Improvement of circuit oscillation generated by underwater high voltage pulse discharges based on pulse power thyristor

High voltage fracturing technology was widely used in the field of reservoir reconstruction due to its advantages of being clean, pollution-free, and high-efficiency. However, high-frequency circuit oscillation occurs during the underwater high voltage pulse discharge process, which brings security risks to the stability of the pulse fracturing system. In order to solve this problem, an underwater pulse power discharge system was established, the circuit oscillation generation conditions were analyzed and the circuit oscillation suppression method was proposed. Firstly, the system structure was introduced and the charging model of the energy storage capacitor was established by the state space average method. Next, the electrode high-voltage breakdown model was established through COMSOL software, the electrode breakdown process was analyzed according to the electron density distribution image, and the plasma channel impedance was estimated based on the conductivity simulation results. Then the underwater pulse power discharge process and the circuit oscillation generation condition were analyzed, and the circuit oscillation suppression strategy of using the thyristor to replace the gas spark switch was proposed. Finally, laboratory experiments were carried out to verify the precision of the theoretical model and the suppression effect of circuit oscillation. The experimental results show that the voltage variation of the energy storage capacitor, the impedance change of the pulse power discharge process, and the equivalent circuit in each discharge stage were consistent with the theoretical model. The proposed oscillation suppression strategy cannot only prevent the damage caused by circuit oscillation but also reduce the damping oscillation time by77.1%, which can greatly improve the stability of the system. This research has potential application value in the field of underwater pulse power discharge for reservoir reconstruction.

Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Mixture by Multi-Pin-Mesh Corona Discharge Combined with Pulsed High-Voltage

Removal of single component and binary mixtures of benzene and m-xylene using a multi-pin-mesh reactor was studied to find the decomposition characteristics, carbon balance and CO2 selectivity. The decomposition rate of benzene in mixture was approximately 16% lower than that of single component benzene. However, the decomposition rate of m-xylene in mixture was slightly higher than that of single component m-xylene. Carbon balance of the mixture decomposition process achieved a lower level than that of single component benzene/m-xylene. Increase in the specific input energy was helpful to improve CO2 selectivity in the single component decomposition process, while the specific input energy had a negligible effect on CO2 selectivity in the mixture decomposition process. By changing the oxygen content in background gas, we found that different types of radicals showed different reaction activities toward benzene and m-xylene. Benzene was more likely to react with nitrogen-containing radicals, while m-xylene was more likely to react with oxygen-containing radicals.

Photographic Study on Spark Discharge Generated by a Nanosecond High-Voltage Pulse over a Water Surface

Spark discharge generated by a nanosecond positive high-voltage pulse over a water surface at atmospheric pressure in air was studied using a high speed camera system. Faint streamers form near the pin electrode and propagate towards the water surface. The time for the streamer propagating across the air gap was estimated to be about 50 ns to 60 ns with a propagation velocity of ～1.3 × 10^5 m/s. It was found that the water conductivity and the gap distance have no significant effect on the propagation velocity of the streamer. After the streamers touch the water surface a brilliant spark channel forms across the air gap. The maximum diameter at the middle of the spark channel is about 1 mm, and approximately contracts with a radical velocity of about 2.0× 10^3 m/s. No significant dependence of the maximum diameter and decay velocity of the spark channel on the water conductivity and the gap distance were recognized in the present work. The maximum conduction current for a gap distance of 5 mm is significantly larger than that for a gap distance of 10 mm at the same water conductivity, and shows an increasing tendency with increasing water conductivity for a fixed gap distance. Based on the maximum conduction current, the effect of water conductivity and gap distance on the electron density of the spark discharge plasma at the peak current was investigated. Within the range studied, the electron density in the spark channel is about 10^15 cm^-3 and increases with water conductivity at a fixed gap distance.

