Analysis of multiple-faults of high-voltage circuit breakers based on non-negative matrix decomposition

High-voltage circuit breakers are the core equipment in power networks,and to a certain extent,are related to the safe and reliable operation of power systems.However,their core components are prone to mechanical faults.This study proposes a component separation method to detect multiple mechanical faults in circuit breakers that can achieve online real-time monitoring.First,a model and strategy are presented for obtaining mechanical voiceprint signals from circuit breakers.Subsequently,the component separation method was used to decompose the voiceprint signals of multiple faults into individual component signals.Based on this,the recognition of the features of a single-fault voiceprint signal can be achieved.Finally,multiple faults in high-voltage circuit breakers were identified through an experimental simulation and verification of the circuit breaker voiceprint signals collected from the substation site.The research results indicate that the proposed method exhibits excellent performance for multiple mechanical faults,such as spring structures and loose internal components of circuit breakers.In addition,it provides a reference method for the real-time online monitoring of high-voltage circuit breakers.

Method of Mechanical Fault Intelligent Diagnosis Based on Vibration Signal of High Voltage Circuit Breaker

Based on vibration signal of high voltage circuit breaker,a new method of intelligent fault diagnosis that wavelet packet extracts energy entropy which are used as characteristic vector of the support vector machine(SVM)to construct classifier for fault diagnosis is presented.The acceleration sensors are applied to collecting the vibration data of different states of high voltage circuit breakers based on self-made experimental platform in this method.The wavelet packet are fully applied to analyze the vibration signal and decompose vibration signal into three layers,and wavelet packet energy entropy of each frequency band are as the characteristic vector of circuit breaker failure mode.Then the intelligent diagnosis network is established on the basis of the support vector machine theory.It is verified that the method has a better capability of classification and a higher accuracy compared with the traditional neural network diagnosis method through distinguishing the three fault modes which are tripping device stuck,the vacuum arcing chamber fixed bolt looseness and too much friction force of the transmission mechanism of circuit breaker in this paper.

Study on the instantaneous protection reliability of low voltage circuit breakers

This paper outlines the significance of enhancing the instantaneous protection reliability of low voltage circuit breakers and describes their main failure modes. The instantaneous failure mechanism of low voltage circuit breakers was analyzed so that measures to improve instantaneous protection reliability can be determined. Furthermore, the theory of the instantaneous characteristics calibration device for low voltage circuit breakers and the method of eliminating the non-periodic component of test current are given in detail. Finally, the test results are presented.

New Breakdown Electric Field Calculation for SF6 High Voltage Circuit Breaker Applications

The critical electric fields of hot SF6 are calculated including both electron and ion kinetics in wide ranges of temperature and pressure, namely from 300 K up to 4000 K and 2 atmospheres up to 32 atmospheres respectively. Based on solving a multi-term electron Boltz- mann equation the calculations use improved electron-gas collision cross sections for twelve SF6 dissociation products with a particular emphasis on the electron-vibrating molecule interactions. The ion kinetics is also considered and its role on the critical field becomes non negligible as the temperature is above 2000 K. These critical fields are then used in hydrodynamics simulations which correctly predict the circuit breaker behaviours observed in the case of breaking tests.

Study on the Mathematical Model of Dielectric Recovery Characteristics in High Voltage SF6 Circuit Breaker

According to the stream theory, this paper proposes a mathematical model of the dielectric recovery characteristic based on the two-temperature ionization equilibrium equation. Taking the dynamic variation of charged particle＇s ionization and attachment into account, this model can be used in collaboration with the Coulomb collision model, which gives the relationship of the heavy particle temperature and electron temperature to calculate the electron density and temperature under different pressure and electric field conditions, so as to deliver the breakdown electric field strength under different pressure conditions. Meanwhile an experiment loop of the circuit breaker has been built to measure the breakdown voltage. It is shown that calculated results are in conformity with experiment results on the whole while results based on the stream criterion are larger than experiment results. This indicates that the mathematical model proposed here is more accurate for calculating the dielectric recovery characteristic, it is derived from the stream model with some improvement and refinement and has great significance for increasing the simulation accuracy of circuit breaker＇s interruption characteristic.

