Resistance index and browning mechanism of apple peel under high temperature stress

Apples are one of the most important economic crops worldwide.Because of global warming and an aggravation of environmental,abnormally high temperatures occur frequently in fruit-growing season and seriously affect normal fruit growth and reduce fruit quality and yield.We took five-year-old Ruixue’(Qinfu 1×Pink Lady;CNA20151469.1) fruits as test materials,and the ambient temperature during fruit development was monitored.The results showed that during the fruit-growing season,especially during the rapid growth stage (July to August),the maximum daily temperature exceeded 30℃ and lasted for more than 40 days.To determine the effects of high temperature stress on the apple fruit resistance,we treated expanding,veraison,and maturity-period fruits at different temperatures.It was found that the fruits of the expanding period showed strong resistance to high temperature stress,whereas during veraison and maturity,fruit resistance to high temperature stress decreased,and the fruit peel browning phenotype appeared.Meanwhile,the content of malonaldehyde (MDA),hydrogen peroxide (H_(2)O_(2)),and superoxide anion (O._(2)^(-)) in the peel gradually increased with increasing temperature.The content of total phenols,flavanol,and flavonoids in the peel decreased substantially at 45℃.Moreover,it was found that polyphenol oxidase gene (MdPPO1) was most sensitive to high temperature stress in apple.Furthermore,transient and stable MdPPO1 overexpression significantly promoted peel browning.The transgenic materials were more sensitive to high temperatures,and browning was more severe compared to non-genetically modified organism (WT).Stable MdPPO1 knockout calli obtained via clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats (CRISPR/Cas9) gene knockout technology reduced the browning phenotype,and the resultant fruits were not sensitive to the effects of high temperature stress.Thus,MdPPO1 expression may be a key factor of high temperature-related changes observed in the browning phenotype that provides a scientific theoretical basis for the selection of high temperature-resistant varieties and apple cultivation and management in the future.

Subsoiling and Ridge Tillage Alleviate the High Temperature Stress in Spring Maize in the North China Plain

High temperature stress（HTS） on spring maize（Zea mays L.） during the filling stage is the key factor that limits the yield increase in the North China Plain（NCP）.Subsoiling（SS） and ridge tillage（R） were introduced to enhance the ability of spring maize to resist HTS during the filling stage.The field experiments were conducted during the 2011 and 2012 maize growing seasons at Wuqiao County,Hebei Province,China.Compared with rotary tillage（RT）,the net photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance,transpiration rate,and chlorophyll relative content（SPAD） of maize leaves was increased by 40.0,42.6,12.8,and 29.7% under SS,and increased by 20.4,20.0,5.4,and 14.2% under R,repectively.However,the treatments reduce the intercellular CO 2 concentration under HTS.The SS and R treatments increased the relative water content（RWC） by 11.9 and 6.2%,and the water use efficiency（WUE） by 24.3 and 14.3%,respectively,compared with RT.The SS treatment increased the root length density and soil moisture in the 0-80 cm soil profile,whereas the R treatment increased the root length density and soil moisture in the 0-40 cm soil profile compared with the RT treatment.Compared with 2011,the number of days with temperatures 33°C was more 2 d and the mean day temperature was higher 0.9°C than that in 2012,whereas the plant yield decreased by 2.5,8.5 and 10.9%,the net photosynthetic rate reduced by 7.5,10.5 and 18.0%,the RWC reduced by 3.9,5.6 and 6.2%,and the WUE at leaf level reduced by 1.8,5.2 and 13.1% in the SS,R and RT treatments,respectively.Both the root length density and the soil moisture also decreased at different levels.The yield,photosynthetic rate,plant water status,root length density,and soil moisture under the SS and R treatments declined less than that under the RT treatment.The results indicated that SS and R can enhance the HTS resistance of spring maize during the filling stage,and led to higher yield by directly improving soil moisture and root growth and indirectly improving plant water status,photosynthesis and grain filling.The study can provide a theoretical basis for improving yield of maize by adjusting soil tillage in the NCP.