Oxidation of S(Ⅳ)in Seawater by Pulsed High Voltage Discharge Plasma with TiO_2/Ti Electrode as Catalyst~

Oxidation of S（IV） to S（VI） in the effluent of a flue gas desulfurization（FGD） sys- tem is very critical for industrial applications of seawater FGD. This paper reports a pulsed corona discharge oxidation process combined with a TiO2 photocatalyst to convert S（IV） to S（VI） in artificial seawater. Experimental results show that the oxidation of S（IV） in artificial seawater is enhanced in the pulsed discharge plasma process through the application of TiO2 coating electrodes. The oxidation rate of S（IV） using Ti metal as a ground electrode is about 2.0x10-4 mol. L 1. min-1, the oxidation rate using TiO2/Ti electrode prepared by annealing at 500 ~C in air is 4.5x 10-4 tool. L-a ~ min-1, an increase with a factor 2.25. The annealing temper- ature for preparing TiO2/Ti electrode has a strong effect on the oxidation of S（IV） in artificial seawater. The results of in-situ emission spectroscopic analysis show that chemically active species （i.e. hydroxyl radicals and oxygen radicals） are produced in the pulsed discharge plasma process. Compared with the traditional air oxidation process and the sole plasma-induced oxidation process, the combined application of TiO2 photocatalysts and a pulsed high-voltage electrical discharge process is useful in enhancing the energy and conversion efficiency of S（IV） for the seawater FGD system.

Removal of phenol by activated alumina bed in pulsed high-voltage electric field

A new process for removing the pollutants in aqueous solution-activated alumina bed in pulsed high-voltage electric field was investigated for the removal of phenol under different conditions. The experimental results indicated the increase in removal rate with increasing applied voltage, increasing pH value of the solution, aeration, and adding Fe^2＋. The removal rate of phenol could reach 72.1% when air aeration flow rate was 1200 ml/min, and 88.2% when 0.05 mmol/L Fe^2＋ was added into the solution under the conditions of applied voltage 25 kV, initial phenol concentration of 5 mg/L, and initial pH value 5.5. The addition of sodium carbonate reduced the phenol removal rate. In the pulsed high-voltage electric field, local discharge occurred at the surface of activated alumina, which promoted phenol degradation in the thin water film. At the same time, the space-time distribution of gas-liquid phases was more uniform and the contact areas of the activated species generated from the discharge and the pollutant molecules were much wider due to the effect of the activated alumina bed. The synthetical effects of the pulsed high-voltage electric field and the activated alumina particles accelerated phenol degradation.

Inactivation of Bacteria in Oil Field Injected Water by a Pulsed Plasma Discharge Process

Pulsed plasma discharge was employed to inactivate bacteria in the injection water for an oil field. The effects of water conductivity and initial concentration of bacteria on elimination efficiency were investigated in the batch and continuous flow modes. It was demonstrated that Fe2＋ contained in injection water could enhance the elimination efficiency greatly. The addition of reducing agent glutathione （GSH） indicated that active radicals generated by pulsed plasma discharges played an important role in the inactivation of bacteria. Moreover, it was found that the microbial inactivation process for both batch and continuous flow mode well fitted the model based on the Weibull＇s survival function.

Experimental Investigation of Effects of Electric Operating Parameters on Pulsed Corona Discharges in Humid Air at Atmospheric Pressure

The present work is devoted to electrical and optical study of a point-plane atmospheric pressure corona discharge reactor in humid air powered by pulsed high voltage supply. The corona current and the injected energy are analyzed as a function of several parameters such as applied voltage and humidity rate. Then, investigations based on emission spectroscopy analysis were used in UV range (from 200 nm to about 400 nm). The main observed excited species were the second positive (SPS), the first negative (FNS) systems and OH(A-X) rotational bands. The latter band was used to simulate the rotational temperature (Tr), whereas the N2+ (FNS) band was used to determine the vibrational temperature (Tv). The electron temperature (Te ) is determined from the ratio of line intensities of the spectral bands of both N2+ FNS at 391.4 nm and N2SPS at 394.4 nm. The rotational, vibrational and electronic temperatures are analyzed as a function of above parameters (applied voltage, frequency and hygrometry rate) near the anodic tip. As well we study the axial variation of electronic temperature for a fixed applied voltage at 6.4 kV, frequency at 10 kHz and 100% of humidity. It is found that the rotational, vibrational and electronic temperatures increased with increasing applied voltage, frequency and humidity rate. The increase of rate hygrometry for an inter-electrode distance fixed at 10 mm causes an increase in both the amplitude of the corona current discharge and the energy injected in corona discharge. This is indicative of more intense reactive plasma while increasing hygrometry rate.

