Cu-Mg-Ni/SiC particles composites

In recent years,the addition of Ni has been widely acknowledged to be capable of enhancing the mechanical properties of Al-Si alloys.However,the effect of Ni on the wear behaviors of Al-Si alloys and Al matrix composites,particularly at elevated temperat-ures,remains an understudied area.In this study,Al-Si-Cu-Mg-Ni/20wt%SiC particles(SiCp)composites with varying Ni contents were prepared by using a semisolid stir casting method.The effect of Ni content on the dry sliding wear behavior of the prepared compos-ites was investigated through sliding tests at 25 and 350℃.Results indicated that theθ-Al_(2)Cu phase gradually diminished and eventually disappeared as the Ni content increased from 0wt%to 3wt%.This change was accompanied by the formation and increase inδ-Al_(3)CuNi andε-Al_(3)Ni phases in microstructures.The hardness and ultimate tensile strength of the as-cast composites improved,and the wear rates of the composites decreased from 5.29×10^(−4)to 1.94×10^(−4)mm^(3)/(N∙m)at 25℃and from 20.2×10^(−4)to 7×10^(−4)mm^(3)/(N∙m)at 350℃with the increase in Ni content from 0wt%to 2wt%.The enhancement in performance was due to the presence of strengthening network structures and additional Ni-containing phases in the composites.However,the wear rate of the 3Ni composite was approximately two times higher than that of the 2Ni composite due to the fracture and debonding of theε-Al_(3)Ni phase.Abrasive wear,delamination wear,and oxidation wear were the predominant wear mechanisms of the investigated composites at 25℃,whereas delamination wear and oxid-ation wear were dominant during sliding at 350℃.

High-temperature tribological performance of functionally graded Stellite 6/WC metal matrix composite coatings manufactured by laser-directed energy deposition

Wear-driven tool failure is one of the main hurdles in the industry.This issue can be addressed through surface coating with ceramic-reinforced metal matrix composites.However,the maximum ceramic content is limited by cracking.In this work,the tribological behaviour of the functionally graded WC-ceramic-particlereinforced Stellite 6 coatings is studied.To that end,the wear resistance at room temperature and 400°C is investigated.Moreover,the tribological analysis is supported by crack sensitivity and hardness evaluation,which is of utmost importance in the processing of composite materials with ceramic-particle-reinforcement.Results indicate that functionally graded materials can be employed to increase the maximum admissible WC content,hence improving the tribological behaviour,most notably at high temperatures.Additionally,a shift from abrasive to oxidative wear is observed in high-temperature wear testing.

High-temperature mechanical properties of aluminium alloys reinforced with titanium diboride (TiB_2) particles

The physical and mechanical properties of metal matrix composites were improved by the addition of reinforcements. The mechanical properties of particulate-reinforced metal-matrix composites based on aluminium alloys （6061 and 7015） at high temperatures were studied. Titanium diboride （TiB2） particles were used as the reinforcement. All the composites were produced by hot extrusion. The tensile properties and fracture characteristics of these materials were investigated at room temperature and at high temperatures to determine their ultimate strength and strain to failure. The fracture surface was analysed by scanning electron microscopy. TiB2 particles provide high stability of the alumin- ium alloys （6061 and 7015） in the fabrication process. An improvement in the mechanical behaviour was achieved by adding TiB2 particles as reinforcement in both the aluminium alloys. Adding TiB2 particles reduces the ductility of the aluminium alloys but does not change the microscopic mode of failure, and the fracture surface exhibits a ductile appearance with dimples formed by coalescence.

High Temperature Properties of Discontinuously Reinforced Titanium Matrix Composites:A Review

Further improvement on high temperature durability is one of the most important aims except for high specific strength, high specific stiffness, and excellent wear resistance, to design and fabricate discontinuously reinforced titanium matrix composites （DRTMCs）. Their superior properties render them extensive application potential in aerospace and military industries due to the urgent demand for the materials with characteristics of lightweight, high strength, high stiffness and high temperature durability. With development on fabrication methods and room temperature properties, testing, characterizing, evaluating and further increasing high temperature properties of DRTMCs are becoming more and more important to promote their applications. This review provides insights and comprehensions on the high temperature tensile properties, superplastic tensile properties, creep behaviors, and high temperature oxidation behaviors of DRTMCs,

