OsNPF3.1,a nitrate,abscisic acid and gibberellin transporter gene,is essential for rice tillering and nitrogen utilization efficiency

Low-affinity nitrate transporter genes have been identified in subfamilies 4-8 of the rice nitrate transporter 1(NRT1)/peptide transporter family(NPF),but the OsNPF3 subfamily responsible for nitrate and phytohormone transport and rice growth and development remains unknown.In this study,we described OsNPF3.1 as an essential nitrate and phytohormone transporter gene for rice tillering and nitrogen utilization efficiency(NUtE).OsNPF3.1 possesses four major haplotypes of its promoter sequence in 517 cultivars,and its expression is positively associated with tiller number.Its expression was higher in the basal part,culm,and leaf blade than in other parts of the plant,and was strongly induced by nitrate,abscisic acid(ABA)and gibberellin 3(GA_3)in the root and shoot of rice.Electrophysiological experiments demonstrated that OsNPF3.1 is a pH-dependent low-affinity nitrate transporter,with rice protoplast uptake assays showing it to be an ABA and GA_3 transporter.OsNPF3.1 overexpression significantly promoted ABA accumulation in the roots and GA accumulation in the basal part of the plant which inhibited axillary bud outgrowth and rice tillering,especially at high nitrate concentrations.The NUtE of OsNPF3.1-overexpressing plants was enhanced under low and medium nitrate concentrations,whereas the NUtE of OsNPF3.1 clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats(CRISPR)plants was increased under high nitrate concentrations.The results indicate that OsNPF3.1 transports nitrate and phytohormones in different rice tissues under different nitrate concentrations.The altered OsNPF3.1 expression improves NUtE in the OsNPF3.1-overexpressing and CRISPR lines at low and high nitrate concentrations,respectively.

Gene Structure and Expression of the High-affinity Nitrate Transport System in Rice Roots

Rice has a preference for uptake of ammonium over nitrate and can use ammonium-N efficiently. Consequently, transporters mediating ammonium uptake have been extensively studied, but nitrate transporters have been largely ignored. Recently, some reports have shown that rice also has high capacity to acquire nitrate from growth medium, so understanding the nitrate transport system in rice roots is very important for improving N use efficiency in rice. The present study Identified four putative NRT2 and two putative NAR2 genes that encode components of the high-affinity nitrate transport system （HATS） in the rice （Oryza sativa L. subsp, japonica cv. Nipponbare） genome. OsNRT2.1 and OsNRT2.2 share an Identical coding region sequence, and their deduced proteins are closely related to those from mono-cotyledonous plants. The two NAR2 proteins are closely related to those from mono-cotyledonous plants as well. However, OsNRT2.3 and OsNRT2.4 are more closely related to Arabidopsis NRT2 proteins. Relative quantitative reverse trsnscription-polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that all of the six genes were rapidly upregulated and then downrsgulated in the roots of N-starved rice plants after they were re-supplied with 0.2 mM nitrate, but the response to nitrate differed among gene members. The results from phylogenetic tree, gene structure and expression analysis implied the divergent roles for the Individual members of the rice NRT2 and NAR2 families. High-affinity nitrate influx rates associated with nitrate induction in rice roots were investigated and were found to be regulated by external pH. Compared with the nitrate influx rates at pH 6.5, alkaline pH （pH 8.0） inhibited nitrate influx, and acidic pH （pH 5.0） enhanced the nitrate influx in 1 h nitrate induced roots, but did not significantly affect that in 4 to 8 h nitrate induced roots.

