Advanced test methods of material property characterization:high strain-rate testing and experimental simulation of multiaxial stress states

Optimum utilization of the loading capability of engineering materials is an important and active contribution to protect nature's limited resources,and it is the key for economic design methods.In order to make use of the materials' resources,those must be known very well;but conventional test methods will offer only limited informational value.The range of questions raised is as wide as the application of engineering materials,and partially they are very specific.The development of huge computer powers enables numeric modelling to simulate structural behaviour in rather complex loading environments-so the real material behaviour is known under the given loading conditions.Here the art of material testing design starts.To study the material behaviour under very distinct and specific loading conditions makes it necessary to simulate different temperature ranges,loading speeds, environments etc.and mostly there doesn't exist any commonly agreed test standard.In this contribution two popular,non-standard test procedures and test systems will be discussed on the base of their application background,special design features as well as test results and typically gained information:The demand for highspeed tests up to 1000 s^(-1) of strain rate is very specific and originates primarily in the automotive industry and the answers enable CAE analysis of crashworthiness of vehicle structures under crash conditions.The information on the material behaviour under multiaxial loading conditions is a more general one.Multiaxial stress states can be reduced to an equivalent stress,which allows the evaluation of the material's constraint and criticality of stress state.Both discussed examples shall show that the open dialogue between the user and the producer of testing machines allows custom-tailored test solutions.

Hot deformation behavior of microstructural constituents in a duplex stainless steel during high-temperature straining

The hot deformation characteristics of 1.4462 duplex stainless steel （DSS） were analyzed by considering strain partitioning between austenite and ferrite constituents. The individual behavior of ferrite and austenite in microstructure was studied in an iso-stress condition. Hot compression tests were performed at temperatures of 800-1100~C and strain rates of 0.001-1 s-1. The flow stress was modeled by a hyperbolic sine constitutive equation, the corresponding constants and apparent activation energies were determined for the studied alloys. The constitutive equation and law of mixture were used to measure the contribution factor of each phase at any given strain. It is found that the contribution factor of ferrite exponentially declines as the Zener-HoUomon parameter （Z） increases. On the contrary, the austenite contribution polynomially increases with the increase of Z. At low Z values below 2.6. x 1015 （lnZ---35.5）, a negative contribution factor is determined for austenite that is attributed to dynamic recrystallization. At high Z values, the contribution factor of austenite is about two orders of magnitude greater than that of ferrite, and therefore, austenite can accommodate more strain. Microstructural characterization via electron back-scattered diffraction （EBSD） confirms the mechanical results and shows that austenite recrystallization is possible only at high temperature and low strain rate.

Dynamic tensile properties and microstructural evolution of extruded EW75 magnesium alloy at high strain rates

The dynamic tensile properties and microstructural evolution of an extruded EW75 magnesium alloy deformed at ambient temperature and different high strain rates(from 1000 to 3000 s^(-1))along extrusion direction(ED)were investigated by Split Hopkinson Tension Bar(SHTB).The corresponding deformation mechanisms,texture evolution and microstructure changes were analyzed by optical microscope(OM),electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD)and transmission electron microscope(TEM).The results show that the extruded EW75 magnesium alloy along ED exhibits a conventional positive strain rate sensitivity that the dynamic flow stresses increase with in creasing strain rate.Texture measurements show that after dynamic tension,the initial weak texture of extruded EW75 magnesium alloy tansforms to a relatively strong<10-10>//ED texture with increasing strain rates.The microstructural analysis demonstrates that dislocation motion are main deformatin mode to accommodate dynamic tensile deformation at high strain rates.In addition,the interactions of dislocation-dislocation and dislocation-second phase lead to the in crease of flow stress and strain hardening with increasing strain rate.