Particle Swarm Optimization-Support Vector Machine Model for Machinery Fault Diagnoses in High-Voltage Circuit Breakers

According to statistic data,machinery faults contribute to largest proportion of High-voltage circuit breaker failures,and traditional maintenance methods exist some disadvantages for that issue.Therefore,based on the wavelet packet decomposition approach and support vector machines,a new diagnosis model is proposed for such fault diagnoses in this study.The vibration eigenvalue extraction is analyzed through wavelet packet decomposition,and a four-layer support vector machine is constituted as a fault classifier.The Gaussian radial basis function is employed as the kernel function for the classifier.The penalty parameter c and kernel parameterδof the support vector machine are vital for the diagnostic accuracy,and these parameters must be carefully predetermined.Thus,a particle swarm optimizationsupport vector machine model is developed in which the optimal parameters c andδfor the support vector machine in each layer are determined by the particle swarm algorithm.The validity of this fault diagnosis model is determined with a real dataset from the operation experiment.Moreover,comparative investigations of fault diagnosis experiments with a normal support vector machine and a particle swarm optimization back-propagation neural network are also implemented.The results indicate that the proposed fault diagnosis model yields better accuracy and e-ciency than these other models.

Influence of dc Component during Inadvertent Operation of the High Voltage Generator Circuit Breaker during Mis-Synchronization

This paper analyses the synchronization problem of a generator onto power system without satisfying synchronization condition. The main focus of the paper is on the impact of the dc component of the current in the high voltage circuit breaker during its close-open operating cycle. Using real time measurements of currents/voltages and angles during the close-opening cycle of high voltage generator circuit breaker and the impact of the dc component of current in context of interrupting large magnitude of current from the circuit breaker. In addition, the paper describes a study case model and the results of simulations performed using the software EMTP-ATP of an actual incident that occurred during the inadvertent synchronization of a large 339 MW, 24 kV generator to the grid.

Multi-mapping Fault Diagnosis of High Voltage Circuit Breaker Based on Mathematical Morphology and Wavelet Entropy

Mechanical faults of high voltage circuit breakers(CBs)seriously affect the reliability of their operation,which may cause severe damage to power systems.In order to monitor operational conditions and detect mechanical faults of CBs,a multi-parameter monitoring system is designed and a fault diagnosis method based on multi-mapping is proposed.The paper focuses on the trip/close circuits,the spring-charging mechanism and the transmission mechanism,and obtains four current signals and a vibration signal that can reflect CB conditions.For the current signals,a morphological filter is used to remove noise and then characteristics of the waveforms’shape information are extracted.For vibration signals,the wavelet packet transform is used to decompose the signal into various frequency bands,and the sample entropy of the low frequency bands and the wavelet energy of the high frequency bands are calculated,respectively.Based on these feature parameters,a multi-mapping strategy is proposed for CB fault diagnosis.Laboratory experiments have been conducted to obtain on-site signals under various conditions,and experiment results have verified that monitoring the aforementioned signals and using the corresponding feature extraction and fault diagnosis methods,the mechanical faults of high voltage CBs can be effectively diagnosed.

Research on Online Monitoring Methods on SF_(6) Circuit Breakers

To promote the accuracy and application of arcing time measurement for SF_6 circuit breaker in substation,five measurement methods are investigated by two cases experimentally. First,the test results of the five methods for a circuit breaker in different stages of wear and a circuit breaker with a component failure were presented. Then,the time error is analyzed by simulation.Finally,the advantage and disadvantage of these methods are discussed.

A Fault Current Limiting Hybrid DC Circuit Breaker

Due to the low impedance characteristic of the high voltage direct current(HVDC)grid,the fault current rises extremely fast after a DC-side fault occurs,and this phenomenon seriously endangers the safety of the HVDC grid.In order to suppress the rising speed of the fault current and reduce the current interruption requirements of the main breaker(MB),a fault current limiting hybrid DC circuit breaker(FCL-HCB)has been proposed in this paper,and it has the capability of bidirectional fault current limiting and fault current interruption.After the occurrence of the overcurrent in the HVDC grid,the current limiting circuit(CLC)of FCL-HCB is put into operation immediately,and whether the protected line is cut off or resumed to normal operation is decided according to the fault detection result.Compared with the traditional hybrid DC circuit breaker(HCB),the required number of semiconductor switches and the peak value of fault current after fault occurs are greatly reduced by adopting the proposed device.Extensive simulations also verify the effectiveness of the proposed FCL-HCB.