Regulation of the High-Affinity Nitrate Transport System in Wheat Roots by Exogenous Abscisic Acid and Glutamine

Nitrate is a major nitrogen （N） source for most crops. Nitrate uptake by root cells is a key step of nitrogen metabolism and has been widely studied at the physiological and molecular levels. Understanding how nitrate uptake is regulated will help us engineer crops with improved nitrate uptake efficiency. The present study investigated the regulation of the high-affinity nitrate transport system （HATS） by exogenous abscisic acid （ABA） and glutamine （Gin） in wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） roots. Wheat seedlings grown in nutrient solution containing 2 mmol/L nitrate as the only nitrogen source for 2weeks were deprived of N for 4d and were then transferred to nutrient solution containing 50 μmol/L ABA, and 1 mmol/L Gin in the presence or absence of 2 mmol/L nitrate for 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 h. Treated wheat plants were then divided into two groups. One group of plants was used to investigate the mRNA levels of the HATS components NRT2 and NAR2 genes in roots through semi-quantitative RT-PCR approach, and the other set of plants were used to measure high-affinity nitrate influx rates in a nutrient solution containing 0.2 mmol/L ^15N-labeled nitrate. The results showed that exogenous ABA induced the expression of the TaNRT2.1, TaNRT2.2, TaNRT2.3, TaNAR2.1, and TaNAR2.2 genes in roots when nitrate was not present in the nutrient solution, but did not further enhance the induction of these genes by nitrate. Glutamine, which has been shown to inhibit the expression of NRT2 genes when nitrate is present in the growth media, did not inhibit this induction. When Gin was supplied to a nitrate-free nutrient solution, the expression of these five genes in roots was induced. These results imply that the inhibition by Gin of NRT2 expression occurs only when nitrate is present in the growth media. Although exogenous ABA and Gin induced HATS genes in the roots of wheat, they did not induce nitrate influx.

Influences of external nutrient conditions on the transcript levels of a nitrate transporter gene in Skeletonema costatum

To verify the feasibility of high-affinity nitrate transporter gene （Nrt2） as an indicator of nitrogen status, changes in the transcript levels of transcripts associated with phosphate starvation and different nitrate concentrations were studied using real-time quantitative reverse-transcription PCR （QRT-PCR） technology in batch cultures of Skeletonema costatum. The results show that compared with P-replete condition, P starvation could reduce the Nrt2 transcript levels apparently. Nrt2 transcript levels had a significant negative linear correlation with nitrate concentrations below 40 pmol/L. The results of 48 h short-term incubation experiment under different nitrate concentrations confirmed this correlation, and the following regression equation is built： y = -3.305x ＋ 98.95, R2 = 0.988, where x represents nitrate concentrations （〈40 btmol/L） and y represents the Nrt2 transcript levels.

OsNPF5.16, a nitrate transporter gene with natural variation, is essential for rice growth and yield

Rice has a large number of nitrate or peptide transporter family(NPF) genes, but the effects of most members on rice growth and development are unknown. We report that Os NPF5.16, a nitrate transporter gene with natural variation in its promoter sequence, is essential for rice growth and yield. The promoter sequence showed various differences between indica and japonica cultivars, and higher expression of Os NPF5.16 was found in indica cultivars with higher plant weight and more tillers than japonica cultivars.Os NPF5.16 was highly expressed in roots, tiller basal parts, and leaf sheaths, and its protein was localized on the plasma membrane. In c RNA-injected Xenopus laevis oocytes, Os NPF5.16 transport of nitrate at high nitrate concentration depended on p H. Overexpression of Os NPF5.16 increased nitrate content and total nitrogen content in leaf sheath as well as biomass and tiller bud length in rice. Elevated expression of Os NPF5.16 increased rice tiller number and grain yield by regulating cytokinin levels. Inhibition of Os NPF5.16 expression showed the opposite effects. Regulating Os NPF5.16 expression has potential for improving rice grain yield.

Exogenous addition of nitrate nitrogen regulates the uptake and translocation of lead (Pb) by Iris lacteal Pall. var. chinensis (Fisch.) Koidz.