Influence of High Temperature Stress on Net Photosynthesis, Dry Matter Partitioning and Rice Grain Yield at Flowering and Grain Filling Stages

Climate change is recognized to increase the frequency and severity of extreme temperature events. At flowering and grain filling stages, risk of high temperature stress （HTS） on rice might increase, and lead to declining grain yields. A regulated cabinet experiment was carried out to investigate effects of high temperature stress on rice growth at flowering and grain- filling stages. Results showed that no obvious decrease pattern in net photosynthesis appeared along with the temperature rising, but the dry matter allocation in leaf, leaf sheath, culm, and panicle all changed. Dry weight of panicle decreased, and ratio of straw to total above ground crop dry weight increased 6-34% from CK, which might have great effects on carbon cycling and green house gas emission. Grain yield decreased significantly across all treatments on average from 15 to 73%. Occurrence of HTS at flowering stage showed more serious influence on grain yield than at grain filling stage. High temperature stress showed negative effects on harvest index. It might be helpful to provide valuable information for crop simulation models to capture the effects of high temperature stress on rice, and evaluate the high temperature risk.

Respiratory Response of Dormant Nectarine Vegetative Buds to High Temperature Stress

High temperature stress （HT） is efficient in breaking endo-dormancy of perennial trees. The effects of HT （50°C） on the respiration of dormant nectarine （Prunus persica var. nectariana cv. Shuguang） vegetative buds were evaluated in the research. We found that bud respiration was transiently inhibited by HT and the pentose phosphate pathway （PPP） and the cytochrome C pathway （CYT） were significantly affected. On the substrate level, PPP was activated in the HT-treated buds compared with the control group. However, the activation did mot occur until hours after HT treatment. The tricarboxylic acid cycle （TCA） in both the HT-treated buds and in the control group proceeded at a low level most of the time compared with total respiration. On the electron transfer level, CYT was transiently inhibited by HT but became significantly active in the later stage. CYT operation in the control group exhibited an attenuation process. The alternative pathway （ALT） fluctuated both in the HT-treated samples and in the control. The results suggest that the temporary CYT inhibition and the following PPP activation may be involved in HT-induced bud dormancy release and budburst mechanisms.

Effects of Calcium and Calmodulin Antagonist on Antioxidant Systems of Eggplant Seedlings Under High Temperature Stress

Ca2+ and calmodulin antagonist [trifluoperazine(TFP),N-(6-aminohexyl-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide (W7)] pretreatments were conducted on two eggplant varieties Nongyouqie andErmingqie, which have different heat resistance. The results showed that under 40C(day/night), Ca2+ immersion pretreatment enabled the eggplant seedlings to keep relatively higheractivities of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and peroxidase(POD), reduced the production rate ofsuperoxide anion O2_ and the content of malondialdehyde(MDA), alleviated the damage of reducedglutathione(GSH) and the accumulation of proline (Pro), whereas calmodulin antagonist TFP andW7 immersion pretreatments could lead to more rapid loss of SOD and POD activities, increasethe contents of MDA, Pro and production rate of O2_, aggravate the damage of GSH. Under the samestress condition, heat-resistant variety Nongyouqie was less injured compared to the heat-sensitive variety Erminqie. These data indicated that Ca2+-CaM signal transduction systemmight regulate the heat resistance of eggplant seedlings by controlling the activity of someantioxidant enzymes and the contents of antioxidant substance.

Differential Expression of miRNAs in Rice under High Temperature Stress

The growth and development of rice are closely related with temperature. In order to clarify the mechanism of high temperature resistance in riee, in this study, using high temperature-resistant Indian rice cultivar N22 as the experimental material, Osa-rniR159c, Osa-miR159d, Osa-miR159f, Osa-miR164d, Osa- rrdR529b and Osa-miR166h-3p obtained by high-throughput sequencing as target genes, the expression patterns of these genes in young panicles of rice under high temperature stress were analyzed by RNA-tailing and primer-extension RT-PCR, which provided theoretical basis for breeding high temperature-resistant rice eultivars.

Effect of Heat Treatment on High Temperature Stress Rupture Strength of Brazing Seam for Nickel-base Superalloy

In order to enhance the high-temperature stress rupture strength of brazing seam by heat treatment, it was diffusion treated, then solution heat treated, and finally aging treated. The microstructure of brazing seam especially morphology of gamma ' phase and boride was observed and the strength of brazing seam was measured in this process. The results show that heat treatment can enhance high-temperature stress rupture strength by improving the microstructure of brazing seam. The strength of brazing seam after solution heat treatment decreases in comparison with that only after diffusion treatment while aging treatment after solution heat treatment increases the strength of brazing seam.

