Using irrigation intervals to optimize water-use efficiency and maize yield in Xinjiang,northwest China

Worldwide, scarce water resources and substantial food demands require efficient water use and high yield.This study investigated whether irrigation frequency can be used to adjust soil moisture to increase grain yield and water use efficiency(WUE) of high-yield maize under conditions of mulching and drip irrigation.A field experiment was conducted using three irrigation intervals in 2016: 6, 9, and 12 days(labeled D6, D9, and D12) and five irrigation intervals in 2017: 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 days(D3, D6, D9, D12, and D15).In Xinjiang, an optimal irrigation quota is 540 mm for high-yield maize.The D3, D6, D9, D12, and D15 irrigation intervals gave grain yields of 19.7, 19.1–21.0, 18.8–20.0, 18.2–19.2, and 17.2 Mg ha^-1 and a WUE of 2.48, 2.53–2.80, 2.47–2.63, 2.34–2.45, and 2.08 kg m-3, respectively.Treatment D6 led to the highest soil water storage, but evapotranspiration and soil-water evaporation were lower than other treatments.These results show that irrigation interval D6 can help maintain a favorable soil-moisture environment in the upper-60-cm soil layer, reduce soilwater evaporation and evapotranspiration, and produce the highest yield and WUE.In this arid region and in other regions with similar soil and climate conditions, a similar irrigation interval would thus be beneficial for adjusting soil moisture to increase maize yield and WUE under conditions of mulching and drip irrigation.

新疆春小麦的抗干旱和水分高效利用特性研究

研究了新疆当前春小麦主栽品种和近年新审定品种的抗干旱和水分高效利用特性,通过田间干旱和充分灌溉处理小区试验的籽粒产量和主要农艺性状,计算了各品种的抗旱系数(DC)、抗旱指数(DI)、干旱产量指数(DYI)、丰水产量指数(WYI)和产量-水分高效利用指数(YHWUEI)。结果表明,新疆育成的春小麦品种在干旱处理条件下的产量、抗旱性总体高于引进品种;各品种产量和农艺性状的抗旱系数(DC)与各品种干旱处理条件下的产量相关性差,各品种产量和部分农艺性状的抗旱指数(DI)与各品种干旱处理条件下的产量相关性较高,而干旱产量指数(DYI)与各品种的干旱处理产量趋势完全一致;又通过干旱产量指数(DYI)、丰水产量指数(WYI)和产量-水分高效利用指数(YHWUEI),筛选出在干旱和充分灌溉两种条件下都高产稳产,即具有水分高效利用特性的春小麦品种四个:新春2号、新春6号、新春7号和新春10号,它们的干旱产量指数、丰水产量指数和产量-水分高效利用指数都大于1.05。在多年新疆春小麦生产中,它们也都表现高产稳产、耐高温、抗干旱和适应性强,在干热风危害麦区推广面积大。

河西绿洲灌区节水抗旱型玉米品种的评价方法探讨

河西绿洲灌区水资源日益紧缺,玉米为该地区首要粮食作物。构建节水抗旱型玉米品种评价体系对品种选育与筛选具有指导意义。选取该区域实际生产中表现较好的8个玉米品种为试验材料,在大田环境设置干旱胁迫与充分灌溉两个水分处理,测定12个农艺性状、产量指标及11个生理指标,引入产量-水分高效利用指数(YHWUEI),结合因子分析法、隶属函数法、聚类分析、灰色关联度等多种数据处理方法,建立节水抗旱玉米品种综合评价体系。结果表明:将诸多考察指标转化为5个相互独立的综合指标(累积贡献率94.263%)。通过对综合指标隶属函数值U(xi)的二次加权,得到节水抗旱综合评价D值。由此得出的玉米品种节水抗旱排序为:甘玉801>利单295>正德305>先玉335>敦玉13号>玉源7879>甘鑫2818>庆单3号。聚类分析将玉米品种分为:Ⅰ级节水抗旱型1份、Ⅱ级中等节水抗旱型4份、Ⅲ级非节水抗旱型3份。灰色关联分析显示,粒长、粒宽、行粒数、秃间长度可直观地作为评价玉米节水抗旱性的指标性状。引入具有抗旱及节水双重表达特性的YHWUEI指数参与D值数学模型的构建,使节水抗旱性评价更为准确。