High-temperature oxidation behavior of Al_2O_3/TiAl matrix composite in air

The oxidation behavior of Al2O3/TiAl in situ composites fabricated by hot-pressing technology was in-vestigated at 900℃ in static air.The results indicate that the mass gains of the composites samples decrease gradually with increasing Nb2O5 content and the inert Al2O3 dispersoids effectively increase the oxidation resistance of the composites.The higher the Al2O3 dispersoids content,the more pro-nounced the effect.The primary oxidation precesses obey approximately the linear laws,and the cyclic oxidation precesses follow the parabolic laws.The oxidized sample containing Ti2AlN and TiAl phases in the scales exhibits excellent oxidation resistance.The oxide scale formed after exposure at 900 ℃ for 120 h is multiple-layered,consisting mainly of an outer TiO2 layer,an intermediate Al2O3 layer,and an inner TiO2+Al2O3 mixed layer.From the outer layer to the inner layer,TiO2+Al2O3 mixed layer presents the transit of Al-rich oxide to Ti-rich oxide mixed layer.Near the substrate,cross-section micrograph shows a relatively loose layer,and micro-and macro-pores remain on this layer,which is a transition layer and transferres from Al2O3+TiO2 scale to substrate.The thickness of oxide layer is about 20 μm.It is also found that continuous protective alumina scales can not be observed on the surface of oxida-tion scales.Ti ions diffuse outwardly to form the outer TiO2 layer,while oxygen ions transport inwardly to form the inner TiO2+Al2O3 mixed layer.Under long-time intensive oxidation exposure,the internal Al2O3 scale has a good adhesiveness with the outer TiO2 scale.No obvious spallation of the oxide scales occurs.The increased oxidation resistance by the presence of in situ Al2O3 particulates is at-tributed to the enhanced alumina-forming tendency and thin and dense scale formation.Al2O3 particu-lates enhance the potential barrier of Ti ions from M/MO interface to O/MO interface,thereby the TiO2 growth rate decreases,which is also beneficial to improve the oxidation resistance.Moreover,the multi-structure of the TiO2+Al2O3 mixed layer decreases the indiffusion of oxygen ions and also avails to improve the high temperature oxidation resistance of the as-sintered composites.

Evolution of microstructure and high temperature tensile properties of as-extruded Ti Bw reinforced near-α titanium matrix composite subjected to heat treatments

The Ti Bw reinforced near-α titanium matrix composite（Ti-5.8 Al-3.4 Zr-4.0 Sn-0.4 Mo-0.4 Nb-0.4 Si-0.06 C） was successfully synthesized by powder metallurgy and hot extrusion route. The effects of solution and aging temperature on the microstructure and high temperature tensile properties of the composite were investigated. The results revealed that the fine transformed β phase can be obtained by the solution treatment at β phase region and aging treatment, no other precipitates were observed. The α2 phase（Ti3 Al） can be acquired when the solution treated at α＋β phase region followed by aging treatment. With increasing the aging temperature from 500 to 700℃ for 5 h, the size of α2 precipitates increases from about 5 to about 30 nm. The Ti Bw are stable without any interfacial reaction during the heat treatments. The high temperature tensile properties show that the composite performed by solution and aging treatment exhibits good strengthening effects. With increasing the aging temperature from 500 to 700℃, the strength of the composite increases at the expense of elongation due to the increment of α2 precipitates.The strength of the composite at 600℃ increases by 17% to 986 MPa after 1000℃/2 h/AC and 700℃/5 h/AC heat treatment.

Oxidation behavior of in-situ Al_2O_3/TiAl composites at 900°C in static air

In-situ Al2O3/TiAl composites were successfully synthesized from the starting powders of Ti, Al, TiO2 and Nb2O5. The oxidation behavior of the composites at 900℃ in static air was investigated. The results indicate that the composite samples present a much lower oxidation mass gain. Under long-time intensive oxidation exposure, the formed oxide scale is multi-layer. The formation of the outer TiO2 layer is fine and dense, the internal Al2O3 scale has good adhesiveness with the outer TiO2 scale, and the TiO2＋Al2O3 mixed layer forming the protective oxide scale is favorable for the improvement of oxidation resistance. It is believed that the incorporation of Al2O3 particulates into the metal matrix decreases the coefficient of thermal expansion of the substrate, and forms a local three-dimensional network structure that can hold the oxide scale. The formation of the oxide scale with finer particle size, stronger adherence, less micro-defects and slower growth rate can contribute to the improvement of oxidation resistance. Nb element plays an important role in reducing the internal oxidation action of the materials, restraining the growth of TiO2 crystals and promoting the stable formation of the Al2O3-riched layer, which is beneficial to improve the oxidation properties.

