Corrosion Test of the Steel Plate in a WJ-8 Fastener for High Speed Rail

It was found that the steel plate in the composite plate in the WJ-8 fastener used in high speed rail is rusty. The objective of this study is to test the zinc coating of the steel plate. A literature review was conducted to identify the zinc coating techniques, and the companies that can provide different coating service was identified. A salt fog chamber was built that was in compliance with the ANSI B117 code, and the steel plates that were coated by the identified companies were tested using the salt fog chamber. The results indicated that the coating technique that had the best performance in preventing corrosion was the Greenkote plates with passivation. The galvanized option had the roughest coating layer, and it was the most reactive in the salt water solution. This makes it non-ideal for the dynamic rail environment because the increased friction of the plate could damage the supports, especially during extreme temperatures that would cause the rail to expand or contract. Greenkote with Phosphate and ArmorGalv also provided increased corrosion prevention with a smooth, strong finish, but it had more rust on the surface area than the Greenkote with ELU passivation. The ArmorGalv sample had more rust on the surface area than the Greenkote samples. This may not be a weakness in the ArmorGalv process;rather, it likely was the result of this particular sample not having the added protection of a colored coating.

Influence of Rare Earth Elements on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cast High-Speed Steel Rolls

The influence of rare earth （RE） elements on the solidification process and eutectic transformation and mechanical properties of the high-V type cast, high-speed steel roll was studied. Test materials with different RE additions were prepared on a horizontal centrifugal casting machine. The solidification process, eutectic structure transformation, carbide morphology, and the elements present, were all investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry （DSC） and scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive spectrometry （SEM-EDS）. The energy produced by crack initiation and crack extension was analyzed using a digital impact test machine. It was found that rare earth elements increased the tensile strength of the steel by inducing crystallization of earlier eutectic γ-Fe during the solidification process, which in turn increased the solidification temperature and thinned the dendritic grains. Rare earth elements with large atomic radius changed the lattice parameters of the MC carbide by forming rare earth carbides. This had the effect of dispersing longpole M C carbides to provide carbide grains, thereby, reducing the formation of the gross carbide and making more V available, to increase the secondary hardening process and improve the hardness level. The presence of rare earth elements in the steel raised the impact toughness by changing the mechanism of MC carbide formation, thereby increasing the crack initiation energy.

Experimental research on electromagnetic continuous casting high-speed steel composite roll

A high speed steel composite roll billet was fabricated, which is regular in shape, smooth in surface, slight in trace, compact in internal structure, free of slag inclusion, shrinkage cavity, cracks and other flaws, and good in macro quality of junction surface using a vertical continuous casting machine. The interface zone microstructure of bimetallic in billet of high speed steel composite roll was analyzed by metallurgical microscope(OM), X-ray diffractmeter(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis(EDS). The results indicate that the microstructure of roll billet is composed of chilled solidified layer, dendrite zone, interfacial zone of bimetal and core material zone. The microstructure of outer shell material is composed of martensite + bainite + residual austenite + some small labyrinth-shape, small-short lath-shape, or dollop-shape eutectic carbides. The microstructure of core material is slice-shape pearlite and a little ferrite along boundary of cells. The interface region microstructure of bimetallic composite roll consists of diffusion region, chilled solidified layer and columnar grain region.

Effects of electrode configuration on electroslag remelting process of M2 high-speed steel ingot

The electrode configuration determines the thermophysical field during the electroslag remelting(ESR) process and affects the final microstructure of the ingot. In this work, ingot with a diameter of 400 mm was prepared with two electrode configuration modes of single power ESR process, namely one electrode(OE) and two series-connected electrodes(TSCE). Finite element simulation was employed to calculate the electromagnetic field, flow field and temperature field of the ESR system. The results show that the temperature of the slag pool and the metal pool of the TSCE process is lower and more uniform than that of the OE process.The calculated temperature distribution of the ingot could be indirectly verified from the shape of the metal pool by the experiment. The experimental results show that the depth of the metal pool in the OE ingot is about 160 mm, while the depth of the TSCE ingot is nearly 40 mm shallower than that of the OE ingot. Microstructural comparisons indicate that coarse eutectic carbides are formed in the center of the OE ingot, whereas more even eutectic carbides appear in the center of the TSCE ingot. In general, compared with the OE process, the TSCE process is preferred to remelt high speed steel ingots.

