Persistence of fertilization effects on soil organic carbon in degraded alpine wetlands in the Yellow River source region

In the restoration of degraded wetlands,fertilization can improve the vegetation-soil-microorganisms complex,thereby affecting the organic carbon content.However,it is currently unclear whether these effects are sustainable.This study employed Biolog-Eco surveys to investigate the changes in vegetation characteristics,soil physicochemical properties,and soil microbial functional diversity in degraded alpine wetlands of the source region of the Yellow River at 3 and 15 months after the application of nitrogen,phosphorus,and organic mixed fertilizer.The following results were obtained:The addition of nitrogen fertilizer and organic compost significantly affects the soil organic carbon content in degraded wetlands.Three months after fertilization,nitrogen addition increases soil organic carbon in both lightly and severely degraded wetlands,whereas after 15 months,organic compost enhanced the soil organic carbon level in severely degraded wetlands.Structural equation modeling indicates that fertilization decreases the soil pH and directly or indirectly influences the soil organic carbon levels through variations in the soil water content and the aboveground biomass of vegetation.Three months after fertilization,nitrogen fertilizer showed a direct positive effect on soil organic carbon.However,organic mixed fertilizer indirectly reduced soil organic carbon by increasing biomass and decreasing soil moisture.After 15 months,none of the fertilizers significantly affected the soil organic carbon level.In summary,it can be inferred that the addition of nitrogen fertilizer lacks sustainability in positively influencing the organic carbon content.

Response of soil respiration to environmental and photosynthetic factors in different subalpine forest-cover types in a loess alpine hilly region

Soil respiration(Rs)is important for transport-ing or fixing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere,and even diminutive variations can profoundly influence the carbon cycle.However,the R_(s) dynamics in a loess alpine hilly region with representative sensitivity to climate change and fragile ecology remains poorly understood.This study investigated the correlation and degree of control between R_(s) and its photosynthetic and environmental factors in five subalpine forest cover types.We examined the correlations between R_(s) and variables temperature(T_(10)) and soil moisture content at 10 cm depth(W_(10)),net photosynthetic rate(P_(n))and soil properties to establish multiple models,and the variables were measured for diurnal and monthly vari-ations from September 2018 to August 2019.The results showed that soil physical factors are not the main drivers of R_(s) dynamics at the diel scale;however,the trend in the monthly variation in R_(s) was consistent with that of T_(10)and P_(n).Further,R_(s) was significantly affected by pH,providing further evidence that coniferous forest leaves contribute to soil acidification,thus reducing R_(s).Significant exponential and linear correlations were established between R_(s) and T_(10)and W_(10),respectively,and R_(s) was positively correlated with P_(n).Accordingly,we established a two-factor model and a three-factor model,and the correlation coefficients(R_(2))was improved to different degrees compared with models based only on T_(10) and W_(10).Moreover,temperature sensitivity(Q_(10))was the highest in the secondary forest and lowest in the Larix principis-rupprechtii forest.Our findings suggest that the control of R_(s) by the environment(moisture and tempera-ture)and photosynthesis,which are interactive or comple-mentary effects,may influence spatial and temporal homeo-stasis in the region and showed that the models appropriately described the dynamic variation in R_(s) and the carbon cycle in different forest covers.In addition,total phosphorus(TP)and total potassium(TK)significantly affected the dynamic changes in R_(s).In summary,interannual and seasonal variations in forest R_(s) at multiple scales and the response forces of related ecophysiological factors,especially the interactive driving effects of soil temperature,soil moisture and photo-synthesis,were clarified,thus representing an important step in predicting the impact of climate change and formulating forest carbon management policies.