Design, Preparation and Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Ultra-High Temperature Ceramic Composites for Aerospace Applications： A Review

Carbon fiber reinforced ultra-high temperature ceramic （UHTC） composites, consisting of carbon fibers embedded in a UHTC-matrix or a C-SiC-UHTC-matrix, are deemed as the most viable class of materials that can overcome the poor fracture toughness and thermal shock resistance of monolithic UHTC ma- terials, and also improve the oxidation resistance and ablation resistance of C/C and C/SiC composites at ultra-high temperatures. In this review, we summarize the different processing routes of the compos- ites based on the UHTC introducing methods, including chemical vapor infiltration/deposition （CVI/D）, precursor infiltration and pyrolysis （PIP）, reactive melt infiltration （RMI）, slurry infiltration （SI）. in-sito reaction, hot pressing （HP）, etc; and the advantages and drawbacks of each method are briefly dis- cussed. The carbon fiber reinforced UHTC composites can be highly tailorable materials in terms of fiber. interface, and matrix. From the perspective of service environmental applications for engine propul- sions anti hypersonic vehicles, the material designs （mainly focusing on the composition, quantity, structure of matrix, as well as the architecture of carbon fibers, UHTCs and pores）, their relevant processing routes and properties （emphasizing on the mechanical and ablation properties） are discussed in this paper. In addition, we propose a material architecture to realize the multi-function through changing the distri- bution of carbon fibers, UHTCs and pores, which will be an important issue for future development of carbon fiber reinforced UHTC composites.

Investigation of tribological characteristics of nickel alloybased solid-lubricating composites at elevated temperatures under vacuum

The development of a high‐performance solid‐lubricating composite with excellent self‐lubricity over a broad temperature range in vacuum is significant to solve the frictional problems of spatial mechanisms.In this study,the vacuum tribological behaviors of nickel‐matrix/Ag/(Ca,Ba)F2/graphite(0–2 wt%)composites were studied from 25 to 800°C.The results show that the synergistic effects of solid lubricants can significantly improve the tribological properties of the composites in vacuum,with the graphite content contributing considerably.For 2 wt%graphite,a low friction coefficient(0.14–0.25)and the lowest wear rate((0.12–4.78)×10^(-5) mm^(3)∙N^(-1)∙m^(-1))were observed in vacuum over the entire testing temperature range.Moreover,the wear mechanisms were clarified via analysis of the chemical composition and morphologies of the sliding surfaces.

Mechanical Property of M40J_f/5A06Al Composite at Elevated Temperatures

In this work, aluminum alloy with a high concentration of magnesium （5A06） was reinforced with 55 vol% unidirectional ultra-high modulus and highly graphitized carbon fiber （M40J） using pressure infiltration method. The effect of temperature on the bending strength of the Cf/A1 composites was investigated from room temperature to 500 ℃. The experimental results showed that the strength of M40Jf/5A06A1 composites was not affected by temperature from room temperature to 200 ℃. The bending strength of the composite at 300 ℃ was decreased by 30% compared with that at room temperature. In order to evaluate the extent of interface weakening, the length of fiber pullout was measured. The results showed that the pullout length reached the maximum at 300 and 500 ℃, which indicated weak interface at the corre- sponding temperature. The DSC curve presented obvious heat absorption peak at around 300 ℃, which may be attributed to the dissolution of the interfacial product （A13Mg2） phases at the C/A1 interface. The bending fracture surfaces of the composites after three-point bending tests were observed by SEM, plastic-viscous flow of the matrix were observed at the samples tested at 500 ℃. The predominant mechanisms for high-temperature damage of M40Jf/5A06A1 composites are matrix softening caused by dislocation recovery and interface weakening caused by the dissolution of interfacial products.

常见结构材料低温性能研究进展

随着深空探测、极地科考、低温贮运等低温领域的快速发展,对低温材料的要求越来越高,低温材料逐渐成为目前国内外的研究热点。本文综述低温钢、铝合金、钛合金、铝基复合材料以及树脂基复合材料等常见结构材料的低温性能,归纳不同晶体结构、合金种类、合金元素等因素对结构材料的低温强度、塑性与韧性等力学性能的影响及低温变形和强韧化机理,介绍不同种类低温结构材料在国内外重要领域的应用,提出了低温材料未来的研究展望。

高性能纤维增强树脂基复合材料湿热老化研究进展

高性能纤维增强树脂基复合材料具有卓越的结构整体性及抗分层等特性,在诸多工业领域中具有广泛适用性。在其储藏及使用时,制件强度会不可避免地因湿热老化造成降解和退化。探讨和揭示高性能纤维增强树脂基复合材料在不同湿热老化环境下的力学响应,对其结构件的耐久性、安全服役性能和寿命预估具有至关重要的意义。综述了国内外高性能纤维增强树脂基复合材料湿热老化方面的研究进展,介绍了其吸湿机理以及在湿热环境下的老化机理。梳理了湿热老化环境对于高性能纤维增强树脂基复合材料力学性能的影响,寿命预测模型等。最后指出了高性能纤维增强树脂基复合材料老化研究存在的问题、面临的挑战,对未来研究发展方向提出了展望。