Since Pb is a non-biodegradable inorganic pollutant and a non-essential metal,its long-term presence in soil poses a great threat to the environment.Iris lactea Pall.var.chinensis(Fisch.)Koidz.,a perennial dense bush herb with high resistance of Pb and wide adaptability,was used in pot experiments to study the effects of exogenous nitrate N(NO_(3)^(–)-N)on the absorption and transportation of Pb and plant growth under different Pb concentrations.Then,the mechanism of NO_(3)^(-)-N affecting Pb and nutrient uptake and transport was explored.The concentration of Pb in the experiment ranged from 0 to 1600 mg/kg,and the added concentration of NO_(3)^(-)-N was 0.0–0.3 g/kg.The results showed that I.lactea was highly tolerant to Pb,and the shoot fraction was more sensitive to varied Pb concentrations in the soil than the root fraction.This protective function became more pronounced under the condition of raised Pb concentration in the soil.When the concentration of Pb in the soil reached 800 mg/kg,the highest Pb content of I.lactea was found under the condition of 0.1 g/kg of NO–3-N addition.When Pb concentration in the soil increased to 1600 mg/kg,the increase in NO_(3)^(-)-N addition promoted Pb uptake by the root.To ensure the well growth of I.lactea and the effect of remediation of Pb-contaminated soil,the recommended concentration of NO–3-N in the soil is 0.1 g/kg.This result provides a theoretical basis for exogenous N regulation of phytoremediation of Pb-contaminated soil.

OsbZIP72 Is Involved in Transcriptional Gene-Regulation Pathway of Abscisic Acid Signal Transduction by Activating Rice High-Affinity Potassium Transporter OsHKT1;1

We created CRISPR-Cas9 knock-out and overexpressing OsbZIP72 transgenic rice plants to gain a better understanding of the role and molecular mechanism of OsbZIP72 gene in stress tolerance,which has remained largely elusive.OsbZIP72 was expressed and integrated into rice transgenic plant genomes,and the OsbZIP72 transcript in overexpression lines was elicited by salinity,abscisic acid(ABA)and drought stresses.OsbZIP72 overexpressing plants showed higher tolerance to drought and salinity stresses,while knock-out transgenic lines showed higher sensitivity to these stresses.The differentially expressed genes(DEGs)from RNA-sequencing data encompassed several abiotic stress genes,and the functional classification of these DEGs demonstrated the robust transcriptome diversity in OsbZIP72.Yeast one-hybrid,along with luciferase assay,indicated that OsbZIP72 acted as a transcriptional initiator.Remarkably,electrophoresis mobility assay revealed that OsbZIP72 bound directly to the ABAresponsive element in the OsHKT1;1 promoter region and activated its transcription.Overall,our findings revealed that OsbZIP72 can act as a transcriptional modulator with the ability to induce the expression of OsHKT1;1 in response to environmental stress through an ABA-dependent regulatory pathway,indicating that OsbZIP72 can play a crucial role in the ABA-mediated salt and drought tolerance pathway in rice.

Nitrate leaching of winter wheat grown in lysimeters as affected by fertilizers and irrigation on the North China Plain

Proper application of nitrogen（N） fertilizers and irrigation management are important production practices that can reduce nitrate leaching into groundwater and improve the N use efficiency（NUE）. A lysimeter/rain shelter facility was used to study effects of the rate of N fertilization, type of N fertilizer, and irrigation level on key aspects of winter wheat production over three growing seasons（response variables were nitrate transport, N leaching, and NUE）. Results indicated that nitrate concentration in the soil profile and N leaching increased with the rate of N fertilization. At the end of the third season, nitrate concentration in the top 0–75 cm layer of soil was higher with manure treatment while urea treatments resulted in higher concentrations in the 100–200 cm layer. With normal irrigation, 3.4 to 15.3% of N from applied fertilizer was leached from the soil, yet no leaching occurred under a stress irrigation treatment. The manure treatment experienced less N leaching than the urea treatment in all cases except for the 180 kg N ha^-1 rate in 2011–2012（season 3）. In terms of grain yield（GY）, dry matter（DM） or NUE parameters, values for the manure treatment were lower than for the urea treatment in 2009–2010（season 1）, yet were otherwise higher for urea treatment in season 3. GY and crop nitrogen uptake（NU） were elevated when the rate of N fertilizer increased, while the NUE decreased; GY, DM, and NU increased with the amount of irrigation. Data indicated that reduced rates of N fertilization combined with increased manure application and proper irrigation management can lower nitrate levels in the subsoil and reduce potential N leaching into groundwater.