小麦品种(系)抗旱节水指标及调控机理研究

[目的]研究小麦抗旱节水指标及调控机理。[方法]对96个不同类型的小麦品种(系)的表型性状、生理性状与抗旱指数、产量-水分高效利用指数进行聚类分析、相关分析、通径分析、多元回归分析,探讨小麦抗旱节水指标及调控机理。[结果]在极度干旱年份小麦的株高、穗数和穗粒数下降严重,产量尚不及水地产量的1/4;相关分析发现:干旱条件下小麦的穗数、饱满度、穗粒数、株高和花后21 d的植被指数与抗旱指数极显著相关,干旱条件下小麦的大部分表型性状和花后10 d的冠层-空气温差与产量-水分高效利用指数显著相关;通径分析发现:8个表型性状对小麦抗旱指数的直接贡献大小依次为穗数(1.335)、最高总茎数(|-1.014|)、成穗率(|-0.955|)、株高(0.488)、穗粒数(0.435)、千粒重(0.038)、容重(0.024)、饱满度(0.017),对小麦产量-水分高效利用指数的直接贡献大小依次为穗数(1.945)、最高总茎数(|-1.420|)、成穗率(|-1.398|)、穗粒数(0.481)、株高(0.206)、千粒重(0.204)、容重(0.119)、饱满度(|-0.049|);进而构建了小麦表型性状对小麦抗旱节水性的多元回归方程,得出各种性状之间抗旱节水的数量依存关系和变动的规律。[结论]该研究对小麦抗旱节水高产育种具有重要的指导作用和应用价值。

抗旱节水冬小麦新品种衡136主要性状分析与评价

衡136是河北省农林科学院旱作农业研究所培育的抗旱节水冬小麦新品种。在当前河北省地下水超采严重的背景下，为缓解农业用水矛盾突出问题，以2008~2011年国家黄淮冬麦区旱肥组、河北省黑龙港流域节水组的区域试验和生产试验结果，以及2011~2013年度国家小麦产业技术体系河北麦区节水高效品种筛选试验结果（衡水）为素材，对衡136的产量、产量构成因素、产量稳定性、抗旱性、水分利用率和抗寒性进行了分析与评价，旨在推广抗旱节水型小麦品种，服务于农业生产。结果表明：在干旱胁迫或限水灌溉条件下，衡136一般产量为6000~7500 kg/hm2，春浇1水时最高产量可达到9000 kg/hm2以上。该品种具有节水抗旱、抗寒、丰产稳产性好、产量三因素协调、适应性广等优点，抗旱指数为1.130，水分利用率在0水、1水和2水灌溉条件下分别较对照品种石4185提高17.3%、14.9%和10.5%，节水性强。

Sources of Nitrogen in Combination with Systems of Irrigation Influence the Productivity of Modern Rice(Oryza sativa L.)Cultivars during Dry Season in Sub-Tropical Environment

In irrigated agricultural systems,nitrogen(N)and water are the vital resources for sustainability of the crop production in the modern era of climate change.The current study aimed to assess the impact of water and N management on the productivity of irrigated rice cultivars.In the context,a field observation was done at the research farm of Bangladesh Agricultural University,Mymensingh,during dry seasons in consecutive two years(2018–2019 and 2019–2020).The experiments were set up following split-plot design assigning water management in the main plots,nitrogen management in the sub-plots,and the cultivars were approved in the split-split plot with three replications.After two years observation,it was revealed that rice cultivar Binadhan-8 gave the maximum value of leaf area index,number effective tillers hill-1 and grains panicle-1 which lead to the higher grain yield(GY).Substantial relationships were observed among the concentration of N,growth,total dry matter(TDM)and N content,N uptake,N utilization effectiveness,and GY.However,with little exception,the Combined effect of water and N,cultivars and water management were varied significantly for all parameters.Finally,the results of the current study concluded that application of irrigation at 8 days after the disappearance of ponded water and source of 105 kg N ha-1 from PU+Poultry manure are the best management approach for the excellent performance of rice cultivar Binadhan-8.

灌溉量对新疆滴灌密植高产春玉米光合特性及产量的影响

选用玉米品种先玉335、郑单958和KWS3564为试材,以新疆当地高产玉米常规灌溉量6 000 m^3/hm^2为对照(CK),设置4 200(T1)、4 800(T2)、5 400 m^3/hm^2(T3)3个灌溉水平,研究灌溉量对新疆滴灌高产春玉米(≥15 000 kg/hm^2)光合特性、叶片水分利用效率和产量的影响。结果表明,随灌溉量减少幅度的增大,光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、叶面积指数明显下降,叶片水分利用效率提高,且在吐丝期更敏感,胞间CO2浓度呈上升趋势。不同品种的产量随灌溉量的变化存在差异,常规灌溉量(6 000 m^3/hm^2)降低10%(5 400 m^3/hm^2)时,先玉335和KWS3564产量降低5.82%~7.25%,郑单958产量无明显变化,均具有相对较高的水分生产率。综合比较,5 400 m^3/hm^2灌溉水平适宜在该地区应用。