Indirect Tensile Characterization of Graphite Platelet Reinforced Vinyl Ester Nanocomposites at High-Strain Rate

An indirect tensile testing method is proposed for characterizing low strength graphite platelet reinforced vinyl ester nanocomposites at high-strain rate. In this technique, the traditional Brazilian disk (diametrical compression) test method for brittle materials is utilized along with conventional split-Hopkinson pressure bars (SHPB) for evaluating cylindrical disk specimens. The cylindrical disk specimen is held snugly in between two concave end fixtures attached to the incident and transmission bars. To eliminate the complexities of conventional strain gage application, a non-contact Laser Occluding Expansion Gage (LOEG) has been adapted for measuring the diametrical transverse expansion of the specimen under high-strain rate diametrical compressive loading. Failure diagnosis using high-speed digital photography validates the viability of utilizing this indirect test method for characterizing the tensile properties of xGnP (exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets) reinforced and additional CTBN (Carboxyl Terminated Butadiene Nitrile) toughened vinyl ester based nanocomposites. Also, quasi-static indirect tensile response agrees with previous investigations conducted using the traditional dog-bone specimen in direct tensile tests. Investigation of both quasi-static and dynamic indirect tensile test responses shows the strain rate effect on the tensile strength and energy absorbing capacity of the candidate materials. The contribution of reinforcement to the tensile properties of the candidate materials is presented.

Energy Absorption of Pultruded Glass-Graphite/Epoxy Hybrid Composites under High Strain-Rate Induced Transverse Tension

This paper focuses on the dynamic tensile response of glass-graphite/epoxy composites illustrating improvement in energy absorption through hybridization. The dynamic response and energy absorption characteristics of pultruded hybrid combinations of glass and graphite fibers in an epoxy matrix subjected to induced transverse tension at high strain-rate in a modified Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) apparatus, are presented. Transverse tensile strength was determined by diametral compression of disc samples (Brazilian indirect tensile test method). Diametral crack initiation and strain to failure were monitored with a Shimadzu HPV-2 high-speed video camera at a recording speed of 500,000 fps and Digital Image Correlation (DIC). Adequate measures were taken to ensure that initiation of specimen failure occurred at the exact center of the disc specimen, and propagated through the diameter along the compressive loading axis, for the induced transverse tension tests to be valid. A study of the strength and specific energy absorption demonstrates the benefits of hybridization. Under induced transverse tensile loading condition, the pure glass/epoxy (GL60) exhibited higher strength than pure graphite/epoxy (GR60). Pure graphite/epoxy (GR60) has higher specific energy absorption capacity than pure glass/epoxy (GL60) in transverse tension. Among all hybrids, GR30 has the highest specific energy absorption under transverse tension. Overall, hybrid GL48, with 48% low-cost glass fibers in the inner core and 12% high-cost graphite fibers in outer shell, was found to exhibit better performance under induced transverse tension at high strain-rates, showing the benefits of hybridization.

高应变率冲击荷载下节理花岗岩损伤机制研究

针对冲击荷载作用下贯通节理花岗岩动力响应特征和能量演化规律这一研究目标,以含不同倾角节理花岗岩为研究对象,基于不同倾角节理岩体损伤力学理论模型,开展了高应变率下不同节理倾角花岗岩的分离式霍普金森压杆(split Hopkinson pressure bar,简称SHPB)冲击试验,完成了高应变率下花岗岩的损伤特征研究,获取了岩体动态力学性质和能量耗散特征。研究结果表明:(1)基于Druck-Prager准则和Weibull强度分布准则,结合弹性波理论,建立了不同倾角节理岩体的应力-应变理论模型,该模型能够较好地反映花岗岩的抗压强度、弹性模量随节理倾角变化的动态力学特性,具有较强的倾角效应;(2)相同冲击荷载下,随节理倾角的增大,能量反射系数呈线性上升趋势,能量传递系数呈线性下降趋势,岩样的峰值应力逐渐而减小;相同节理倾角下,随冲击荷载增大,能量反射系数先增大后减小,能量传递系数先减小再增大,能量吸收率随节理倾角的增大而减小;(3)当冲击荷载相同时,完整岩样、节理倾角θ=0°和θ=15°岩样的破碎程度较大,而节理倾角θ=30°和θ=45°岩样的破碎程度较小;当节理倾角相同时,随冲击荷载增大,超过岩样最大抗压强度时,岩样由剪切和拉伸破坏逐渐转化成压碎破坏,且破碎程度也随之增大。

大尺寸自由活塞激波风洞自由流参数诊断方法

高焓激波风洞自由流具有一定程度的热化学非平衡,使得流场参数的确定存在困难。针对大尺寸自由活塞高焓激波风洞的总温2 700~4 700 K、总压5.6~20.3 MPa条件,采用非接触吸收光谱技术、接触测量技术等测试技术,结合多温度多组分数值模拟方法,共同诊断喷管名义马赫数10出口自由流的参数。结果显示,温度测量值与计算值最大偏差小于7.5%,速度测量值与计算值最大偏差小于5%,NO浓度测量值与计算中最大偏差小于12%。