脉冲放电破岩等离子体通道长度预测方法

针对高压脉冲放电破岩电弧等离子体通道长度难以预测的问题,构建了高压脉冲放电破岩综合试验平台,测量了花岗岩-自来水组合介质下电弧等离子体通道发展特性及典型电流、电压参数,提取了不同电极间距和脉冲放电次数下岩石表面形成的破碎区域。基于能量平衡方程建立了岩石中电弧等离子体通道的阻抗模型,采用迭代优化算法获取阻抗模型参数的近似最优解,模型计算结果与试验结果的相对误差小于7%。基于优化参数,利用实测电流电压数据预测了等离子体通道的长度。模型预测的等离子体通道长度与实测值的绝对误差均处于毫米量级,且两者的相对误差小于10%,为高压脉冲放电破岩系统电源-电极负载的匹配设计提供了理论支撑。

等离子冲击波作用下红砂岩的动态破裂行为试验与数值模拟研究

为了研究等离子冲击波作用下岩石的破裂行为,开展了不同放电间距下的高压脉冲击穿红砂岩试验。利用超高速相机观测了红砂岩试件的裂纹扩展过程,讨论了放电间距对等离子冲击波作用下红砂岩试样表面裂纹密度的影响。随后,利用数值模拟软件LS-DYNA建立与实验条件一致的有限元模型,对比了模拟和实验结果,再现了试验过程。结果表明:等离子冲击波作用下,垂直放电通道方向的两个表面上的破坏主要是径向裂纹;平行放电通道的四个侧面则是横向裂纹占主导。随着放电间距的增大,试件表面的裂纹密度逐渐增大。依据数值模拟结果对试件内部的破裂过程及应力波的衰减进行了分析。结果表明:随着放电间距的增加,等离子冲击波在红砂岩试样内部形成的有效应力呈现出指数型衰减,在自由面附近有效应力峰值趋于稳定。

小型脉冲功率发生器的电路方法与实践

基于实用的观点综述性地归纳了小型脉冲功率发生器的主要电路方法,从电路的储能原理和电压叠加到开关单元设计及控制信号的产生技术。以作者的实际工作内容为主,用具体的电路实例介绍了几种脉冲功率电路的基本结构和主要结果。这些电路包括:电容储能Marx发生器,电感储能Marx发生器,混合储能Marx发生器,电容储能直线型变压器驱动器(LTD)和电感储能LTD。

适用于煤层瓦斯增透的高压脉冲放电关键技术研究

研究分析了高压脉冲放电煤层增透技术的关键要素,并结合其在矿井瓦斯抽取中存在的电气防爆问题进行综合论述,为工程实践提供技术支持与指导。

The Degradation of Organic Pollutants by Bubble Discharge in Water

Organic pollutants could be degraded by using bubble discharge in water with gas aeration in the discharge reactor and more plasma can be generated in the discharge process. When pulsed high voltage was applied between electrodes with gas aerated into the reactor, it showed that bubbles were broken, which meant that breakdown took place. It could also be observed that the removal rate of phenol increased with increasing discharge voltage or pulse frequency, and with reducing initial phenol concentration or solution electric conductivity. It could remove more amount of phenol by oxygen aeration. With increasing oxygen flow rate, the removal rate increased. There was little difference with air or nitrogen aeration for phenol removal. The solution temperature after discharge increased to a great extent. However, this part of energy consumption did not contribute to the reaction, which led to a reduction in the energy utilization efficiency.