CCF800S/8210双马来酰亚胺树脂基复合材料固化工艺参数与耐热性能的关系

采用热分析方法研究了CCF800S/8210双马来酰亚胺树脂基复合材料的固化工艺参数与耐热性能的关系。结果表明,在250℃以内,随着固化温度的增加,CCF800S/8210双马来酰亚胺树脂基复合材料的耐热性能提高,玻璃化转变温度从310℃提高到350℃。进一步考察了该复合材料在室温和250℃时的力学性能,发现在250℃下力学性能保持率大于51%。因此,该双马来酰亚胺树脂基复合材料体系作为结构材料在航天航空领域有着潜在的应用价值。

TiB增强钛基复合材料的热腐蚀行为

钛基复合材料因其优异的高温力学性能,在航空航天和海洋工程领域具有广泛的应用前景。但在高温含盐环境下服役时,会遭受热腐蚀,限制其应用。在钛基复合材料中添加TiB增强相,可进一步提高其高温强度和使用温度,在此基础上,研究其在高温盐环境下的热腐蚀行为和机制。研究了TiB增强钛基复合材料在973 K条件下热腐蚀30 h的腐蚀行为,测定了材料的热腐蚀质量变化,并采用X射线衍射仪(X-ray diffractometer,XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)对材料热腐蚀后表面腐蚀产物、形貌以及截面结构进行分析。热腐蚀过程中,材料表面形成细丝状TiO2晶体、微裂纹以及颗粒状腐蚀产物等形貌。结果表明,随着TiB增强相体积分数的增加,材料表面氧化物膜层致密度增加,膜层中缺陷减少,表面腐蚀行为减轻,材料耐热腐蚀性提高。

正交三向织物增强铝基复合材料的高温拉伸力学行为与失效机理

针对真空压力浸渗制备的正交三向织物增强铝基复合材料,采用实验与数值模拟方法研究了高温(400℃)下的准静态拉伸力学响应及损伤演化与失效行为;根据纱线微观组织和织物结构分别建立了微观和细观尺度代表性单胞,基于组分材料的温度相关的性能参数构建微观单胞有限元模型,计算获得不同温度下纱线的横向和轴向力学性能,进而采用包含基体、纱线、界面的细观单胞有限元模型分析了复合材料热应力和高温拉伸力学行为。结果表明:室温下复合材料存在与织物结构相关的非均匀分布的残余应力,纳米压痕法测得的残余应力与模拟值基本一致,高温状态下残余应力得到释放并使基体和纱线分别处于压应力和拉应力状态;复合材料的高温拉伸模量、极限强度和断裂应变的实验均值分别为107.1 GPa、657.1 MPa和0.78%,均匀化计算的高温拉伸曲线与实验曲线总体上吻合。拉伸初期纱线交织处的基体和界面首先发生损伤,捆绑纱弯曲部位出现局部失效,但复合材料表现出线弹性力学行为。随着拉伸应变增大,捆绑纱和纬纱先后发生断裂,且二者与基体之间的界面出现脱黏现象,拉伸曲线开始表现出非线性特征。拉伸后期经纱失效区域的扩展使得拉伸切线模量明显下降,经纱的轴向断裂最终导致复合材料失去承载能力。数值模拟和断口分析表明,纬纱和捆绑纱因横向开裂而形成较平整的断裂面,经纱轴向断裂后拔出长度参差不齐,其断口存在纤维拔出及其周围基体撕裂破坏的微观特征。

聚吡咯共轭结构对碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料热循环稳定性能的影响

为解决碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料(CFRPs)存在的碳纤维与基体间界面黏结性较弱和在热循环过程中因热膨胀系数不匹配而产生界面破坏的问题,通过低温聚合得到含有较多共轭结构的聚吡咯(PPy)对预处理后碳纤维(CF)进行表面改性,分别在0、30、60℃下制得碳纤维/聚吡咯复合纤维(PPy/CF),并研究了不同聚合温度下制备的CFRPs的界面结合性能、热膨胀性能和热循环稳定性能。结果表明:PPy/CF-0纤维的表面粗糙度与CF相比增加了2.09倍,这有利于树脂锚定在碳纤维表面,从而提高界面结合性能;并且PPy/CF-0纤维表面的聚吡咯层具有较完善的共轭结构,整体表现为负热膨胀系数,使得复合材料的层间剪切强度和界面剪切强度分别达到了CF的1.56倍和1.70倍;此外还使得CFRPs的热循环稳定性有了较明显的提升,经100次热循环实验后,其剪切强度仍能保持在初始数值的70%以上。