Effects of Heat Shock Factor AtHsfA1a on Caspase-3 Activity in Arabidopsis thaliana under High Temperature Stress

[ Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of heat shock factor AtHsfAla on Caspase-3 activity in Arabidopsis thaliana under high tempera-ture stress, thus revealing the relationship between heat shock factor AtHsfAl a and programmed cell death in A. thaliana. [ Method ] Different genotypes of A. thaliana （AtHsfAla-silenced transgenic and wild-type） seedlings were treated at 42 ℃. According to the fragmentation level of fluorogenic substrate Ac-DEVD- pNA, Caspase-3 activity was determined by spectrophotometry. [ Result] After high temperature treatment, Caspase-3 activity in A. thaliana was enhanced signifi-cantly. Caspase-3 activity in AtHsfAla-si／enced transgenic A. thaliana was higher than that in wild-type A. thaliana, which indicated that AtHsfAla could inhibit Caspase-3 activity in A. thaliana under high temperature stress. [ Conclusion] Under high temperature stress, heat shock factor AtHsfAla might exert inhibitory effects on programmed cell death by reducing Caspase-3 activity. This study provided the basis for clarifying the mechanism of stress resistance in plants.

Proteomic Analysis of High Temperature Stress-Responsive Proteins in Chrysanthemum Leaves

Chrysanthemum is one of the most important ornamental flowers in the world,and temperature has a significant influence on its field production.In the present study,differentially expressed proteins were investigated in the leaves of Dendranthema grandiflorum‘Jinba’under high temperature stress using label-free quantitative proteomics techniques.The expressed proteins were comparatively identified and analyzed.A total of 1,463 heat-related,differentially expressed proteins were successfully identified by Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry(LC-MS/MS),and 1,463 heat-related,differentially expressed proteins were successfully identified by mass spectrometry after a high temperature treatment.Among these,701 proteins were upregulated and 762 proteins were downregulated.The in-depth bioinformatics analysis of these differentially expressed proteins revealed that these were involved in energy metabolism pathways,protein metabolism,and heat shock.In the present study,the investigators determined the changes in the levels of some proteins,and their expression at the protein and molecular levels in chrysanthemum to help reveal the mechanism of heat resistance in chrysanthemum.Furthermore,the present study elucidated some of the proteins correlated to heat resistance in chrysanthemum,and their expression changes at the protein and molecular levels to help reveal the mechanism of heat resistance in this flower species.These results provide a theoretical basis for the selection of new heat resistant varieties of chrysanthemum in the field.

Roles of jasmonates and brassinosteroids in rice responses to high temperature stress——A review

High temperature (HT) stress has become one of the most detrimental stresses in crop production among constantly changing environmental factors.Exploiting approaches to enhance crop thermotolerance would have great significance in assuaging adverse effects of HT stress on crop growth and development.As jasmonates (JAs) and brassinosteroids (BRs) are novel phytohormones and play important roles in responses to biotic and abiotic stresses and in a wide range of plant developmental processes,this paper reviewed the roles and mechanisms of JAs and BRs in mitigating HT stress,with focus on rice (Oryza sativa L.) subjected to HT stress during anthesis.It is demonstrated that JAs alleviate spikelet-opening impairment and BRs ameliorate pistil fertilization ability under HT stress during anthesis of rice,although there are controversial observations.Activating the defense system,enhancing osmotic regulation,protecting photosynthesis,and interacting with other phytohormones,especially with ethylene and abscisic acid,are main physiological mechanisms by which JAs or BRs attenuate HT stress to plants.Elevating levels of JAs or BRs in plants could be considered as an important approach to enhance crop thermotolerance through breeding new varieties.Using JAs or BRs as chemical regulators and adopting proper water and nitrogen management practices could reduce the harm of HT stress to rice.Further research is needed to elucidate the roles of JAs and BRs in different plant tissues in responses to HT stress under different genetic backgrounds and environments,reveal the molecular mechanism underlying JAs and BRs mediating HT stress,understand the cross-talk between phytohormones in modulating HT stress,and establish integrated crop management to minimize the hazard of HT stress in rice production.