Evaluation of the Impact of the Ongoing Water Resource Management Plans on Nitrate Concentration in Gaza Coastal Aquifer Using Modeling Approach

Groundwater crisis in Gaza includes two major folds: shortage of water supply and contamination. The groundwater pollution by nitrates increased rapidly as a result of wastewater leakage, sewage sludge, animal manure and N-fertilizers. The aims of this study are to obtain the impacts of implementing the Gaza Emergency Technical Assistance Programme (GETAP) on the nitrate concentration in groundwater in Gaza Strip using modeling approach. A flow and transport model using a three dimensional, finite difference simulation model (VMODFLOW Pro.) was applied to simulate the Gaza coastal aquifer (GCA). The approach for selecting the management scenarios was carried out depending on the GETAP projects and focuses into the aquifer system during the next 24 years. It was estimated that work as usual scenario will raise the average nitrate concentration by 8.15 mg/l annually, while upgrade and maintain pipe work scenario will reduce the rising of average nitrate concentration by 4.51 mg/l annually. This means that the average nitrate concentration will increase by only 3.63 mg/l annually. Also, it was estimated that scenarios imported water from Israel, construction of short term low volume desalination plant (STLV), Construction of two regional desalination plant and Reuse of treated wastewater in addition to decrease N-fertilizer will annually increase the average nitrate concentration by only (4.67, 2.78, 3.87, 2.15) mg/l, respectively. The results show that applying all the scenarios together will decrease the average nitrate concentration by 2.44 mg/l annually. Regionally, the best scenario to solve the increasing of nitrate concentration problem is a combination of those scenarios. In domestic areas, the best scenarios is STLV and upgrading and maintaining pipe work. In Agriculture areas, the best scenario and the only one that has significant effect is the reuse of treated wastewater in addition to decrease N-fertilizer.

缓释尿素减施对冬小麦产量和氮素利用效率的影响

为优化旱地小麦高效施氮管理,实现高效生产目标,通过2 a(2019—2020年度和2020—2021年度)田间试验,设不施肥(CK)、不施氮(T1)、300 kg·hm^(-2)尿素N(T2,常规施氮处理)、300 kg·hm^(-2)缓释尿素N(T3)、195 kg·hm^(-2)缓释尿素N(T4)和90 kg·hm^(-2)缓释尿素N(T5)6个处理,分析不同缓释尿素减施量对农田土壤硝态氮分布及累积、氮素吸收与转运、冬小麦产量和氮素利用效率的影响。结果表明,缓释尿素减施处理(T4和T5)显著降低收获期0~200 cm土层的土壤NO-3-N累积量,同时提高0~40 cm土层NO-3-N占比。施用缓释尿素显著提高冬小麦氮素转运量和花后氮素吸收量,T3处理较当地常规施氮处理分别提高12.9%和13.6%。氮素转运对籽粒的贡献率随缓释尿素减施比例的增加呈先增后降的变化趋势,T4处理最大,较其他施氮处理提高0.2%~50.0%。施用缓释尿素可不同程度地改善冬小麦产量构成因素和提高产量;T4处理两年产量分别为8 434、9 060 kg·hm^(-2),2019—2020年度较T2和T3处理分别提高19.7%和13.9%,2020—2021年度分别提高17.3%和10.4%,其经济效益2019—2020年度较T2和T3处理分别提高33.3%和34.0%,2020—2021年度分别提高26.8%和23.2%。缓释尿素减施显著降低氮素表观损失,提高了氮素利用效率和氮肥偏生产力。通过拟合分析发现,缓释尿素施用量为208.7 kg·hm^(-2)时,两年产量分别为8 054、8 806 kg·hm^(-2),净效益分别为6 890、8 475 CNY·hm^(-2),NHI分别为78.2%和78.9%,可实现西北旱区冬小麦高产高效。

