Effect of carbon and nitrogen ratio control on Artemia growth, water quality, biofloc microbial diversity under high salinity and zero-water exchange culture condition

Biofloc technology has been applied successfully in the intensive aquaculture of several fish and shrimp species. The growth of heterotrophic microorganisms can be stimulated through adding extra carbon, which reduces the nitrogen level in the water and provides microbial protein to the animals. However, most of the studies and practical applications have been conducted in freshwater and marine environment. This paper focused on brine shrimp Artemia that lives in high salinity environment together with other halophilic or halotolerant microorganisms. The effect of carbon supplementation on Artemia growth, water quality, and microbial diversity of biofl ocs was studied in the closed culture condition without any water exchange. The salinity of the culture medium was 100. A 24-d culture trial was conducted through supplementing sucrose at carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio of 5, 15, and 30 (Su5, Su15, and Su30), respectively. The culture without adding sucrose was used as a control. Artemia was fed formulated feed at a feeding ration of 60% recommended feeding level. The results showed that sucrose supplementation at higher C/N ratio (15 and 30) signifi cantly improved the Artemia survival, growth and water quality ( P <0.05). Addition of sucrose at C/N ratio of 15 and 30 significantly increased biofloc volume (BFV)( P <0.05). The Illumina MiSeq sequencing analysis showed that supplementing carbon at C/N ratio of 15 had a better total bacterial diversity and richness, and shaped the microbial composition at genera level. This study should provide information for studying the mechanism of biofloc technology and its application in high salinity culture conditions.

Rate transient analysis methods for water-producing gas wells in tight reservoirs with mobile water

Tight gas reservoirs with mobile water exhibit multi-phase flow and high stress sensitivity.Accurately analyzing the reservoir and well parameters using conventional single-phase rate transient analysis methods proves challenging.This study introduces novel rate transient analysis methods incorporating evaluation processes based on the conventional flowing material balance method and the Blasingame type-curve method to examine fractured gas wells producing water.By positing a gas-water two-phase equivalent homogenous phase that considers characteristics of mobile water,gas,and high stress sensitivity,the conventional single-phase rate transient analysis methods can be applied by integrating the phase's characteristics and defining the phase's normalized parameters and material balance pseudotime.The rate transient analysis methods based on the equivalent homogenous phase can be used to quantitatively assess the parameters of wells and gas reservoirs,such as original gas-in-place,fracture half-length,reservoir permeability,and well drainage radius.This facilitates the analysis of production dynamics of fractured wells and well-controlled areas,subsequently aiding in locating residual gas and guiding the configuration of well patterns.The specific evaluation processes are detailed.Additionally,a numerical simulation mechanism model was constructed to verify the reliability of the developed methods.The methods introduced have been successfully implemented in field water-producing gas wells within tight gas reservoirs containing mobile water.

Experimental study of water effects on gas desorption during highpressure water injection

For the question of applying high-pressure water injection to increase gas extraction efficiency by increasing the permeability of water to drive gas action, an independently designed gas desorption experimental measuring device was used under the condition of external solution invasion. The law of water effect on gas desorption was obtained after water invasion through experiment for the first time. The results show that water＇s later invasion not only can make the quantity of gas dcsorp- tion greatly reduced, but also can make gas desorption end early. Therefore, when evaluating the applications of high-pressure water injection to increase gas extraction efficiency, we should take water damaging effects on gas desorption into account.

A New Method for the Dynamic Reserves of Gas Condensate Reservoir Using Cyclic Gas Injection Based on the Effects of Reinjection Ratio and Water Influx

As we all know, cyclic gas injection is one of the most effective development methods to improve condensate oil recovery. When dealing with the calculation of the reserves, the injection-production differences and water influx create great influence on the accuracy. Based on the existing research, we proposed a new material balance equation which considered the differences of composition between produced and injected fluids and the effect of water influx, and a solution was provided in this paper. The results of the method are closer to the actual situation because they are built on the law of conservation of mass, and the using of curve fitting method can not only avoid the use of water influx coefficient but also obtain the water influx rate and reserves at the same time. The YH-23 gas condensate reservoir is taking as a typical subject to do the research, which has been exploited by cycle gas injection for 14 years. Three different methods are used to calculate the reserves, and the results show that the method proposed in this paper has minimum error of 2.96%.

The R&D of a Novel Sulfur Tolerant CO Shift Catalyst and Its Application in the Integrated Low Water Gas Ratio Process

The QDB-5 sulfur tolerant CO shift catalyst, with anti-methanation property by supported compositing alkali promoters, has been proved to effectively reduce the outlet methane content in the condition of a low water gas ratio. Thus, a new technology based on a lower water/gas ratio than before has been developed with the new catalyst. The CO conversion at lower temperatures and catalyst stability were confirmed by long term industrial application. The high temperature catalyst performance also showed a better result than the conventional commercial catalyst, with higher CO conversion and well controlled methane outlet. Our research and the industrial application of catalyst have shown the importance of alkali metals as core promoters for such kind of catalysts.