Aboveground biomass of the alpine shrub ecosystems in Three-River Source Region of the Tibetan Plateau

Though aboveground biomass(AGB) has an important contribution to the global carbon cycle,the information about storage and climatic effects of AGB is scare in Three-River Source Region(TRSR)shrub ecosystems. This study investigated AGB storage and its climatic controls in the TRSR alpine shrub ecosystems using data collected from 23 sites on the Tibetan Plateau from 2011 to 2013. We estimated the AGB storage(both shrub layer biomass and grass layer biomass) in the alpine shrubs as 37.49 Tg, with an average density of 1447.31 g m^(-2). Biomass was primarily accumulated in the shrub layer, which accounted for 92% of AGB, while the grass layer accounted for only 8%. AGB significantly increased with the mean annual temperature(P < 0.05). The effects of the mean annual precipitation on AGB were not significant. These results suggest that temperature,rather than precipitation, has significantly effects on of aboveground vegetation growth in the TRSR alpine shrub ecosystems. The actual and potential increase in AGB density was different due to global warming varies among different regions of the TRSR. We conclude that long-term monitoring of dynamic changes is necessary to improve the accuracy estimations of potential AGB carbon sequestration across the TRSR alpine shrub ecosystems.

Estimation of Regional Evapotranspiration in Alpine Area and Its Response to Land Use Change:A Case Study in Three-River Headwaters Region of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China

Three-River Headwaters(TRH) region involved in this paper refers to the source region of the Changjiang(Yangtze) River,the Huanghe(Yellow) River and the Lancang River in China.Taking the TRH region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as a case,the annual evapotranspiration(ET) model developed by Zhang et al.(2001) was applied to evaluate mean annual ET in the alpine area,and the response of annual ET to land use change was analyzed.The plant-available water coefficient(w) of Zhang's model was revised by using vegetation-temperature condition index(VTCI) before annual ET was calculated in alpine area.The future land use scenario,an input of ET model,was spatially simulated by using the conversion of land use and its effects at small regional extent(CLUE-S) to study the response of ET to land use change.Results show that the relative errors between the simulated ET and that calculated by using water balance equation were 3.81% and the index of agreement was 0.69.This indicates that Zhang's ET model based on revised plant-available water coefficient is a scientific and practical tool to estimate the annual ET in the alpine area.The annual ET in 2000 in the study area was 221.2 mm,11.6 mm more than that in 1980.Average annual ET decreased from southeast to northwest,but the change of annual ET between 1980 and 2000 increased from southeast to northwest.As a vast and sparsely populated area,the population in the TRH region was extremely unbalanced and land use change was concentrated in very small regions.Thus,land use change had little effect on total annual ET in the study area but a great impact on its spatial distribution,and the effect of land use change on ET decreased with increasing precipitation.ET was most sensitive to the interconversion between forest and unused land,and was least sensitive to the interconversion between cropland and low-covered grassland.

Analysis of water vapour flux between alpine wetlands underlying surface and atmosphere in the source region of the Yellow River

An underlying wetland surface comprises soil, water and vegetation and is sensitive to local climate change. Analysis of the degree of coupling between wetlands and the atmosphere and a quantitative assessment of how environmental factors influence latent heat flux have considerable scientific significance. Using data from observational tests of the Maduo Observatory of Climate and Environment of the Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resource, CAS, from June 1 to August 31, 2014, this study analysed the time-varying characteristics and causes of the degree of coupling(Ω factor)between alpine wetlands underlying surface and the atmosphere and quantitatively calculated the influences of different environmental factors(solar radiation and vapour pressure deficit) on latent heat flux. The results were as follows:(1) Due to diurnal variations of solar radiation and wind speed, a trend developed where diurnal variations of the Ω factor were small in the morning and large in the evening. Due to the vegetation growing cycle, seasonal variations of the Ω factor present a reverse "U" trend. These trends are similar to the diurnal and seasonal variations of the absolute control exercised by solar radiation over latent heat flux. This conforms to the Omega Theory.(2) The values for average absolute atmospheric factor(surface factor or total) control exercised by solar radiation and water vapour pressure are 0.20(0.02 or 0.22) and 0.005(-0.07 or-0.06) W/(m2·Pa), respectively. Generally speaking, solar radiation and water vapour pressure deficit exert opposite forces on latent heat flux.(3) At the underlying alpine wetland surface, solar radiation primarily influences latent heat flux through its direct effects(atmospheric factor controls). Water vapour pressure deficit primarily influences latent heat flux through its indirect effects(surface factor controls) on changing the surface resistance.(4) The average Ω factor in the underlying alpine wetland surface is high during the vegetation growing season, with a value of 0.38, and the degree of coupling between alpine wetland surface and atmosphere system is low. The actual measurements agree with the Omega Theory. The latent heat flux is mainly influenced by solar radiation.