PREDICTION OF FLOW STRESS OF HIGH-SPEED STEEL DURING HOT DEFORMATION BY USING BP ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK

The hot deformation behavior of TI (18W-4Cr-1V) high-speed steel was investigated by means of continuous compression tests performed on Gleeble 1500 thermomechan- ical simulator in a wide range of tempemtures (950℃-1150℃) with strain rotes of 0.001s-1-10s-1 and true strains of 0-0. 7. The flow stress at the above hot defor- mation conditions is predicted by using BP artificial neural network. The architecture of network includes there are three input parameters:strain rate,temperature T and true strain , and just one output parameter, the flow stress ,2 hidden layers are adopted, the first hidden layer includes 9 neurons and second 10 negroes. It has been verified that BP artificial neural network with 3-9-10-1 architecture can predict flow stress of high-speed steel during hot deformation very well. Compared with the prediction method of flow stress by using Zaped-Holloman parumeter and hyperbolic sine stress function, the prediction method by using BP artificial neurul network has higher efficiency and accuracy.

The Effect of Intensity Pulsed Ion Beam Irradiation on Wear Resistance of High-speed Steel

The structural and phase transformations occurring in the near-surface layers of pre-quenched W6Mo5Cr4V2 high-speed steel (HSS) subjected to intensity pulsed ion beam (IPIB) melting have been investigated. The effect of IPIB irradiation on wear resistance of the HSS has also been studied. The IPIB consists mainly of Cn+(30%)^0 H+(70%), with a high beam current density of 80A/cm2, acceleration voltage of 250kV, pulse duration of 70 ns. Samples were bombarded with 1, 3, 5 pulses respectively. It has been revealed that after IPIB irradiation the initial martensite in the near-surface layer of HSS changed into austenite and produced residual stresses by using electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Redistribution and interlace of dislocations in the irradiated samples were generated under the impact of shock wave. With increasing pulse times gradual liquid-phase dissolution of M6C carbide particles occurs in the near-surface layer and produces nanocrystalline MC. This process results in the decrease of martensite crystal (a-phase) and increase of austenite (y-phase) content and the dispersed carbide. Wear resistance of the HSS is improved by a factor of 2, which is explained by the formation of metastable phases such nanocrystal and residual stresses and the redistribution and interlace of dislocations.

Microstructure simulation of rapidly solidified ASP30 high-speed steel particles by gas atomization

In this study, the microstructure evolution of rapidly solidified ASP30 high-speed steel particles was predicted using a simulation method based on the cellular automaton-finite element （CAFE） model. The dendritic growth kinetics, in view of the characteristics of ASP30 steel, were calculated and combined with macro heat transfer calculations by user-defined functions （UDFs） to simulate the microstructure of gas-atomized particles. The relationship among particle diameter, undercooling, and the convection heat transfer coefficient was also inves- tigated to provide cooling conditions for simulations. The simulated results indicated that a columnar grain microstructure was observed in small particles, whereas an equiaxed microstructure was observed in large particles. In addition, the morphologies and microstructures of gas-atomized ASP30 steel particles were also investigated experimentally using scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. The experimental re- suits showed that four major types ofmicrostructures were formed： dendritic, equiaxed, mixed, and multi-droplet microstructures. The simu- lated results and the available experimental data are in good agreement.

On microstructure and performance of tempered high-boron high-speed steel roll

Influences of the tempering temperature on the microstructure, mechanical property and wear resistance of High-Boron High Speed Steel (HBHSS) roll materials were investigated by means of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction, hardness measurement, impact tester, tensile tester and pin abrasion tester. The results show that the as-cast structure of HBHSS consists of a great amount of martensite and M2(B,C) and a few retained austenites and M23(B,C)6. After solution treated at 1,050 °C and followed by oil cooling, the amount of M23(B,C)6 carbo-borides in quenched HBHSS increases obviously and the macrohardness of the quenched HBHSS is 66 HRC, which is very close to the 65.8 HRC of as-cast HBHSS. On the whole, the hardness of HBHSS alloy shows a trend of slight decrease with increasing tempering temperature when tempered below 500 °C. While when above 500 °C, the hardness increases slightly as the tempering temperature increases and reaches a peak at 525 °C and then decreases obviously. The impact toughness of HBHSS has a tendency to increase as the tempering temperature increases. Tempering can improve the tensile strength and elongation of HBHSS, but a higher tempering temperature causes a slight decrease in both tensile strength and elongation. Excellent wear resistance can be obtained by tempering at 500 to 550 °C.