Degradation of Acid Orange 7 Dye in Two Hybrid Plasma Discharge Reactors

To get an optimized pulsed electrical plasma discharge reactor and to increase the energy utilization efficiency in the removal of pollutants, two hybrid plasma discharge reactors were designed and optimized. The reactors were compared via the discharge characteristics, energy transfer efficiency, the yields of the active species and the energy utilization in dye wastewater degradation. The results showed that under the same AC input power, the characteristics of the discharge waveform of the point-to-plate reactor were better. Under the same AC input power, the two reactors both had almost the same peak voltage of 22 kV. The peak current of the point-to-plate reactor was 146 A, while that of the wire-to-cylinder reactor was only 48.8 A. The peak powers of the point-to-plate reactor and the wire-to-cylinder reactor were 1.38 MW and 1.01 MW, respectively. The energy per pulse of the point-to-plate reactor was 0.2221 J, which was about 29.4% higher than that of the wire-to-cylinder reactor （0.1716 J）. To remove 50% Acid Orange 7 （AO7）, the energy utilizations of the point-to-plate reactor and the wire- to-cylinder reactor were 1.02×10^-9 mol/L and 0.61×10^-9 mol/L, respectively. In the point-to- plate reactor, the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in pure water was 3.6 mmol/L after 40 min of discharge, which was higher than that of the wire-to-cylinder reactor （2.5 mmol/L）. The concentration of liquid phase ozone in the point-to-plate reactor （5.7×10^-2 mmol/L） was about 26.7% higher than that in the wire-to-cylinder reactor （4.5×10^-2 mmol/L）. The analysis results of the variance showed that the type of reactor and reaction time had significant impacts on the yields of the hydrogen peroxide and ozone. The main degradation intermediates of AO7 identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry （GCMS） were acetic acid, maleic anhydride, p- benzoquinone, phenol, benzoic acid, phthalic anhydride, coumarin and 2-naphthol. Proposed degradation pathways were elucidated in light of the analyzed degradation products.

Filament Discharge Phenomena in Fingerprint Acquisition by Dielectric Barrier Discharge

In this paper, the dielectric barrier discharge fingerprint acquisition technique is introduced. The filament discharge phenomena were observed in the process of fingerprint acquisition. The filament discharge reduced the quality of fingerprint images. Obviously, it was necessary to eliminate streamer discharges in order to get good fingerprint images. The streamer discharge was considered to be the cause of the filament discharge in the experiment. The relationship between the critical electric field and the discharge gap was calculated with the Raether＇s model of streamer discharge. The calculated results and our experiment proved that it would be difficult for the streamer discharge to occur when the discharge gap was narrow. With a narrow discharge gap, the discharge was homogeneous, and the fingerprint images were clear and large in area. The images obtained in the experiment are very suitable for fingerprint identification as they contain more information.

高压脉冲作用下岩石的击穿特性与物理力学参数关系试验研究

高压脉冲提供了一种非常具有应用前景的新型破岩技术。为了研究高压脉冲作用下岩石的击穿破裂特性,并掌握击穿场强与物理力学参数之间的关系,开展了不同岩性岩石的电击穿试验。借助扫描电子显微镜分析了高压脉冲击穿后岩石的微观破裂机制,比较了不同岩性岩石在刚好击穿时的破裂模式,研究了岩石物理力学参数对击穿场强的影响。微观分析结果表明:等离子体通道附近区域呈现高温灼烧特征,晶粒表面光滑且出现孔洞;冲击波作用下裂纹区主要为沿晶断裂和穿晶断裂;过渡区则表现出高温和冲击波共同作用的特征。此外,岩石的击穿场强与密度、波速、弹性模量之间的相关性较弱;而与抗压强度及抗拉强度之间具备一定的量化关系,击穿场强随着抗压强度和抗拉强度的增大呈指数型增长。

高压电脉冲破岩机理数值模拟研究

高压电脉冲钻井技术目前已成为一种新型高效的岩石破碎方法,同时也是目前钻井提速领域的研究热点。为了推动高压电脉冲的破岩机理研究,建立了单对电极破碎红砂岩的多物理场耦合电击穿二维数值模型,通过电流场、电击穿场和电路场的耦合再现均质红砂岩中等离子体通道的产生,分析了电极倾角、电压、电极间距对岩石电击穿(岩石内部等离子体通道的形成)的影响规律。研究表明:等离子体通道由靠近放电电极顶端局部区域开始萌生,并朝着岩石局部介电强度薄弱处发展;随着加载脉冲电压值的增大,电击穿发生时刻逐步降低,岩石模型的等效失效体积逐渐增大;在保证岩石能被电击穿的前提下,增大电极间距能提高高压电脉冲的破岩效率;放电电极的电极倾角逐步增大的过程中,岩石等效失效体积出现明显的波动,其极值多数出现在电极倾角35°~55°的范围之内。为了进一步推动高压电脉冲破岩的工业化应用,在二维模型基础上构建了红砂岩的多物理场耦合动态电击穿三维数值模型,再现了电极钻头破岩过程中岩石内部破碎坑的状貌;与此同时,选用自主设计的同轴型电脉冲钻头开展了电击穿室内实验,电击穿室内实验结果与仿真实验结果相互印证。