Assessing Post-Conflict Challenges and Opportunities of the Animal-Agriculture System in the Alpine Region of Uvira District in Sud-Kivu Province, D. R. Congo

The Alpine region of Uvira District in South-Kivu Province faces low agricultural productivity challenges largely due to human population pressure on the natural resource base. During the dry season, conflicts between crop farmers and livestock breeders are common. This region is located 2500 - 3020 m a.s.l. and is almost inaccessible due to poor road infrastructure. To understand the interactions between natural resources (forests, pastures, soils) and sedentary agriculture, and to propose solutions for sustainable natural resource management, Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) sessions covering three farmer group interviews were conducted in July 2010 in Marungu, Kitembe and Kahololo location. The livelihoods of the Banyamulenge have been transformed from pastoralism to a sedentary system with the introduction of crop cultivation after 1980. Maize, bush beans and Irish potatoes are cultivated with limited success because of late crop maturity under the prevailing climatic conditions. Livestock, mainly cattle, sheep and goats is managed under extensive system, relying on natural pasture far from the human settlements. Livestock plays an important role to define people’s wealth and is mainly managed by men. There is a real need of forages during the dry season;however, cultivation of forages is unknown. On the other hand, pastures appear to be degenerating due to overgrazing. Access by farmers to efficient and effective agricultural extension services is fundamental in order to promote locally adapted and profitable crop and livestock production while at the same time, sustaining the productive resource base and security.

Protective equipment for emergency rescue in alpine-cold region

Alpine-cold regions are characterized as hypoxia,strong wind,heavy rain,cold climate,huge temperature difference between day and night,and vertical climate. All these make it difficult for an emergency rescue when a natural disaster such as earthquake happens. Based on the characteristics of emergency rescue in alpinecold region,several multifunctional protective equipments have been developed by the Quartermaster Equipment Institute of General Logistics Departmen(tGLD)of the Chinese People's Liberation Army(CPLA). These equipments are lightweight,durable and environment adaptable.

Sand-fixing characteristics of Carex brunnescens and its application with straw checkerboard technique in restoration of degraded alpine meadows

Carex brunnescens（Pers.）, a typical clonal species, is considered to be the only herb found to date that can develop on sand dunes in Maqu alpine region of northwestern China. However, the characteristics that C. brunnescens resists to harsh alpine environment have not been documented. In this study, we conducted a field investigation to determine the morphological, reproductive, and sand-fixing characteristics of C. brunnescens. Concomitantly, we transplanted the belowground rhizomes of C. brunnescens to sand dunes and compared the abilities to restore degraded alpine meadows among sand dunes that had no further treatment（SD＋N）, sand dunes that had straw checkerboard technique but no transplanted rhizomes of C. brunnescens（SD＋SCT）, and sand dunes that had both SCT and transplanted rhizomes of C. brunnescens（SD＋SCT＋P）. We found that belowground vertical rhizomes and horizontal rhizomes（including branching rhizomes and main rhizomes） of C. brunnescens were highly developed and that population reproduction was dominated by horizontal rhizomes. C. brunnescens exhibited a significant sand-fixation effect under following conditions： population density was 145–156 ramets/m^2, vegetation cover was 31.2%–39.3%, total length of belowground rhizomes was 11,223 cm/m^2, total length of belowground first-order roots was 9161–10,524 cm/m^2, fresh weight of aboveground part was 198.5–212.6 g/m^2, and fresh weight of belowground part was 578.8–612.4 g/m^2. It should be particularly noted that SD＋SCT＋P treatment（sand dunes that had both straw checkerboard technique and transplanted rhizomes of C. brunnescens） was the best and SD＋N（sand dunes that had no further treatment） was the worst in terms of following biotic indicators： total number of reproductive ramets, total number of belowground rhizomes, and fresh weight of aboveground and belowground parts of C. brunnescens, contents of soil organic carbon, available nitrogen, microbial biomass carbon, and microbial biomass nitrogen. It implies that applying SCT in sand dunes and transplanting belowground rhizomes to sand dunes with SCT could improve both soil fertility and growth of C. brunnescens. These results suggest that the SCT-promoted high reproductive abilities of belowground rhizomes of C. brunnescens can successfully facilitate the establishment of ramets and can thus be an effective strategy to restore degraded vegetation in Maqu alpine region of northwestern China.