Structures and Properties of High-Carbon High Speed Steel by RE-Mg-Ti Compound Modification

The effects of rare earths(RE)-Mg-Ti compound modification on the structures and properties of high-carbon high speed steel(HSS) were researched.The impact toughness(α_k),the fracture toughness(K_(1c))and threshold of fatigue crack growth(ΔK_(th))are tested.The thermal fatigue test is done on a self-straining thermal fatigue tester,the wear test is done on a high temperature wear test machine.The results show that the matrix can be refined by the RE-Mg-Ti compound modification,the eutectic carbides are inclined to spheroidicize and are distributed evenly,the morphology and distribution of eutectic carbides are improved by appropriate RE-Mg-Ti complex modification.After RE-Mg-Ti compound modification,a little effects can be found on the strength,hardness and red hardness,but the fracture toughness(K_(1c)) and threshold of fatigue crack growth(△K_(th)) are improved in the meantime,the impact toughness (α_k) is increased by over one time,and the resistance to thermal fatigue and wear resistance at an elevated temperature are remarkably improved.

Sensitive factors research for track-bridge interaction of Long-span X-style steel-box arch bridge on high-speed railway

X-style arch bridge on high-speed railways(HSR)is one kind of complicated long-span structure,and the track-bridge interaction is essential to ensure the safety and smoothness of HSR.Taking an X-style steel-box arch bridge with a main span of450 m on HSR under construction for example,a new integrative mechanic model of rail-stringer-cross beam-suspenderpier-foundation coupling system was established,adopting the nonlinear spring element simulating the longitudinal resistance between track and bridge.The transmission law of continuous welded rail(CWR)on the X-style arch bridge was researched,and comparative study was carried out to discuss the influence of several sensitive factors,such as the temperature load case,the longitudinal resistance model,the scheme of longitudinal restraint conditions,the introverted inclination of arch rib,the stiffness of pier and abutment and the location of the rail expansion device.Calculating results indicate that the longitudinal resistance has a significant impact upon the longitudinal forces of CWR on this kind of bridge,while the arch rib’s inclination has little effect.Besides,temperature variation of arch ribs and suspenders should be taken into account in the calculation.Selecting the restraint system without longitudinally-fixed bearing and setting the rail expansion devices on both ends are more reasonable.

Installation position determination of wind speed sensors on steel pole along a high-speed railway

In order to consider the influence of steel pole on the measurement of wind speed sensors and determinate the installation position of wind speed sensors, the flow field around wind speed sensors was investigated. Based on the three-dimensional steady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations and k-ε double equations turbulent model, the field flow around the wind speed sensor and the steel pole along a high-speed railway was simulated on an unstructured grid. The grid-independent validation was conducted and the accuracy of the present numerical simulation method was validated by experiments and simulations carried out by previous researchers. Results show that the steel pole has a significant influence on the measurement results of wind speed sensors. As the distance between two wind speed sensors is varied from 0.3 to 1.0 m, the impact angles are less than ±20°, it is proposed that the distance between two wind speed sensors is 0.8 m at least, and the interval between wind speed sensors and the steel pole is more than 1.0 m with the sensors located on the upstream side.

高合金含量对激光熔覆高速钢涂层组织与性能的影响

在M2牌号W6Mo5Cr4V_(2)高速钢成分基础上增加钨、钼、钴含量至5 at%,通过CO_(2)横流式激光成套加工设备在Q235钢基体表面进行激光熔覆。对试样在500℃进行摩擦磨损实验。结果表明:两涂层凝固组织均为板条马氏体基体、残余奥氏体和细小的共晶碳化物M_(2)C。提高M2成分中钨钼钴含量可增加涂层中碳化物硬质相的析出量,且激光快速凝固动力学条件能有效抑制涂层中一次碳化物的长大和粗化,最大回火硬度从M2涂层的813 HV0.5提高至872 HV0.5。高钨钼钴含量涂层的摩擦系数相比于M2涂层减少约18%,磨损失重降低约23%。激光快速凝固方法制备高速钢涂层可适量提高钨钼钴成分含量以获得更高的涂层硬度和热磨损性。