红壤区旱作花生地剖面氮素迁移转化模拟研究

为探究红壤区花生种植地氮素的垂向迁移影响因素及其损失特征,本研究利用HYDRUS-1D模型构建适用于红壤地区的水氮耦合模型。该模型结合实地监测数据和室内淋溶实验结果,对模型参数进行率定和验证,并利用校验过的模型模拟研究区不同环境条件下土壤剖面氮素的动态迁移与转化过程。结果表明:HYDRUS-1D模型模拟值与实测值之间吻合度较高,模型可用于模拟花生地不同深度土壤水氮运移过程。土壤铵态氮和硝态氮在降雨施肥后迅速升高,随后下降。施肥量变化主要影响0~40 cm土层内氮素浓度变化,而改变降雨量影响0~80 cm土层内氮素的迁移转化。此外,氮素浓度随土层深度的增加而减小。模拟结果显示,施氮量为225.0 kg·hm^(-2)时,雨季发生总降雨量大于173 mm且降雨强度大于11 mm·d^(-1)降雨事件时,或旱季发生强降雨事件,即总降雨量大于135 mm且降雨强度大于135 mm·d^(-1)时,80 cm土层硝态氮浓度至少上升到1 mg·L^(-1)。受红壤质地黏重的影响,深层土壤氮素对降雨响应具有一定的滞后效应。随着施肥量的增加,作物根系对氮素的吸收通量增大,但氮素吸收量与氮肥施用量的比例却有所下降;降雨量对根系吸收氮素的影响相对较小。在花生生长季,土壤中的主要氮损失形式为硝态氮的淋失。模拟分析表明,降雨和施肥均会影响硝态氮的淋失量,其中降雨量的增加显著提高了硝态氮的浸出量,硝态氮累积淋失量变化范围在5.23~42.97 kg·hm^(-2)之间,证明了花生地对红壤区地下水硝酸盐潜在污染不可忽视。

板栗外生菌根诱导基因CmNRT3的表达及功能研究

【目的】外生菌根是板栗获取土壤氮素的重要途径,但目前外生菌根对提高板栗氮素吸收和利用的分子机制尚不明确。探明板栗外生菌根诱导上调的硝酸盐转运蛋白基因CmNRT3的序列特征、表达模式及相关功能,将为外生菌根促氮吸收提供理论依据。【方法】通过转录组数据分析、荧光定量PCR、瞬时转化体系及酵母互补等方法研究CmNRT3基因的表达特征和生理功能。【结果】CmNRT3基因在板栗外生菌根中显著上调表达。在未接种板栗及苜蓿转基因根系的表皮细胞中检测到CmNRT3启动子驱动的GUS信号,而在苜蓿的丛枝菌根中,GUS信号主要存在于含有丛枝的皮层细胞中。亚细胞定位结果显示CmNRT3定位于细胞膜及苜蓿含有丛枝的细胞膜上。酵母互补试验表明,CmNRT3转运蛋白不能互补硝酸盐转运缺陷型酵母的功能。【结论】CmNRT3受外生菌根诱导表达,定位于细胞膜上。CmNRT3启动子驱动的GUS信号在含丛枝的苜蓿根系皮层细胞中强烈表达,但不具备硝酸盐吸收或转运功能。该研究为进一步揭示板栗外生菌根促氮吸收提供了理论基础。