Studies on eco-environmental change in source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers of China:present and future

The source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers are important in the field of eco-environmental change research in China because of its distinct alpine ecosystem and cryosphere environment. At present, there are three different concepts on the extent of source areas of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers: hydrological, geographical, and eco-environmental. Over the past decades, annual average air temperature has warmed significantly;moreover, the temperature rise rate increases notably with increase of time of the data series. Annual precipitation has no obvious increase or decrease trend, and the climate has become warm and dry in the source regions. As a result, the cryosphere in the regions has shrunk significantly since 1960 s. A warm and dry climate and changing cryosphere together induced a substantial declination of alpine wetlands, marked decrease in river runoff, significant degradation of alpine grassland, and a reduction of engineering stability.The ecological environment, however, has a tendency for restoration in the regions because the climate has become gradually warm and wet since 2000. Thus, studies on eco-environmental change is transforming from a single element to multidisciplinary integration. Climate change-cryopshere change-physical and socioeconomic impacts/risk-adaptation constitute a chain of multidisciplinary integration research.

Reconstruction of surface deformation characteristics in alpine canyons under shadow conditions

Monitoring deformation in high undulating mountainous environments is critical for surface process research and disaster prevention studies. Although observations based on interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar(InSAR) are an excellent tool for monitoring deformation, the shadow phenomena can limit its application. Based on a series of geomorphic parameters and limited InSAR observation data, surface deformations were reconstructed in areas with missing observations by constructing a random forest model to compensate for the shadow phenomenon at the grid-scale. The findings suggest that this method can be used to rebuild landscape variation characteristics in places where observation data is lacking. The dominant slope direction in the observation area corresponded to a more significant correlation between the reconstructed topography deformation characteristics and the observation. In addition, when building this model, consideration was given to the geomorphic parameter selection, elevation variation, hypsometric integral value, slope form, lithology, slope variation,and aspect variation;these parameters can significantly affect the surface deformation, which is closely related to their spatial autocorrelation. These findings are significant for eliminating the shadow phenomenon, which often occurs in In SAR observations taken over alpine canyon regions. The terrain and lithology of the underlying surface should be considered when reconstructing the surface deformation characteristics of the shadow region by using satellite observation data.

2022年初5次降雪过程分析和预报着眼点

本文采用ECMWF(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts)细网格和NCEP(National Centers for Environmental Prediction)模式数据、NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料、降雪加密观测和常规资料,对2022年初的5次降雪过程进行对比分析,发现5次降雪过程均为雨转雪过程,且持续时间相对较短,平原为雨夹雪或小雪到中雪,山区中到大雪,局部暴雪,数值模式预报的积雪深度与实况相差甚远;大尺度环流形势为500 hPa中低纬南支槽或弱波动配合700 hPa上的暖湿气流和中低层冷空气,造成边界层浅薄的冷垫上温度骤降而在短时间内形成降雪;相较于平原地区,高山区上空温度层结与最大上升运动中心的配置,有利于降雪粒子较长时间维持在有利于枝状雪花的形成区域,且高山区云底云水含量显著偏低、整层温度足够低,故高山区更利于暴雪的形成。