Geological characteristics and high production control factors of shale gas reservoirs in Silurian Longmaxi Formation, southern Sichuan Basin, SW China

Marine shale gas resources have great potential in the south of the Sichuan Basin in China.At present,the high-quality shale gas resources at depth of 2000–3500 m are under effective development,and strategic breakthroughs have been made in deeper shale gas resources at depth of 3500–4500 m.To promote the effective production of shale gas in this area,this study examines key factors controlling high shale gas production and presents the next exploration direction in the southern Sichuan Basin based on summarizing the geological understandings from the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation shale gas exploration combined with the latest results of geological evaluation.The results show that:(1)The relative sea depth in marine shelf sedimentary environment controls the development and distribution of reservoirs.In the relatively deep water area in deep-water shelf,grade-I reservoirs with a larger continuous thickness develop.The relative depth of sea in marine shelf sedimentary environment can be determined by redox conditions.The research shows that the uranium to thorium mass ratio greater than 1.25 indicates relatively deep water in anoxic reduction environment,and the uranium to thorium mass ratio of 0.75–1.25 indicates semi-deep water in weak reduction and weak oxidation environment,and the uranium to thorium mass ratio less than 0.75 indicates relatively shallow water in strong oxidation environment.(2)The propped fractures in shale reservoirs subject to fracturing treatment are generally 10–12 m high,if grade-I reservoirs are more than 10 m in continuous thickness,then all the propped section would be high-quality reserves;in this case,the longer the continuous thickness of penetrated grade-I reservoirs,the higher the production will be.(3)The shale gas reservoirs at 3500–4500 m depth in southern Sichuan are characterized by high formation pressure,high pressure coefficient,well preserved pores,good pore structure and high proportion of free gas,making them the most favorable new field for shale gas exploration;and the pressure coefficient greater than 1.2 is a necessary condition for shale gas wells to obtain high production.(4)High production wells in the deep shale gas reservoirs are those in areas where Long11-Long13 sub-beds are more than 10 m thick,with 1500 m long horizontal section,grade-I reservoirs penetration rate of over 90%,and fractured by dense cutting+high intensity sand injection+large displacement+large liquid volume.(5)The relatively deep-water area in the deep-water shelf and the area at depth of 3500–4500 m well overlap in the southern Sichuan,and the overlapping area is the most favorable shale gas exploration and development zones in the southern Sichuan in the future.With advancement in theory and technology,annual shale gas production in the southern Sichuan is expected to reach 450×108 m3.

Effects of instantaneous shut-in of high production gas well on fluid flow in tubing

As the classical transient flow model cannot simulate the water hammer effect of gas well, a transient flow mathematical model of multiphase flow gas well is established based on the mechanism of water hammer effect and the theory of multiphase flow. With this model, the transient flow of gas well can be simulated by segmenting the curved part of tubing and calculating numerical solution with the method of characteristic curve. The results show that the higher the opening coefficient of the valve when closed, the larger the peak value of the wellhead pressure, the more gentle the pressure fluctuation, and the less obvious the pressure mutation area will be. On the premise of not exceeding the maximum shut-in pressure of the tubing, adopting large opening coefficient can reduce the impact of the pressure wave. The higher the cross-section liquid holdup, the greater the pressure wave speed, and the shorter the propagation period will be. The larger the liquid holdup, the larger the variation range of pressure, and the greater the pressure will be. In actual production, the production parameters can be adjusted to get the appropriate liquid holdup, control the magnitude and range of fluctuation pressure, and reduce the impact of water hammer effect. When the valve closing time increases, the maximum fluctuating pressure value of the wellhead decreases, the time of pressure peak delays, and the pressure mutation area gradually disappears. The shorter the valve closing time, the faster the pressure wave propagates. Case simulation proves that the transient flow model of gas well can optimize the reasonable valve opening coefficient and valve closing time, reduce the harm of water hammer impact on the wellhead device and tubing, and ensure the integrity of the wellbore.

Research on Preparation and Influencing Fctors of High Calcium High Sulfate Ash to Autoclaved Aerated Concrete

In this paper, a high calcium high sulfate ash as the main material, adding fly ash, lime, cement, gypsum and some modifiers to prepare autoclaved aerated concrete. The products complies with the technical requirements of GB/T11968-2006. This paper also studies the influence of the physical methods and water ratio on autoclaved aerated concrete by high calcium high sulfate ash aerated concrete. The best ratio of water and Grinding time were found in practice study.