Susceptible time window and endurable duration of cotton fiber development to high temperature stress

The development of the cotton fiber is very sensitive to temperature variation, and high temperature stress often causes reduced fiber yield and fiber quality. Short-term high temperature stress often occurs during cotton production, but little is known about the specific timing and duration of stress that affects fiber development. To make this clear, pot experiments were carried in 2014 and 2015 in a climate chamber using cotton cultivars HY370WR（less sensitive variety） and Sumian 15（heat sensitive variety）, which present different temperature sensitivities. Changes of the most important fiber quality indices（i.e., fiber length, fiber strength and marcironaire） and three very important fiber development components（i.e., cellulose, sucrose and callose） were analyzed to define the time window and critical duration to the high temperature stress at 34°C（max38°C/min30°C）. When developing bolls were subjected to 5 days of high temperature stress at different days post-anthesis（DPA）, the changes（Δ%） of fiber length, strength and micronire, as a function of imposed time followed square polynomial eq. as y=a＋bx＋cx^2, and the time around 15 DPA was the most sensitive period for fiber quality development in response to heat stress. When 15 DPA bolls were heat-stressed for different durations（2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 days）, the changes（Δ%） of fiber length, strength and micronire, as a function of stress duration followed logistic equations y=A_1-A_2/1＋（x/x_0）~p＋A_2. Referred to that 5, 10 and 15% are usually used as criteria to decide whether techniques are effective or changes are significant in crop culture practice and reguard to the fiber quality indices change range, we suggested that 5% changes of the major fiber quality indices（fiber length, fiber strength and micronaire） and 10% changes of fiber development components（cellulose, sucrose and callose） could be taken as criteria to judge whether fiber development and fiber quality have been significantly affected by high temperature stress. The key time window for cotton fiber development in response to the high temperature stress was 13–19 DPA, and the critical duration was about 5 days.

Antioxidation of Anthocyanins in Photosynthesis Under High Temperature Stress

Chlorophyll fluorescence and antioxidative capability in detached leaves of the wild type Arabidopsis thaliana L. ecotype Landsberg erecta （Ler） and three mutants deficient in anthocyanins biosynthesis （tt3, tt4, and tt3tt4） were investigated during treatment with temperatures ranging 25-45 ℃. In comparison with the wild type, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters Fv/Fm, φps,, electron transport rate （ETR）, Fv/Fo and qP in three anthocyanin-deficient mutants showed a more rapidly decreasing rate when the temperature was over 35 ℃. Non-photochemical quenching （NPQ） in these mutants was almost completely lost at 44 ℃, whereas the content of heat stable protein dropped and the rate of the membrane leakage increased. Fo-temperature curves were obtained by monitoring Fo levels with gradually elevated temperatures from 22 ℃ to 72 ℃ at 0.5 ℃/min. The inflexion temperatures of Fo were 45.8 ℃ in Ler, 45.1℃ in tt3, 44.1℃ in tt4 and 42.3 ℃ in tt3tt4, respectively. The temperatures of maximal Fo in three mutants were 1.9-3.8℃ lower than the wild type plants. Meanwhile, three mutants had lower activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD） and ascorbate peroxidase （APX） and an inferior scavenging capability to DPPH （1.1-diphenyl-2-picrylhy.drazyl） radical under heat stress, and in particular tt3tt4 had the lowest antioxidative potential. The results of the diaminobenzidine-H2O2 histochemical staining showed that H2O2 was accumulated in the leaf vein and mesophyll cells of mutants under treatment at 40 ℃, and it was significantly presented in leaf cells of tt3tt4. The sensitivity of Arabidopsis anthocyanins-deficient mutants to high temperatures has revealed that anthocyanins in normal plants might provide protection from high temperature injury, by enhancing its antioxidative capability under high temperature stress.