高寒地区污水厂升级改造中技术分析及应用

北方某县级污水厂原设计规模为1.0×10^(4)m^(3)/d,原有CASS工艺难以满足水量增倍、排放标准由《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)一级B标准提标至一级A标准的要求。在现有工程的基础上,将原有的CASS工艺改造为改良AO工艺+磁混凝多效沉淀系统,实现了出水水质稳定达到一级A标准,高寒气温下稳定的脱氮效率。该提标改造方式具有不需扩大占地、原有土建改动小、出水效果好等优势,减少工程投资和运行成本,可为高寒地区污水厂的升级改造提供参考。

高寒地区早期受冻水泥混凝土力学性能及抗冻耐久性

针对高寒地区新浇筑混凝土易受冻害,导致的路面结构安全隐患和后期服役寿命受限等问题,文中选取西藏地区实际施工材料分别拌制了C30、C40及C45三组水泥混凝土试件,试件在标准养护室养护0,3,7,28 d后移置室外继续养护150 d,研究抗压强度、抗折强度及动弹性模量变化规律,并且对自然养护150 d的试件进行300次冻融循环试验。研究结果表明:当认为标准养护龄期为28 d的混凝土无受冻状态时,标准养护龄期的增加能有效提升混凝土服役初期的抗冻能力,混凝土的受冻率随着养护龄期的增加依次降低;通过掺加粉煤灰和防冻剂,自然养护150 d的混凝土可经受275~300次冻融循环,冻融循环250次后,混凝土内部产生明显的大孔隙及裂隙,试件抗冻指标快速下降;通过建立的冻融损伤度转化公式,可快速对高寒地区不同服役年限的混凝土建筑物进行力学性能预测,进而为运行期建筑物安全性评价提供理论支撑。

西藏高寒地区冷季圈舍环境参数及其与舍饲牦牛增重的关系

为深入了解西藏高寒地区冷季圈舍环境参数及其与舍饲牦牛增重的关系,本研究在拉萨市的林周县、当雄县和尼木县典型牦牛养殖场,分别随机挑选20头牦牛于1~3月进行为期79 d的全舍饲饲养,并监测牛舍内温度、湿度及CO_(2)、PM2.5和PM10浓度等环境参数和牦牛日增重。结果表明:试验期内,3县牛舍内温度、湿度差异显著,尼木县牛舍内平均温度和湿度最高,分别为3.96℃和38.19%,林周县分别为1.50℃和25.33%,当雄县分别为-3.83℃和36.21%;尼木县牛舍内CO_(2)浓度最高(961.19 mg/m^(3)),当雄县次之(879.35 mg/m^(3)),林周县最低(837.65mg/m^(3));PM2.5和PM10浓度为林周县最高,尼木县次之,当雄县最低。各县牛舍内1~3月温度呈上升趋势,其他环境参数变化趋势不一致。各县牦牛日增重存在显著差异,其中尼木县最高(587.91g/d),当雄县次之(321.53g/d),林周县最低(262.14 g/d)。回归分析表明,牦牛日增重与牛舍内温度、CO_(2)浓度存在正相关关系,与湿度、PM2.5和PM10浓度无直接关系。由以上结果可见,在冷季漫长的西藏高寒地区改善牛舍环境有益于提高牦牛生产性能。

高寒地区6份羊草种质产量和品质比较

羊草是我国优质的乡土草种,在天然草地改良和人工草地建植中发挥着重要作用.本试验选择6个羊草种质材料(草都1号、草都2号、吉生1号、多伦羊草、海拉尔羊草、长岭羊草),2018-2022年在呼伦贝尔市连续开展4年的羊草小区试验,通过对比不同种质和种植年限羊草生长的农艺性状和饲草品质,评价和筛选适宜高寒地区羊草人工草地建植的种质.结果表明:种质对羊草饲草产量和品质均有极显著影响,草都1号羊草新材料4年平均产量和饲草品质(粗蛋白含量、相对饲用价值)均显著高于其他种质,4年平均干草产量达到10297 kg·ha^(-1),海拉尔羊草产量和品质最低;种植年限对饲草产量有显著差异,种植第4年产量最高,种植年限对粗蛋白含量无显著差异;密度和株高共同解释生物量变化的86.4%.因此,草都1号种质新材料最适宜在该气候区域羊草人工草地建植中应用.