基于夹持粘贴式的光纤光栅传感器力热耦合测试

针对力热耦合环境中对结构件应变测试的准确获取问题,提出一种基于夹持粘贴式与温度补偿解耦的裸光纤光栅传感器应变测试方法。首先,通过有限元分析对比夹持粘贴式、表面粘贴式两种与基材集成方式的应变传递率,两者应变传递率分别为99.47%与95.8%;然后,以光纤胶粘应变传递理论及有限元仿真分析不同标距比对夹持粘贴式光纤光栅传感器应变传递率的影响,发现随着标距比增加,应变传递率逐渐衰减。基于粘贴形式与标距比分析结果,选取标距比为1的夹持式裸光纤光栅与基材粘贴集成为试验件,同时集联一条裸光纤光栅温度传感器,在完成对光纤光栅温度/应变标定测试后,进行100~250℃、3 000με范围内的试验件梯度高温拉伸测试。实验结果表明,利用温度补偿法解耦出光纤光栅传感器测量的应变结果与标准高温应变片结果的平均相对误差最大值为2.26%。该研究结果对高温下光纤光栅传感器应变测量与集成的工程应用具有一定参考意义。

基于小冲杆试验评价钛合金的高温拉伸性能

基于能量密度等效理论,提出依据塑性弯曲阶段载荷-位移曲线,获取均匀连续、各向同性的钛合金圆片试样应力-应变曲线的小冲杆试验新方法;采用该方法预测得到不同名义屈服强度和硬化指数组合工况下假想材料的应力-应变数据,并与有限元预设曲线进行对比;基于小冲杆试验获得的TC4合金在室温、高温(400℃)下的载荷-位移曲线,采用上述方法获得该合金的真应力-真应变曲线,并与单轴拉伸真应力-应变曲线进行对比。结果表明:预测得到的假想材料应力-应变数据与有限元预设曲线之间的符合优度均高于0.96;预测获得的室温和400℃下TC4合金的真应力-真应变曲线与单轴拉伸曲线之间的符合优度均高于0.97,屈服强度和抗拉强度的最大相对误差分别为4.86%和4.63%,验证了该新方法的有效性。

高温水蒸气环境中TP439不锈钢的应力腐蚀开裂敏感性

目的 研究TP439不锈钢在高温水蒸气环境中的应力腐蚀开裂行为,并探讨水蒸气和温度对其应力腐蚀开裂敏感性的影响规律。方法 采用慢应变速率拉伸试验方法研究了TP439不锈钢在400~600℃水蒸气环境中的应力腐蚀开裂行为,利用SEM和EDS分析试样断口区域的形貌及元素分布。结果 同一应变速率(2×10^(-5) s^(-1))下,随着温度在400~600℃范围内升高,TP439不锈钢在空气和水蒸气环境中的屈服强度、抗拉强度和断裂能均逐渐降低,延伸率逐渐增大。400℃和500℃时,试样在水蒸气环境中的抗拉强度较空气环境中有所降低,而延伸率较空气环境中增大。600℃时试样在水蒸气环境中的力学性能较空气环境中无明显差别。试样在400、500、600℃水蒸气环境中的应力腐蚀开裂敏感性指数分别为0.7%、1.2%和-2.8%,应力腐蚀开裂敏感性较低。试样在400~600℃水蒸气环境中的断口均呈现韧性断裂特征,断口形貌整体由韧窝和微孔组成,颈缩现象显著,断口附近未发现二次裂纹。温度在400~600℃范围内升高时,断口的韧窝特征更加明显,颈缩程度逐渐增大,600℃时断口侧面的氧化膜表面Cr含量明显降低,主要由Fe的氧化物形成。结论 水蒸气对TP439不锈钢的应力腐蚀开裂行为起促进作用。基于应力腐蚀开裂敏感性指数和断口的分析,在应变速率为2×10^(-5) s^(-1)的400~600℃水蒸气环境中,TP439不锈钢的应力腐蚀开裂敏感性较低。