Translocation and Distribution of Carbon-Nitrogen in Relation to Rice Yield and Grain Quality as Affected by High Temperature at Early Panicle Initiation Stage

Due to climate change, extreme heat stress events have become more frequent, adversely affecting rice yield and grain quality. The accumulation and translocation of dry matter and nitrogen substances are essential for rice yield and grain quality. To assess the impact of high temperature stress(HTS) at the early panicle initiation(EPI) stage on the accumulation, transportation, and distribution of dry matter and nitrogen substances in various organs of rice, as well as the resulting effects on rice yield and grain quality, pot experiments were conducted using an indica rice cultivar Yangdao 6(YD6) and a japonica rice cultivar Jinxiangyu 1(JXY1) under both normal temperature(32 ℃/26 ℃) and high temperature(38 ℃/29 ℃) conditions. The results indicated that exposure to HTS at the EPI stage significantly decreased rice yield by reducing spikelet number per panicle, grain-filling rate, and grain weight. However, it improved the nutritional quality of rice grains by increasing protein and amylose contents. The reduction in nitrogen and dry matter accumulation accounted for the changes in spikelet number per panicle, grain-filling rate, and grain size. Under HTS, the decrease in nitrogen accumulation accompanied by the reduction in dry matter may be due to the down-regulation of leaf net photosynthesis and senescence, as evidenced by the decrease in nitrogen content. Furthermore, the decrease in sink size limited the translocation of dry matter and nitrogen substances to grains, which was closely related to the reduction in grain weight and the deterioration of grain quality. These findings significantly contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms of HTS on grain yield and quality formation from the perspective of dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and translocation. Further efforts are needed to improve the adaptability of rice varieties to climate change in the near future.

Regulation of Calvin-Benson cycle enzymes under high temperature stress

The Calvin Benson cycle(CBC)consists of three critical processes,including fixation of CO_(2) by Rubisco,reduction of 3-phosphoglycerate(3PGA)to triose phosphate(triose-P)with NADPH and ATP generated by the light reactions,and regeneration of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate(RuBP)from triose-P.The activ-ities of photosynthesis-related proteins,mainly from the CBC,were found more significantly affected and regulated in plants challenged with high temperature stress,incuding Rubisco,Rubisco activase(RCA) and the enzymes involved in RuBP regeneration,such as sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase(SBPase).Over the past years,the regulatory mechanism of CBC,especially for redox-regulation,has attracted major interest,because balancing flux at the various enzymatic reactions and maintaining metabolite levels in a range are of critical importance for the optimal operation of CBC under high temperature stress,providing insights into the genetic manipulation of photosynthesis.Here,we summarize recent progress regarding the identification of various layers of regulation point to the key enzymes of CBC for acclimation to environmental temperature changes along with open questions are also discussed.

Responses of Yield Characteristics to High Temperature During Flowering Stage in Hybrid Rice Guodao 6

By sowing at different dates during 2005 and 2006 both in paddy fields and greenhouse, a super hybrid rice combination Guodao 6 and a conventional hybrid rice combination Xieyou 46 （as control） were used to analyze the differences in heat injury index, seed setting rate, grain yield and its components. Guodao 6 showed more stable yield and spikelet fertility, and lower heat injury index than Xieyou 46. Further studies indicated that the spikelet sterility is positively correlated with the average daily temperature and the maximum daily temperature, with the coefficients of 0.8604 and 0.9850 （P〈0.05） respectively in Guodao 6. The effect of high temperature injury on seed setting caused by maximum daily temperature was lower than that by average daily temperature during the grain filling stage.

The Effect of High Temperature after Anthesis on Rice Quality and Starch Granule Structure of Endosperm

To ascertain the effect mechanism of high temperature after anthesis on rice quality, the experiment was conducted with two rice lines, the heat-tolerant line 996 and heat-sensitive line 4628, with high temperature and optimal temperature in the growth chamber to investigate the effect of high temperature stress after anthesis on rice appearance quality, milling quality, cooking and eating quality and starch granule structure of endo- sperm. The result showed that milled rice rate, head rice rate, amylose content and gel consistency of both lines decreased under high temperature stress after anthesis, while the ratio of grain length to width, chalky rate, chalkiness, protein content increased. Under high temperature treatments, gelatinization temperature, final viscosity, set back and peak time increased, breakdown decreased, Mg content and K content increased, Mg/K ra- tio decreased. Under same treatment, the extent of rice quality of heat tolerant line 996 affected by high temperature was lower than that of heat sensitive line 4628. Under high temperature stress after anthesis, starch granule arranged untightly, most of starch granules existed in the form of a single starch endosperm, refractive index decreased, transparency reduced, and led to the formation of chalk. Under high temperature stress af- ter anthesis, the increase of protein content, the decrease of Mg/K, the changes of rice RVA profile characteristics and starch granule structure of endosperm could be the main reason for the decrease of rice cooking and eating quality and appearance quality.