抗冻型人造土冻融适应性及其在边坡植被修复中的应用

[目的]探究抗冻型人造土冻融适应性及其在高寒地区边坡植被修复中的实践效果,为高寒地区边坡植被修复工程应用提供理论依据和应用支撑。[方法]采用室内冻融循环试验剖判人造土在冻融循环60次期间的理化性质变化特征,结合主成分分析确定室外试验监测指标的选取,现场取样监测了近4 a人造土在西藏高寒地区岩质边坡的工程应用及其植被修复效果,并与当地天然土作对照分析。[结果]与天然土相比,抗冻型人造土的抗冻稳定性和肥力均有显著提升(p<0.05),具体表现在其冻融前后的相对动弹性模量、>0.25 mm水稳性大团聚体含量、平均重量直径(MWD)、团聚度及有机质、铵态氮、硝态氮、速效磷和速效钾含量显著提升,而质量损失率和结构破坏率显著降低(p<0.05)。主成分分析显示,室内试验指标中的相对动弹性模量、结构破坏率、pH值和有机质含量与主成分因子的相关性较高,因此在室外试验中监测这4个指标和植被修复情况。室外监测中发现抗冻型人造土4 a内在不同时间段上的结构破坏率均更低,相对动弹性模量和有机质含量更高;其边坡植被修复后的植被覆盖率、物种多样性、地上和地下生物量均更佳。[结论]抗冻型人造土在高寒地区应用时的植被修复效果更佳,特别是其抗冻耐久性、团聚体稳定性和肥力表现突出,均优于天然土,因此其更适宜于边坡植被修复应用。

高寒区‘青引1号’燕麦种子产量对氮、磷、钾肥的响应

为明确青藏高原高寒地区施用氮、磷、钾肥对‘青引1号’燕麦(Avena sativa‘Qingyin No.1’)种子产量的影响,本研究以‘青引1号’燕麦为研究对象,在青海省西宁市湟中区分别设置氮磷钾单施试验,其中氮肥水平为(N_(0)、N_(30)、N_(45)、N_(60)、N_(75)、N_(90)和N_(105))、磷肥水平为(P_(0)、P_(15)、P_(30)、P_(45)、P_(60)、P_(75)和P_(90))、钾肥水平为(K_(0)、K_(10)、K_(20)、K_(30)、K_(40)、K_(50)和K_(60))。以确定最佳施肥水平,明确不同肥料对燕麦种子增产的效果,完善该品种在种子生产过程中的肥料管理技术,为青海地区燕麦种子生产中肥料的施用配比提供科学指导。结果表明:氮、磷、钾肥分别以60、60和50kg·hm^(-2)处理时种子产量最高,分别达4 358.6、6 285.0和6 729.1 kg·hm^(-2),以钾肥对燕麦种子增产效果最为明显;氮肥可显著提高燕麦小穗数、穗长和千粒重,磷肥可促进燕麦有效分蘖、粒宽和单序籽粒重增加,而钾肥则有助于有效分蘖数、粒长、粒宽、单序籽粒重和千粒重提升;氮、磷、钾肥单施水平下以粒宽和小穗数对种子产量直接效应最大,小花数和粒宽通过对其他产量性状的间接作用对种子产量产生增益效果。高寒地区‘青引1号’燕麦种子生产中,钾肥的施用可有效提高‘青引1号’燕麦种子产量。