Hydraulic operating mechanisms for high voltage circuit breakers: Progress evolution and future trends

High voltage circuit breakers are the most important protection and control apparatus in power system. As a core part of circuit breakers,the operating mechanisms have a trend to be hydraulic-style in high voltage power grid. Compared with other hydraulic systems,the hydraulic operating mechanisms have the characteristics of high hydraulic pressure,high speed,high power and long-term waiting etc.,and it is because of the characteristics that the hydraulic operating mechanisms become difficult to be developed and have been arousing significant study interest from more and more researchers as well as their promising applications. Therefore,it is significant to summarize the hydraulic operating mechanisms on their development,characteristics,and key technologies etc. In this review,the evolution process and recent studies of hydraulic operating mechanisms at home and abroad are viewed. The review then focuses on the characteristics and key technologies of hydraulic operating mechanisms,especially on time and velocity characteristics,high-speed cylinder cushioning,fast response and great flow rate control valve,temperature compensation,system monitoring and fault diagnosis,intelligent operation,energy storage module,etc. In the end,the future trends of this field are presented.

Protection of Low Voltage CIGRE Distribution Network

High quality electricity services are the prime objectives in the modern power systems around the world. One of the main players to achieve this is the protection of the system which needs to be fast, reliable and cost effective. The study about the protection of the Low Voltage (LV) CIGRE distribution grid and networks like this has been proposed in this paper. The main objective of this paper is to develop protection against short circuit faults which might appear anywhere in the network. The protection of the power networks that comprises of renewable energy generation units is complicated because of the bidirectional flow of the current and is a challenge for the protection engineers. The selection of the protection devices in this paper is made to protect the network against faults in grid connected and island mode of operation. Ultra-fast fuses are proposed in order to protect the inverters used for Photovoltaic (PV) and battery applications. The disconnection of the PV solar panels when in island mode is made by proposing switch disconnecting devices. ABB is currently using these kinds of disconnection devices for the purpose of protecting solar panels against over voltages in the case of islanding. The over speed protection of the existing Wind Turbine Generator (WTG) in the CIGRE network in case of grid loss is also proposed in this paper.

Circuit Model with Current Interruption for Hybrid High Voltage DC Circuit Breakers to Achieve Precise Current Experiments

The current interruption test based on an LC resonance circuit for hybrid DC circuit breakers(HVDC CBs)is widely employed to characterize the current interruption capability of CBs.In order to ensure a high-fidelity replica of the fault current in a high voltage application,this paper first proposes an equivalent model of the test circuit,where not only parasitic resistances but also the threshold voltages and on-state resistances of various semiconductor devices are considered.Moreover,the analytical formula of the test current is derived by including the working principle of the HVDC CB.Secondly,the parameter extraction method,which combines finite element analysis and measurements by an impedance analyzer,is given in this paper.The extracted result implies that,in current interruption transients,equivalent resistances of 500 kV CB are as large as 535 mS,which have a significant influence on current waveforms.Thirdly,the 34 kV/25 kA current interruption test for the 500 kV CB is conducted.The measured results are proved to be consistent with the analytical results obtained from the proposed model,and the relative error is less than 2%.

Circuit breakers in HVDC systems: state-of-the-art review and future trends

High voltage direct current(HVDC)systems are efficient solutions for the integration of large-scale renewable energy sources with the main power grids.The rapid development of the HVDC grid has resulted in a growing interest in DC circuit breakers(DCCBs).A fast and reliable circuit breaker is a necessary requirement in the development of large scale HVDC grids.This paper provides a comprehensive review and survey of the HVDC CBs and discusses potential research directions.Operational principles and the main features of various DCCBs are described and their merits and shortcomings are also highlighted.

动作时序优化振动信号混沌吸引子特征的断路器操动状态辨识方法

高压断路器分合闸操作过程包括掣子脱扣、弹簧释能、动静触头碰撞等动作,机械振动信号作为能量传递的表现,蕴含着丰富的运行状态信息。该文基于断路器关键动作节点的时序,提出一种动作时序优化振动信号混沌吸引子特征的断路器操动状态辨识方法。首先,由高速相机捕捉断路器操动过程主轴拐臂运动图像,利用目标跟踪算法获取动触头关键运动节点时序指标;然后,依据时序指标划分操动过程,通过对不同阶段的振动信号相空间重构,提取相空间吸引子几何和属性特征;最后,利用智能分类算法进行故障辨识,实验结果验证该方法在大幅节省时间开销的同时,有效提高了分类辨识的准确率达96.9%。该文方法在断路器状态监测和带电测试中具有广阔应用前景。