高速钢桶焊缝机电机座支撑脚复合模设计

针对高速钢桶焊缝机电机座支撑脚使用2 mm厚的SECC板料进行中小批量冲压成形的要求,设计了3副模具用于制件的4道工序成形。冲孔落料和修边压印采用倒装式复合模结构、切分模和弯曲模采用正装结构,且切分模和弯曲模集成在1副模具内。弯曲模中设计了凸模驱动的双滑块内收弯曲成形机构,该机构在制件弯曲壁的两侧都使用滑块进行夹紧驱动弯曲,能有效防止弯曲回弹,保证了制件的弯曲成形尺寸。模具结构简单实用,成形工艺设计合理,实现了制件的自动化生产。

高速铁路主跨320 m钢-混部分斜拉桥无砟轨道适应性研究

南玉高铁六景郁江特大桥设计将钢-混部分斜拉桥结构引入时速350 km高速铁路领域,而300 m级以上大跨度桥上无砟轨道的竖向变形极易超限,影响列车通过的安全性和舒适性,因此,系统研究在此大跨桥梁结构上铺设无砟轨道的适应性十分必要。通过建立有限元及动力学模型,分析不同组合工况下无砟轨道结构的变形特点及动力特性,运用60 m弦测法探究各工况下无砟轨道的线形变化规律,从而确定大跨度钢-混部分斜拉桥铺设无砟轨道的适应性,并对设计和施工提出合理化建议。主要结论如下:在各种不利组合荷载作用下,桥上无砟轨道结构强度满足规范要求,列车通过大桥的各项安全性与舒适性指标均满足规范要求;混凝土收缩徐变和斜拉索升降温是影响无砟轨道线形标准的两大主因,应在无砟轨道施工前确保足够的沉降观测期和收缩徐变释放期,并充分考虑拉索的保温设计;在温度组合荷载作用下,桥上无砟轨道的60 m弦测不平顺幅值为6.79 mm,满足高速铁路静态验收标准;但在叠加列车荷载和收缩徐变后,变形弦测值均出现Ⅱ级及以上超限,通过合理设置预拱度后可有效改善轨道平顺性标准。

京广高铁联络线160m四线混合连续梁桥设计及关键技术

京广高铁联络线流溪河特大桥主桥采用(70+160+70)m四线混合连续梁方案跨越流溪河。该桥为四线铁路钢混混合梁式桥,文中介绍了该桥工程概况、结构构造及主要计算结果。为确定四线铁路混合连续梁桥的关键技术,采用结构分析软件对该桥等效跨度、边中跨比、钢梁长跨比等结构参数进行对比研究,得出0.875倍预应力混凝土连续梁跨度为等效跨度、0.45~0.5的合理边中跨比、0.35~0.4的合理钢梁长跨比等结论。该桥中跨跨中设63 m钢梁,截面采用易于运输、施工方案更灵活的分离双箱钢梁截面,提高了结构适应性;中跨钢梁的设置减小了结构自重和梁高,提高了桥梁的跨越能力,减少工后徐变;中跨中钢梁替换常规混凝土梁,大大减小了主跨自重,边跨长度可进一步减小,有利于满足高速铁路刚度要求;钢梁采用整体吊装施工方案,减少了悬灌节段数,缩短了施工工期,为铁路高速发展提供了便利。

热流密度对高速钢刀具多道熔覆WC/Co陶瓷层组织与性能的影响

目的研究高速钢刀具表面激光多道熔覆WC/Co陶瓷层时,热流密度对熔覆层道次间的影响规律,以及多道熔覆层制备时的参数选择。方法建立多道单层激光熔覆理论模型,并利用模拟仿真和实验的方法,以热流密度作为评价指标,对激光热源的不同参数和熔覆层组织与性能进行耦合分析。结果当热流密度小于24.06×10^(6) W/m^(2)时,熔覆层内形成细长的枝状晶。当热流密度在36.09×10^(6)~39.82×10^(6) W/m^(2)变化时,熔覆层内形成以胞状、枝状为主要强化相的多晶体混合组织。当热流密度大于44.11×10^(6) W/m^(2)时,熔覆层组织形成稳态的块状结构。不同热流密度下,熔覆层的物相组织均由Fe_(3)W_(3)C、Co_(3)W_(3)C、Mo_(3)Co_(3)C、W_(2)C、WC、Cr_(3)Mo、(Cr,Fe)_(7)C_(3)和多种间隙化合物组成。结论当第n道熔覆层制备完成后,受到后续第n+1道熔覆层制备时热流密度的影响较大,而此后道次的影响较小。熔覆层内部组织形态随着热流密度的增加从细长的枝状晶向胞状晶转变,再逐渐形成稳态块状晶。熔覆层内各位置的显微硬度值随着热流密度的增加而先增大,随后逐渐减小。较大的热流密度会导致基材参与熔覆的质量增加,但降低了基材的抗弯曲强度,加大了熔覆层及基材断裂的可能性。当热流密度为36.09×10^(6) W/m^(2)时,是一组较为理想的工艺参数选择。