高寒地区菊芋青贮物料耐低温乳酸菌的筛选与鉴定

为筛选可提升高寒地区菊芋(Helianthus tuberosus)青贮发酵品质的耐低温乳酸菌,本研究以‘青芋2号’菊芋青贮物料为材料,利用平板培养法分离乳酸菌株,分析菌株生理生化特性,并通过16S rRNA测序进行菌株种属鉴定。结果表明,菊芋青贮物料中共分离得到34株乳酸菌株,经低温及生理生化筛选获得13株耐低温乳酸菌株,包括11株同型发酵乳酸菌和2株异型发酵乳酸菌,其耐酸性和耐盐性均较强;经产酸和生长能力对比,GN02菌株生长最快(OD=2.63),GN10菌株具有更强的产酸能力(pH=3.59),XN25菌株兼具较强的生长和产酸能力;16S rRNA测序鉴定出9株植物乳杆菌(Lactiplantibacillus plantarum)、1株戊糖乳杆菌(Lactiplantibacillus pentosus)、1株棒状乳杆菌(Lactiplantibacillus coryniformis)、1株短乳杆菌(Lactiplantibacillus brevis)及1株无法鉴定。本研究筛选出适合高寒地区菊芋青贮发酵的耐低温植物乳杆菌、戊糖乳杆菌、短乳杆菌各1株。

灵泉露天矿生态修复效果及驱动因素分析

煤矿开采通常会破坏土壤、植被,从而造成生态损伤。目前,高寒地区露天矿的生态修复工作尚处在起步阶段,针对高寒地区露天矿开展的生态修复效果及其驱动因素分析的研究较少。以灵泉露天矿为研究区,基于2009—2022年共11期Landsat影像,利用像元二分模型计算植被覆盖度,对矿区生态修复前后开展长时序植被覆盖动态监测,并进行生态修复效果和驱动因素分析。研究结果显示:矿区近十年来的植被覆盖度总体呈上升趋势,2017年大面积修复以后上升趋势尤为显著。气温和降水量是导致高寒地区露天矿植被覆盖度发生波动性变化的关键自然因素,其中,降水量是影响植被覆盖度持续上升的主要自然因素。植被覆盖度和土壤养分含量的变化相辅相成,植被覆盖度上升的同时会使土壤肥力提升,土壤肥力提升后又会促进植被覆盖度的上升。人工修复是高寒地区露天矿生态修复的主要方式,是高寒地区露天矿植被覆盖度上升的主要原因。研究结果表明,多年来的生态修复工作取得了显著效果,同时可为高寒地区露天矿的生态修复提供科学依据。

西宁盆地黄土区草本植物边坡电阻率与土体物理力学性质关系研究

为研究高寒干旱-半干旱环境黄土区种植不同类型草本植物边坡土体电阻率与其物理力学性质之间的定量关系,探讨电阻率数值反映边坡土体物理力学性质及其变化特征,在西宁盆地长岭沟流域自建试验区选取未种植裸坡以及种植生长期为3年的垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans Griseb.)、老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus Linn.)、细茎冰草(Agropyron trachycaulum Linn.Gaertn.)、高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)的边坡共5种类型边坡为研究对象。通过开展边坡土体密度、含水率、含根系与不含根系土体直剪试验,对比不同草本植物根系对边坡土体物理力学性质的影响。在此基础上,利用二维电阻率层析成像方法建立不同边坡土体物理力学性质指标与土体电阻率间的定量关系。结果表明:(1)与未种植裸坡相比较,种植老芒麦边坡上层(0~10 cm)土体含水率增幅最大为26.53%;种植高羊茅边坡上层(0~10 cm)土体平均密度降幅最大为18.30%;种植垂穂披碱草边坡上层(0~10cm)土体黏聚力附加值最大,且为未种植裸坡的2.75倍。(2)5种类型边坡的电阻率受根系分布和边坡位置因素的共同影响,电阻率随着深度增加逐渐降低。4种草本边坡坡面以下0~20cm处土体电阻率均较裸坡大,该深度为根系分布大致范围。(3)5种边坡土体物理力学性质与电阻率数据之间存在拟合方程式(相关系数R2为0.48~0.77),且通过Pearson相关性分析得到边坡土体黏聚力c与电阻率间的相关性相对最高,相关系数R2为0.765。上述研究结果反映出可通过电阻率层析成像技术反映边坡土体物理力学性质,以及边坡土体中植物根系分布特征,可为研究区及其周边地区采用植物有效防治水土流失、浅层滑坡等灾害提供理论依据和实际指导意义。