Acquisition Practice of High Signal-to-Noise Ratio in YTB Block of Sichuan Basin

YTB block in Sichuan basin is a favorable area to exploit oil and gas in shallow tight rock. 3D seismic project of this zone has two characteristics. Firstly, it has high requirements for the tolerance rate of the construction process and the acquisition of high signal-to-noise ratio seismic data;Second, there are widely obstacles and noises that lead to difficult acquisition construction organization. In acquisition practice, high signal-to-noise ratio seismic data was obtained by reasonable design of construction scheme, optimization of excitation parameters, improvement of receiving conditions and optimization of obstacle crossing observation system. .

Influence of Reaction Conditions on Methanol Synthesis and WGS Reaction in the Syngas-to-DME Process

A series of CuO-ZnO catalysts （with different Cu/Zn molar ratios） were prepared, and evaluated under the reaction conditions of syngas-to-dimethyl ether （DME） with three sorts of feed gas and different space velocity. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD） and temperatureprogrammed reduction （TPR）. The experiment results showed that the reaction conditions of syngas-to- DME process greatly affected the methanol synthesis and WGS reaction. The influence caused by Cu/Zn molar ratio was quite different on the two reactions; increasing of percentage of CO2 in feed gas was unfavorable for catalyst activity, and also inhibited both reactions; enhancement of reaction space velocity heavily influenced the performance of the catalyst, and the benefits were relatively less for methanol synthesis than for the WGS reaction.

The Corrosion Fatigue Properties of High Performance Concrete

With the loading test equipment of corrosion fatigue specially designed, the corrosion fatigue characteristics of high performance concrete (HPC) withstanding the interaction of third point fatigue loading and Na_2SO_4 solution were investigated and analyzed. The experimental results indicate that water-binder ratio evidently influences the corrosion fatigue characteristics of HPC, and a moderate quantitative fine mineral admixture enhances the corrosion fatigue resistance of HPC. The effect is more significant when fly ash and silica fume are added.

Relations among Main Operating Parameters of Gasifier in IGCC

Gasification unit is one of the key subsystems in the IGCC power system;the operating parameters of gasifier directly affect syngas quality and performance of whole IGCC system. The system model of gasification unit with coal water slurry gasifier was simulated and calculated using THERMOFLEX software, and the relations of oxygen coal ratio (Roc), water coal ratio (Rsc), gasification pressure, gasification temperature and cold gas efficiency were mostly researched. The results show that Roc and Rsc have effect of mutual restriction on gasification temperature, cold gas efficiency and syngas composition. Gasification pressure mainly determines the capacity of the gasifier, little effects on syngas composition.

Carbonic Gas Randomness Effect on Reinforced Concrete Carbonation

This paper deals the randomness effect of the pressure of carbonic gas on the carbonation phenomenon of the reinforced concrete. This analysis concentrates on the evaluation of carbonation depth (Xc) and the carbonation time (T1) which is the time necessary so that the face of carbonation arrives until the reinforcement from a probabilistic analysis. Monte Carlo simulations are realized under the assumption that the carbonic gas on the surface of the concrete is random variable with a log-normal probability distribution.

Preliminary study of the tight lattice pressured heavy water reactor loaded with Pu/U and Th/U mixed fuels

To improve nuclear fuel utilization efficiency and prolong fuel cycle burn-up, a tight pitch lattice pressured heavy water reactor was investigated as an alternative of next generation of power reactors. It is shown that the high conversion ratio and negative coolant void reactivity coefficient are challenges in the reactor core physics designs. Various techniques were proposed to solve these problems. In this work, a tight pitch lattice and mixed fuel assemblies pressured heavy water reactor concept was investigated. By utilizing numerical simulation technique, it is demonstrated that reactor core mixed with Pu/U and Th/U assemblies can achieve high conversion ratio (0.98), long burn-up (60 GWD/t) and negative void reactivity coefficients.