渗氮过程中轴套开裂原因

SKH51高速钢轴套在渗氮过程中发生开裂现象。采用宏观观察、化学成分分析、硬度测试、金相检验、扫描电镜分析等方法分析了轴套开裂的原因。结果表明:轴套基体中的共晶碳化物分布不均匀,在沿轴向方向上存在较为严重的条带状共晶碳化物;材料回火不充分使组织中存在残余奥氏体,在渗氮过程中残余奥氏体转变为马氏体,产生了组织应力;轴套开裂位置处倒角半径过小,产生了应力集中,最终导致轴套发生开裂。

高速钢耐磨材料研究进展

本文介绍了国内外高速钢耐磨材料研究进展,主要综述了高速钢耐磨材料的发展简史、合金成分、制备工艺、热处理工艺、计算科学、力学性能及工程应用,系统总结了高速钢耐磨材料的研究特点,从合金成分、微观组织及力学性能方面加以阐述。秉持成分是基础、组织是关键、工艺是手段和性能是目的的观点,为高速钢耐磨材料的研究及开发提供实质性价值。此外,计算科学的应用范围不断扩大,金属耐磨材料研究将趋于多样化,是一种不可或缺的研究性手段。最后,根据高速钢耐磨材料研究技术所要面临的问题和挑战,展望了五个研究方向,以促进高速钢耐磨材料产业技术创新发展。

高速钢表面类金刚石薄膜的掺氮改性研究

高速钢表面类金刚石(diamond-like carbon,DLC)薄膜的沉积效率和膜-基结合力影响其在切削刀具领域的应用。基于空心阴极原理,利用等离子体增强化学气相沉积(plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition,PECVD)的方法,在体积比为1∶3的CH_(4)和C_(2)H_(2)的混合气体中加入N_(2)在高速钢表面制备类金刚石薄膜,研究了N_(2)体积分数对DLC薄膜结合力和耐磨性的影响。结果表明:掺氮可提高DLC薄膜的沉积效率,改善膜结构。随着N_(2)体积分数的增加,DLC薄膜中sp^(3)键含量和摩擦因数均先增大后减小。掺10%体积分数N_(2)的DLC薄膜厚度达1543 nm,膜-基结合力等级从HF4提高到HF2,摩擦因数降至0.139,耐磨性提高。

磁控电渣重熔对M2高速钢凝固组织及力学性能的影响

本文在M2高速钢的电渣重熔过程中施加了横向稳恒磁场,利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和金属夹杂物分析仪等方法检测了外加横向静磁场对M2高速钢电渣锭凝固组织、夹杂物及力学性能的影响。结果表明,应用横向静磁场后M2电渣锭的凝固组织得到改善,其中,晶粒生长角由52.03°降低至21.99°;熔池深度由44.2 mm降低至18.8 mm;共晶碳化物尺寸得到了细化,粗大的网状聚集得到破碎。夹杂物的去除效率得到了提升,在4 mm^(2)的检测区域内,夹杂物的数量由2119个降低至1064个。电渣锭横/纵截面的硬度均匀性均获得了提升。分析认为,外加横向稳恒磁场与重熔电流交互作用产生的电磁振荡效应减小了金属熔滴的尺寸,促进熔滴分散滴入金属熔池,使得熔池中的温度分布更加均匀,形成更加浅平的金属熔池。同时,更加浅平的金属熔池减小了局部凝固时间,抑制了共晶碳化物生长的动力学条件,从而获得更加细小的碳化物尺寸。外加横向静磁场在液膜层-熔滴-熔池三阶段强化去除作用提升了夹杂物去除效率。