The effects of high temperature level on square Bt protein concen-tration of Bt cotton

Higher boll worm survival rates were detected after high temperature presented during square period in Bt cotton. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of high temperature level on the Bt efficacy of two different types of Bt cotton cultivars at squaring stage. During the 2011 to 2013 cotton growth seasons, high temperature treatments ranged from 34 to 44°C in climate chambers, and field experiments under high temperature weather with various temperature levels were conducted to investigate the effects of the high temperature level on square Bt protein concentration and nitrogen metabolism. The climate chamber experiments showed that the square insecticidal protein contents reduced after 24 h elevated temperature treatments for both cultivars, whereas significant declines of the square insecticidal protein contents were detected at temperature 〉38°C, and only slightly numerical reductions were observed when temperature below 38°C. Similar high temperature responses were also observed at the two field experimental sites in 2013. Correspondingly, high temperature below 38°C seems have little effect on the square amino acid concentrations, soluble protein contents, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase（GPT） and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase（GOT） activities as well as protease and peptidase activities; however, when the temperature was above 38°C, reduced soluble protein contents, enhanced amino acid concentrations, decreased GPT and GOT activities, bolstered protease and peptidase activities in square were detected. In general, the higher the temperature is（〉38°C）, the larger the changes for the above compound contents and key enzymes activities of the square protein cycle. The findings indicated that the unstable insect resistance of the square was related to high temperature level during square stage.

Molecular characterization and expression of HSP70, HSF and HSBP genes in Octopus vulgaris during thermal stress

Temperature is an important environmental factor that affects the growth and survival of Octopus vulgaris, the common octopus. To understand the protective mechanism that O. vulgaris exhibits under heat stress, we used rapid amplification of cDNA ends （RACE） to obtain full-length sequences of three heat stress response related genes： （1） the heat shock protein 70 （OvHSPT0）, （2） the heat shock transcription factor （OvHSF）, and （3） the heat shock factor-binding protein （OvHSBP） of O. vulgaris. The OvHSP70, OvHSF, and OvHSBP proteins contained 2 222 bp, 2 264 bp, 841 bp that encoded for 635, 458 and 90 amino acids, respectively. The results of multiple sequence alignment showed that the amino acid sequences of OvHSP70 were highly conserved with respect to other species. Similarly, the DNA binding domain, the trimerization domain of OvHSF, and the coiled coil region of OvHSBP also had highly conserved regions. The real-time polymerase chain reaction （PCR） results indicated that OvHSP70 was temperature-dependent and time-dependent, showing a positive response to heat stress. On exposure to 26℃ and to 30℃, the mRNA expression levels of OvHSF and OvHSBP were higher than those in the control group at 24℃. The mRNA expression of OvHSBP significantly increased with heat treatment at 26℃, while the mRNA expression of OvHSF decreased. The experimental results indicated that the expression of OvHSP70, OvHSF and OvHSBP were all sensitive to heat stress, which suggests that these three genes may play an important role for O. uulgaris in responding to environmental stress. Thus, this study sets a theoretical foundation for further in-depth studies on the molecular protective mechanisms of the heat response in O. vulgaris.

Coherent gradient sensing method for measuring thermal stress field of thermal barrier coating structures

Coherent gradient sensing （CGS） method can be used to measure the slope of a reflective surface, and has the merits of full-field, non-contact, and real-time measurement. In this study, the thermal stress field of thermal barrier coating （TBC） structures is measured by CGS method. Two kinds of powders were sprayed onto Ni-based alloy using a plasma spraying method to obtain two groups of film-substrate specimens. The specimens were then heated with an oxy-acetylene flame. The resulting thermal mismatch between the film and substrate led to out-of-plane deformation of the specimen. The deformation was measured by the reflective CGS method and the thermal stress field of the structure was obtained through calibration with the help of finite element analysis. Both the experiment and numerical results showed that the thermal stress field of TBC structures can be successfully measured by CGS method.