上海地铁某车站空调系统高效制冷机房改造实测分析

地铁车站空调系统高效技术是当前轨道交通节能降碳的主要手段,针对上海某地铁车站制冷机房高效化改造的具体情况、改造效果、能效提升进行了详细的分析和研究。改造选择了磁悬浮冷水机组,应用了变频技术来优化水泵的运行,改造后空调季制冷机房平均能效比达到5.16,年节电量约为30万kWh,节能效果显著。通过对制冷机房运行数据进行对比分析得知,负载率的优化对冷水机组能效具有直接而显著的影响,通过调整冷机出水温度和优化水泵变频策略,能进一步提高制冷机房的能效,为地铁车站制冷机房高效化改造和能效提升提供参考和帮助。

CFB飞灰压浆料的制备及高强微膨胀机理研究

利用循环流化床燃煤固硫灰(CFB飞灰)的活性与膨胀性制备压浆料,研究了CFB飞灰掺量和水胶比对压浆料工作性能、强度和膨胀率的影响;CFB飞灰与矿粉以不同比例复配,对比研究了CFB飞灰压浆料的高强微膨胀特性,并采用XRD与SEM分析验证。结果表明,随CFB飞灰替代水泥掺量的增加,压浆料的需水性增强,抗压强度降低,20%(质量分数)CFB飞灰的试样28 d抗压强度与基样接近,可达85.8 MPa,而抗折强度先升高后降低,膨胀率一直升高。随用水量的增加,压浆料的膨胀率降低但均为正值。随CFB飞灰取代矿粉率的提高,压浆料的工作性能降低,28 d抗压强度先升高后降低,其中20%(质量分数)CFB飞灰、10%(质量分数)矿粉复合的试样28 d抗压强度最高,为99.8 MPa,膨胀率一直升高。通过CFB飞灰与矿粉复合配制了各项性能均满足铁标要求的压浆料。CFB飞灰不仅自身水化产生膨胀,还能激活矿粉活性,产生复合增强作用。

超高韧性水泥基复合材料力学性能及早期收缩研究

研究了水胶比和聚乙烯(PE)纤维掺量对超高韧性水泥基复合材料(UHTCC)抗压和抗折强度、弯曲韧性以及早期收缩性能的影响,并结合扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析了UHTCC的微观结构。结果表明:随着水胶比的增大,UHTCC抗压和抗折强度均降低,而其弯曲韧性呈先降低后增长的变化趋势;增大PE纤维掺量可以显著提升UHTCC抗折强度和弯曲韧性,但会降低其3 d抗压强度,增大其7 d和28 d抗压强度。在早期收缩性能方面,水胶比增大会降低UHTCC早期自收缩,但其早期干燥收缩有所增大。而UHTCC早期自收缩和干燥收缩均随PE纤维掺量的增大而降低。微观结构分析发现PE纤维掺量增大容易导致纤维团聚;水胶比的增大会降低UHTCC基体的密实度和纤维-基体界面黏结力,不利于UHTCC力学性能的发展。

风电塔筒用C80高性能混凝土配合比设计研究

本文以天津地区某混凝土塔筒工程实例为依托,对C80截锥状塔筒用混凝土的配合比进行优化设计,研究水胶比和砂率对混凝土工作性能、力学性能及表观效果的影响。综合各项性能测试结果表明:当C80截锥状塔筒用混凝土的水胶比为0.22,砂率为32%时,混凝土的工作性能、力学性能较优,且能够满足工程实际需求,可为该类现场预制塔筒构件用高强高性能混凝土的配合比设计提供技术参考。

多因素影响下超高性能混凝土抗压强度计算

为探究不同水胶比和钢纤维体积分数对超高性能混凝土(UHPC)抗压强度的影响,选取3种水胶比(0.16、0.18、0.2)和4种钢纤维体积分数(0、1%、2%、3%)作为试验变量,对3种几何形态(立方体、棱柱体、圆柱体)的UHPC试样进行轴压试验。试验结果表明,UHPC抗压强度的增长与钢纤维体积分数增长成正比,与水胶比增长成反比,且变化趋势随变量的增长逐渐放缓。提出了不同尺寸及形态下UHPC试样抗压强度转换系数的建议值,建立了UHPC棱柱体和圆柱体的抗压强度计算式。

高水气比气井井筒压力分布预测方法

东海气田水驱气藏普遍发育,部分气井带水生产,产水井呈现高水气比特征。利用传统两相流井筒压力计算方法进行井筒压力分布预测时,发现目前常用模型存在预测精度较低,影响气井积液状态的诊断及排采措施的选择。为此,通过分析不同井径、不同倾角、不同水气比条件下的气液两相流态,基于Kaya流型判别模型修正得到了适用于高水气比井的流型判别新方法,并对Mukherjee-Brill持液率计算公式相关经验系数进行修正,引入表征水气比的无量纲参数和角度修正系数,建立适用于高水气比气藏的新压降模型。研究表明:新的持液率计算模型对不同管径在不同倾角下的持液率计算误差平均小于15%,新的井筒压降计算方法在东海见水气井井筒压力预测中的精度可提升50%以上,与实测值误差不超过8%。新的井筒压降计算方法对于高水气比气井井筒两相流压力分布预测具有较好的推广应用价值,对水驱气藏开发中后期工作制度优化和排水采气工艺选择具有重要的指导意义。