辣椒NRT基因家族的系统鉴定、进化与表达分析

[目的]本研究旨在鉴定辣椒硝酸盐转运蛋白(NRT)基因家族成员,分析其基本性质、染色体定位、进化关系以及在不同组织、不同果实发育阶段和不同非生物胁迫下的表达特征。[方法]利用生物信息学方法在辣椒‘遵辣1号’基因组中鉴定NRT基因家族并分析其理化性质、基因结构、染色体定位、共线性、顺式作用元件分布和进化关系等;利用转录组数据分析辣椒NRT(CaNRT)基因在不同组织和不同果实发育阶段中的表达特征,并利用RT-qPCR技术分析在不同非生物胁迫下的表达模式。[结果]辣椒中共包含73个CaNRT基因,不均匀分布在10条染色体上。系统进化分析表明,CaNRT基因可分为3个亚家族,同一亚家族具有相似基因结构和保守基序。顺式作用元件分析结果表明CaNRT可能受光、激素、逆境胁迫等多种因素调控。CaNRT1亚家族成员主要在根、茎、叶中表达量较高,CaNRT2亚家族在任何时期表达量都较低,CaNRT3亚家族存在组织表达差异性,主要在根中高表达。逆境胁迫数据表明,CaNRT1.18、CaNRT3.3、CaNRT3.1、CaNRT2.1、CaNRT1.23在低温、高温、干旱、盐和氧化处理下明显响应,所有CaNRT基因在低温处理时均有不同程度的正向响应。[结论]在辣椒基因组中共鉴定获得73个CaNRT基因,筛选出多个在辣椒生长发育和逆境胁迫中具有重要作用的关键基因。

降雨、施肥对补水河流周边土壤硝态氮迁移分布的影响

补水河流周边土壤硝态氮迁移过程受到河流水文条件、降雨、施肥等多因素的影响,研究多种因素共同作用下土壤硝态氮分布及淋失特征,可以为深入理解土壤氮素循环过程奠定基础。本研究以华北平原白洋淀入淀河流周边农田和农林复合区(AF)为研究对象,其中农田区设置不施肥(CK)、优化施肥(YH)、习惯施肥(XG)3个施肥处理,综合分析在不同降雨类型、生态补水等因素作用下土壤硝态氮剖面分布、淋溶等迁移特征。研究结果表明:施氮量、降雨类型、生态补水等均是影响补水河流周边硝态氮迁移淋失的关键因子。其中,施氮量决定土壤硝态氮淋失总量(P<0.01)。随着施氮量的增加,土壤剖面的硝态氮含量和硝态氮淋失量均显著增加,与XG处理相比,YH处理和AF处理的硝态氮淋失总量分别减少40.6%和40.1%。降雨和生态补水改变了硝态氮在土壤剖面的迁移过程。其中,降雨主要影响表层土壤硝态氮向中下层迁移,生态补水主要影响中下层土壤硝态氮向更深层土壤的迁移。另外,不同降雨类型对土壤硝态氮迁移的影响有所差异,即两种降雨类型下硝态氮向下层土壤迁移速率和迁移量不同。常规降雨(3 d累积降雨65.2 mm)和强降雨(5 h累积降雨49.2 mm)两种情况下硝态氮累积峰均在40~60 cm土层。常规降雨导致XG处理40~60 cm比0~40 cm土层硝态氮储量增加9.7%;强降雨导致XG处理40~60 cm比0~40 cm土层硝态氮储量增加16.7%。生态补水导致YH处理和XG处理在100~140 cm土层硝态氮储量分别减少42.7 kg·hm^(-2)和39.6 kg·hm^(-2)。以上研究结果对于生态补水和极端降雨背景下土壤氮素污染管理具有重要意义。