高应变动测技术在如东海域大直径钢管桩基工程中的应用研究

基于江苏如东海域三根大直径敞口钢管桩的初打和复打高应变动测试验数据,提出了适用于该海域的桩端折减系数η的推荐值和承载力恢复计算公式,为该海域大直径钢管桩基础的承载力评估提供了技术依据。敞口钢管桩高应变试验数据显示,试验桩侧阻力的恢复系数都远大于端阻力的,且桩侧阻力随时间增长显著,但端阻力的增长却很小。基于此,推荐如东海域大直径敞开钢管桩的桩端阻力折减系数η取0.05进行估算。此外,通过桩基土体恢复和增长机理探讨,提出桩基承载力恢复计算公式,且验证误差在10%以内。

高强度马氏体不锈钢的小能量冲击疲劳行为研究

随着钻具失效的不断发生,越来越多的研究者进行服役工况下钻具失效-断裂行为的机理研究。在服役过程中钻具受到复杂载荷的作用,既有静载荷也有大能量单次冲击载荷和小能量多次冲击载荷,小能量多次冲击载荷会造成材料冲击疲劳。研究了新型高强度马氏体不锈钢在不同冲击能量下的材料的冲击疲劳失效行为。结果表明,材料的冲击疲劳寿命的影响因素主要是加载的冲击能量,即冲击能量越高材料的冲击疲劳寿命越低,但冲击能量的变化不会改变材料的断裂形式。在疲劳裂纹萌生阶段,冲击能量的提高可使裂纹快速萌生。在疲劳裂纹扩展阶段,冲击载荷作用于裂纹尖端并使裂纹逐渐扩展。最后,建立了裂纹长度a与循环周次N的函数关系,计算了裂纹的扩展速率。

高应变率荷载作用下钢筋与ECC的黏结滑移关系研究

采用水泥基复合材料(engineering cementitious composite,ECC)替代混凝土可以提高结构在偶然荷载作用下的抗连续倒塌性能,但在悬链线大变形阶段钢筋与ECC间可能会出现黏结滑移破坏。基于分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)试验装置,进行了钢筋与ECC的动态黏结滑移性能试验,分析了ECC强度等级、应变率、钢筋直径对极限黏结强度、刚度和滑移量的影响规律,获得了高应变率下钢筋与ECC的平均黏结滑移曲线,得到其黏结滑移破坏模式。并与静态黏结滑移试验进行对比,得到了动态黏结强度增强因子。进一步,通过钢筋开槽内贴应变片法,获得不同锚固位置的黏结应力及相对滑移的分布规律,提出黏结位置函数。最后,根据试验结果得到钢筋与ECC平均黏结滑移本构,进而乘以黏结位置函数得到考虑锚固位置影响的动态黏结滑移本构,为ECC结构构件设计及有限元分析提供试验依据和理论参考。

金属材料高温拉伸试验控制模式及试验速率的选择

对GB/T 228.2—2015金属材料高温拉伸试验标准中的方法A和方法B从控制模式、试验速率要求两方面进行了分析解读,选用不同方法和速率从应力-应变曲线、应变速率-时间曲线、屈服强度三方面分析,并对分析设定不同试验速率进行验证。结果表明,采用引伸计反馈控制实施方法A1,实际应变速率波动超差,应力-应变曲线易发生畸变,对Rp0.2的测试结果造成误判;采用横梁位移反馈控制实施方法A2和方法B,选择合适的试验速率,测定参数的应变速率能够满足标准要求,可以获得稳定可靠的应力-应变曲线和较为一致的试验结果。

宝鸡峡漆水河渡槽钻孔灌注桩承载力检测试验

宝鸡峡灌区漆水河渡槽工程对基桩承载力检测试验综合采用了静载法和高应变法,通过两种检测法验证了单桩极限承载力满足设计要求,并对两种检测方法的优缺点、准确性和可靠性进行了对比分析。在进行工程基桩检测时合理进行二者选择、结合,才能满足工程需求,也为类似工程基桩承载力检测提供了参考。