高压断路器触头烧蚀及电寿命评估研究综述

随着高压断路器接近设计寿命年限其触头烧蚀情况越来越严重,评估高压断路器电寿命可提高利用效率同时保证其运行可靠性。根据近些年有关开关电器电寿命相关文献,首先从触头烧蚀数学模型出发剖析了断路器电寿命终结物理过程;然后对比了目前常用的断路器电寿命评估方法优缺点,指出数据模型是驱动设备寿命准确评估的关键,并借鉴其他类型开关电器电寿命相关研究为高压断路器靠性评估开拓了思路。最后指出高压断路器电寿命预测所面临挑战以及研究方向。

高压断路器操动机构驱动电机及其控制技术研究

高压断路器操动机构用电机驱动提高了断路器运行的可靠性与可控性,因此设计了一套适用于126 kV真空断路器的电机操动机构。基于操动机构动力学分析结果确定驱动电机转矩、转速要求,提出一种有限转角永磁无刷电机设计方案,研制样机进行联机试验完成动作要求检验。在此基础上,设计分段转矩控制策略,结合驱动电机输出转矩需求将操动机构的运动过程分为4个阶段,从降低触头碰撞、避免预击穿现象发生、提高断路器工作可靠性角度对各阶段电机输出转矩进行动态调节。结果表明:所研制的驱动电机配合分段转矩控制策略,在保证灭弧室对操动机构动作时间、动作速度要求的前提下,实现了操动机构的运动过程优化和工作可靠性提高,促进了断路器智能化操作进程。

高压大功率SiC MOSFETs短路保护方法

碳化硅(SiC)MOSFETs短路承受能力弱,研究其短路保护方法成为保障电力电子设备安全运行的重要课题。现有方法大多围绕低压小功率SiC MOSFETs,然而随着电压和功率等级的提升,器件特性有所差异,直接套用以往设计难以实现高压大功率SiC MOSFETs的快速、可靠保护。该文首先详细研究了几种常用短路检测方法;其次基于高压大功率SiC MOSFETs器件特性,深入对比分析了不同短路检测方法的适用性,提出一种阻容式漏源极电压检测和栅极电荷检测相结合的短路保护方法;最后搭建了实验平台验证所提方法的可行性。结果表明,提出的方法在硬开关短路故障(hard switching fault,HSF)下,保护响应时间缩短了1.4μs,短路能量降低了62.5%;且能可靠识别负载短路故障(fault under load,FUL)。

溯源弹簧形变过程的断路器振动信号递归量化分析辨识方法

从锁止机构脱扣引起储能弹簧释能,经部件带动动触头运动再到静止的每个动作具有严格阶段特征,伴随断路器动作的机械振动展现了能量传递及设备健康状态。该文提出一种溯源弹簧形变过程的断路器振动信号递归量化分析方法,首先由高速相机捕捉断路器操动时储能弹簧的动作图像,通过计算机视觉跟踪动态提取反映弹簧形变特征帧,再依据特征帧时序划分操动过程;然后将不同阶段振动信号映射至高维相空间,经递归分析得到体现动力系统变化特征的递归图,并递归量化分析其纹理结构特征;最后利用支持向量机模型对正常及故障状态下的断路器振动特征样本进行分析辨识,对比结果证明,由弹簧释能时序细化振动信号特征分析有效提高了分类识别准确率。该文方法在断路器操动机构状态辨识中具有广阔的应用前景。

基于SO-PAA-GAF和AdaBoost集成学习的高压断路器故障诊断

针对在小样本和复杂工况下高压断路器故障诊断识别精度不高的问题,提出一种基于振动信号处理和Ada Boost集成学习的高压断路器故障诊断方法。首先,搭建高压断路器实验平台并采集8种工况下的分闸振动信号。其次,对振动信号进行绝对值处理后,使用分段聚合近似(piecewise aggregate approximation,PAA)进行分段平均,将输出的新序列采用格拉姆角场(Gramian angular field,GAF)转换成图片,并使用Relief F方法对提取的高维图片特征进行重要度排序。最后,将保留的重要特征输入到Ada Boost集成学习模型进行故障诊断,并用蛇优化算法确定最优PAA分段步长和输入分类器特征数量,以进一步提高故障诊断精度。通过分析多种信号处理方式及分类模型可知,图片信号和Ada Boost集成学习模型能够有效处理振动信号并准确判断故障类型,为准确、可靠地诊断高压断路器故障提供了新途径。