河套灌区垄膜沟灌不同灌水量对土壤水氮迁移转化的影响

在引黄配额减少情况下,节水优先、减少污染和稳定粮食产量势必成为河套灌区未来的发展方向。垄膜沟灌方式具有提高水肥利用效率的功能,但其节水保肥增产机理尚不明确。因此,通过在河套灌区进行5个灌水量的垄膜沟灌春玉米田田间试验(T1,200 mm;T2,275 mm;T3,350 mm;T4,425 mm,T5,500mm),探讨不同灌水量下的土壤水分、土壤硝态氮及土壤铵态氮迁移转化特征。结果表明:土壤耗水量从T1处理的326.8 mm随灌溉定额的增加线性增加到T5处理的487.1mm;T2与T3处理下收获时硝态氮贮量高于播种前,保肥能力强;T3处理的春玉米籽粒氮含量显著高于其他处理;T3处理与T4和T5处理的春玉米产量无显著差异;T3处理与T1和T2处理的春玉米氮素利用效率无显著差异;春玉米水分利用效率则随灌溉定额的增加呈先增加后减少趋势。综上,垄膜沟灌下350mm灌溉定额可有效提升春玉米的水氮利用效率,并在节水保肥增产的基础上提升春玉米籽粒品质。

根际微生态环境中氮源转化及循环研究进展

氮是植物生长所需的三大主要营养元素之一,而硝态氮和铵态氮是植物吸收的2种主要氮素形态。硝态氮与铵态氮在植物生长过程中发挥着不同的作用。植物主要通过根系吸收硝态氮来满足生长过程中氮的需求,并转化为氨基酸、蛋白质等生物活性物质的合成原料,同时硝态氮参与叶绿素的合成,促进光合作用的进行;铵态氮也可被植物根系吸收,并用于植物体内蛋白质和氨基酸的合成,而且铵态氮的吸收速度较快,能够满足植物对氮素的迅速需求。由于植物生长特性不同,植物对硝态氮和铵态氮的利用效率有所差异。植物的基因型和环境因素都会影响其对不同氮素形态的利用能力,形成一些植物对硝态氮偏爱,而另一些植物则对铵态氮更为偏爱。本文从土壤氮素形态与转化影响因子、植物对氮素吸收机制以及高效氮素循环转化展望3个层面综述相关的研究进展,为作物生产中氮肥调控、土壤生态修复等科学研究提供技术理论参考依据。

Enhanced nitrate removal from groundwater using a conductive spacer in flow-electrode capacitive deionization

Flow-electrode capacitive deionization(FCDI)represents a promising approach for ion separation from aqueous solutions.However,the optimization of spacer,particularly for nitrate-contaminated groundwa-ter systems,has often been overlooked.This research comprehensively investigates the influence of using a conductive(carbon cloth,CC)spacer on nitrate removal performance within FCDI system,comparing it to a non-conductive(nylon net,NN)spacer.In both CC and NN FCDI systems,it is unsurprisingly that nitrate removal efficiency improved notably with the increasing current density and hydraulic retention time(HRT).Interestingly,the specific energy consumption(SEC)for nitrate removal did not show obvious fluctuations when the current density and HRT varied in both systems.Under the auspiciously optimized process parameters,CC-FCDI attained a 20%superior nitrate removal efficiency relative to NN-FCDI,ac-companied by a notably diminished SEC for CC-FCDI,registering at a mere 28%of NN-FCDI.This great improvement can be primarily attributed to the decrement in FCDI internal resistance after using con-ductive spacer,which further confirmed by electrochemical tests such as linear sweep voltammetry(LSV)and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS).Upon prolonged continuous nitrate removal at the optimized conditions,the CC-FCDI system achieved a consistent 90%nitrate removal efficiency with a low SEC of 2.7-7.8 kWh/kg NO_(3)-N,underscoring its steady performance.Overall,this study highlights the pivotal importance of careful spacer design and optimization in realizing energy-efficient groundwater treatment via FCDI.