静载试验和高应变法在桩基承载力检测中的对比试验

以巴基斯坦某电厂桩基承载力检测为目的,分别采用静载试验法和高应变动力检测法对旋挖法和反循环法两种成桩工艺的四根试桩进行承载力检测,并对结果进行了对比分析。结果表明,静载试验与高应变法实测四根试桩的承载力特征值均大于设计承载力特征值,均满足设计要求;两种方法对不同成桩工艺桩基承载力的检测结果均具有较好的一致性,采用高应变法代替静载试验在该地区进行桩基承载力检测具有较强的可行性和适用性;为该地区桩基承载力检测提供参考和借鉴。

海上大直径超长钢管桩打桩贯入特性及竖向静载试验分析

针对海上大直径超长钢管桩承载力恢复时间长以及现场试验匮乏等问题,依托浙江省宁波舟山港六横公路大桥项目二期工程,对2.0m直径、113m长钢管桩进行初打和复打高应变测试以及静载测试,研究了大直径钢管桩沉桩贯入特性以及不同休止时间的承载力恢复特性。钢管桩沉桩后承载力存在显著的时间效应,沉桩6天后根据复打检测承载力恢复系数达到1.41,沉桩21天后根据轴向抗压试验承载力恢复系数达到2.22,比单桩设计极限值大22.15%。同时实测发现大直径钢管桩内外泥面高差较小,没有明显的土塞效应。该工程现场试验成果可为类似海上大直径钢管桩设计和施工提供技术参考。

工程物探技术在地下输水管道病害检测方面的探讨

在南水北调中线北京段配套工程环线工程地下输水管道病害隐患检测过程中,管道附近土体的运行维护工作急需更全面、准确的日常基础资料,以及更好的输水管道病害检测的解决方案,探讨工程物探技术在大口径混凝土地下输水管道病害检测方面的应用。选用高密度电法和微动法2种物探法,检测输水隧洞附近土体隐患情况,结合前期探测数据和地质资料,以及后期数据反演,综合分析土层结构富含水隐患情况,检测出富含水区域。工程物探技术可为沉降风险区域范围划定提供参考,能为地下隧洞无损检测提供新的思路。

Constitutive Modeling for Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Machining Based on the SHPB Tests and Simulation

A constitutive model is critical for the prediction accuracy of a metal cutting simulation. The highest strain rate involved in the cutting process can be in the range of 104-106 s 1. Flow stresses at high strain rates are close to that of cutting are difficult to test via experiments. Split Hopkinson compression bar （SHPB） technology is used to study the deformation behavior of Ti-6Al-4V alloy at strain rates of 10 -4-10 4s- 1. The Johnson Cook （JC） model was applied to characterize the flow stresses of the SHPB tests at various conditions. The parameters of the JC model are optimized by using a genetic algorithm technology. The JC plastic model and the energy density-based ductile failure criteria are adopted in the proposed SHPB finite element simulation model. The simulated flow stresses and the failure characteristics, such as the cracks along the adiabatic shear bands agree well with the experimental results. Afterwards, the SHPB simulation is used to simulate higher strain rate（approximately 3 × 10 4 s -1） conditions by minimizing the size of the specimen. The JC model parameters covering higher strain rate conditions which are close to the deformation condition in cutting were calculated based on the flow stresses obtained by using the SHPB tests （10 -4 - 10 4 s- 1） and simulation （up to 3 × 10 4 s - 1）. The cutting simulation using the constitutive parameters is validated by the measured forces and chip morphology. The constitutive model and parameters for high strain rate conditions that are identical to those of cutting were obtained based on the SHPB tests and simulation.

SCC evaluation of ultra-high strength steel in acidic chloride solution

The stress corrosion crack(SCC) susceptibility of ultra-high strength steel AerMet 100 was investigated by slow strain rate technique(SSRT),tensile with polarization and surface analysis technique.The curves of t fC l/tfW-strain rate are divided into three regions:stress-dominated region,SCC-dominated region,and corrosion-dominated region,so as the curves of tfCl/tfW-strain rate and tm/tf-strain rate.The results of tensile tests with polarization show that the main SCC mechanism of AerMet 100 is anodic dissolution,which controls the corrosion process.The three regions have been discussed according to the relationship between the rate of slip-step formation and the rate of dissolution.Fracture appearances in different environments were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM).SCC fracture appears as a mixture of intergranular and dimples,while it is totally dimples in the inert environment.The εf becomes the parameter to predict tf because the relationship between tfCl/tfW and tfC l/tfW is a straight line for AerMet 100.