Characteristics and sources of peroxyacetyl nitrate(PAN)in the rural North China Plain:Results from1-year continuous observations

Peroxyacetyl nitrate(PAN)is an important photochemical pollutant in the troposphere,whereas long-term measurements are scarce in rural areas in North China Plain(NCP),resulting in unclear seasonal variations and sources of PAN in rural NCP.In this study,we conducted a 1-year observation of PAN during 2021-2022 at the rural NCP site.The average concentrations of PAN were 1.10,0.75,0.65,and 0.88 ppbv in spring,summer,autumn,and winter,respectively,with a 1-year average of 0.81±0.60 ppbv.Calculations indicate that the loss of PAN through thermal decomposition in summer accounts for 43.2% of the total formed PAN,which is an important reason for the low concentration of PAN in summer.We speculate that since the correlation between PAN and O_(3) in winter is significantly lower than that in other seasons,the observed regional transport of PAN cannot be ignored in winter.Through budget analysis,regional transport accounted for 12.8% and 55.9% of the observed PAN on the spring and winter pollution days,respectively,which showed that regional transport played key roles during the photochemical pollution of the rural NCP in winter.The potential source contribution function revealed that the transported PAN mainly comes from southern Hebei in spring.In winter,the transported PAN was mainly from Langfang,Hengshui,and southern Beijing.Our findings may aid in understanding PAN variations in different seasons in rural areas and highlight the impact of regional transport on the PAN budget.

洱海西侧潜流带水交换作用及溶质迁移研究

随着云南大理洱海西侧冲积扇和湖相沉积层平原区域旅游业和农业快速发展,扇缘农业种植活动和扇中人类活动产生大量三氮污染物,由苍山18溪入渗补给使得受氮素污染地下水不断向洱海排泄,使得高原湖泊水体富营养化风险进一步增大。河床潜流带对于入渗的地表水具有净化作用,为了深入研究冲积扇河床潜流带对氮素迁移及转化机制,通过模拟河床潜流带渗滤系统,结合扇中城镇生活污水下渗污染、扇缘农田施肥垂直下渗污染以及扇顶基流地表水和地下水交替补给迁移污染,为河床潜流带地下水氮素污染防治奠定基础。试验结果表明河床潜流带对氮素迁移转化影响明显,扇中NH4+-N和NO3--N在垂向入渗时主要是通过反硝化作用进行脱氮达到水质净化的目的,总体划分为正面效应和负面效应两类,正效应包括阴阳离子交替吸附作用、硝化与反硝化作用的脱氮行为,导致污染物浓度降低使水净化的过程,主要以反硝化作用为主硝化反应为辅进行脱氮;负面效应则是硝化作用和阴阳离子吸附作用使总硬度随着水体析出的Ca2+、Mg2+浓度的升高而升高。扇顶交替流作用下,NO3--N的迁移转化通过以反硝化作用为主,DNRA为辅去氮达到水质净化的过程。

小麦硝酸盐转运蛋白基因TaNRT1.1的鉴定及其等位变异分析

为解析小麦硝酸盐转运蛋白基因TaNRT1.1的生物学功能,本研究通过同源克隆的方法从普通小麦中克隆了小麦硝酸盐转运蛋白基因TaNRT1.1(TaNRT1.1-1A、TaNRT1.1-1B和TaNRT1.1-1D)。生物信息学分析表明,这三个同源基因编码的蛋白均为疏水蛋白,含有丰富的α-螺旋和无未见则卷曲,主要定位于质膜上。小麦不同组织qRT-PCR分析表明,TaNRT1.1-1A和TaNRT1.1-1B基因在根中表达量最高,其次是叶和茎,TaNRT1.1-1D基因在茎中表达量最高,其次是叶和根。因此,推测TaNRT1.1-1A和TaNRT1.1-1B基因在硝酸盐吸收过程中发挥了重要作用,TaNRT1.1-1D基因在硝酸盐转运过程中发挥了重要作用。通过对小麦TaNRT1.1基因多态性筛选发现,在TaNRT1.1-1A基因启动子上游1120 bp的位置有一个8 bp(TGCATGCA)的插入位点,该位点可能与小麦氮利用效率相关。不同氮利用效率小麦品种qRT-PCR分析结果表明,氮高效小麦品种(基因型为TaNRT1.1-1A-b)苗期根中TaNRT1.1-1A基因的相对表达量显著高于氮低效小麦品种(基因型为TaNRT1.1-1A-a)。