Meteorological observations and weather forecasting services of the CHINARE

By 2018, China had conducted 34 scientific explorations in Antarctica spearheaded by the Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition(CHINARE). Since the first CHINARE over 30 years ago, considerable work has been undertaken to promote the development of techniques for the observation of surface and upper-air meteorological elements, and satellite image and data reception systems at Chinese Antarctic stations and onboard Chinese icebreakers have played critical roles in this endeavor. The upgrade of in situ and remote sensing measurement methods and the improvement of weather forecasting skill have enabled forecasters to achieve reliable on-site weather forecasting for the CHINARE. Nowadays, the routing of icebreakers, navigation of aircraft, and activities at Chinese Antarctic stations all benefit from the accurate weather forecasting service. In this paper, a review of the conventional meteorological measurement and operational weather forecasting services of the CHINARE is presented.

Multiyear Observations of Deposition-Mode Ice Nucleating Particles at Two High-Altitude Stations in India

Ice nucleating particle(INP) measurements were made at two high-altitude stations in India. Aerosols collected on filter paper at Girawali Observatory, Inter University Center for Astronomy & Astrophysics(IGO), and at the Radio Astronomy Center, Ooty(RAC), were activated in deposition mode using a thermal gradient diffusion chamber to determine the INP concentrations. The measurement campaigns at IGO were conducted during 2011, 2013 and 2014, and at RAC during 2013 and 2014. When the aerosol samples were exposed to an ice supersaturation of between 5% and 23% in the temperature range-17.6?C to-22?C, the maximum INP number concentration at IGO and RAC was 1.0 L-1and 1.6 L-1, respectively.A maximum correlation coefficient of 0.76 was observed between the INP number concentration and ice supersaturation. The airmass trajectories analyzed for the measurement campaigns showed that the Arabian Desert and arid regions were the main INP contributors. Elemental analysis of particles showed the presence of Na, Cl, Si, Al, Fe, Cu, Co, Cd, S, Mn and K, as well as some rare-Earth elements like Mo, Ru, La, Ce, V and Zr. When aerosols in the size range 0.5–20 μm were considered, the fraction that acted as INPs was 1 : 104to 1 : 106at IGO, and 1 : 103to 1 : 104at RAC. The higher ratio of INPs to aerosols at RAC than IGO may be attributable to the presence of rare-Earth elements observed in the aerosol samples at RAC, which were absent at IGO.

PROGRESS OF MARINE METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATION EXPERIMENT AT MAOMING OF SOUTH CHINA

The coastal area of southern China is frequently affected by marine meteorological disasters,and is also one of the key areas that influence the short-term climate change of China.Due to a lack of observational facilities and techniques,little has been done in this area in terms of operational weather monitoring and scientific research on atmospheric and marine environment.With the support of China Meteorological Administration (CMA) and Guangdong Meteorological Bureau (GMB),the Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base (MMSEB) at Bohe,Maoming has been jointly established by Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology (GITMM) and Maoming Meteorological Bureau (MMB) of Guangdong Province after three years of hard work.It has become an integrated coastal observation base that is equipped with a complete set of sophisticated instruments.Equipment maintenance and data quality control procedures have been implemented to ensure the long-term,steady operation of the instruments and the availability of high quality data.Preliminary observations show that the data obtained by the MMSEB reveal many interesting features in the boundary layer structure and air-sea interaction in such disastrous weather as typhoons and sea fog.The MMSEB is expected to play an important role in the scientific research of disastrous weather related to marine meteorology.

Maintenance of Storage Batteries in Automatic Meteorological Observation Stations

Firstly, the definition, structure and working principles of storage batteries in automatic meteorological observation stations were stated simply, and then the daily maintenance of the storage batteries were introduced according to previous practical experience, finally typical faults of storage batteries were analyzed. Practical evidence shows that timely external maintenance and enough supply of electrolyte can greatly extend the lifespan of storage batteries.

Design of Security Management System of Meteorological Observation Equipment in Jiangxi Province

According to the current development status and requirements of meteorological observation equipment security work in Jiangxi Province,a security management system of meteorological observation equipment was developed to improve the scientific and precise level of current security management business. The system was elaborated in terms of design ideas,functional modules,and realization of functions. The system adopts the C/S architecture to realize the information management of security business of meteorological observation equipment such as radar and automatic weather stations. It provides functions such as maintenance registration,data statistics and table generation.

Comprehensive Assessment and Analysis of National Surface Meteorological Observation Stations: A Case Study of Hebei Province

With the rapid development of China s economic construction and the rapid advancement of urban-rural integration construction, meteorological detection environment has been damaged repeatedly, which seriously affects the representativeness, accuracy, and comparability of meteorological data, so it is urgent to protect meteorological detection environment. Based on the investigation and evaluation method of detection environment of national ground meteorological observation stations and high-altitude meteorological observation stations, satellite remote sensing data, and climate analysis method, the evaluation method of detection environment and meteorological data was improved to comprehensively assess the detection environment and meteorological data of stations. After the evaluation results were compared with the results of the survey and evaluation in 2013, it is found that the new assessment method maintains the continuity of detection environment assessment and can objectively reflect the changes of the station detection environment. The research on the method and standard for the evaluation of detection environment and data analysis of meteorological stations provides a scientific basis for the establishment of detection environmental protection plans by stations at all levels, and provides technical support for the scientific and rational adjustment of station network by administrative departments at all levels.

Design and Application of Integrated Monitoring Model for Provincial Meteorological Observation Data Transmission

With the development of meteorological services, there are more and more types of real-time observation data, and the timeliness requirements are getting higher and higher. The monitoring methods of existing meteorological observation data transmission can no longer meet the needs. This paper proposes a new monitoring model, namely the “integrated monitoring model” for provincial meteorological observation data transmission. The model can complete the whole network monitoring of meteorological observation data transmission process. Based on this model, the integrated monitoring system for meteorological observation data transmission in Guangdong Province is developed. The system uses Java as the programming language, and integrates J2EE, Hibernate, Quartz, Snmp4j and Slf4j frameworks, and uses Oracle database as the data storage carrier, following the MVC specification and agile development concept. The system development uses four key technologies, including simple network management protocol, network connectivity detection technology, remote host management technology and thread pool technology. The integrated monitoring system has been put into business application. As a highlight of Guangdong’s meteorological modernization, it has played an active role in many major meteorological services.

Construction of Meteorological Observation Quality Management System for Basic Observation Business

A set of closed-loop normative standards of PDCA(planning-implementing-checking-improvement) of the quality management system is applied to promote the standardization, normalization and institutionalization of grass-roots meteorological observations, further improve the service availability and timely rate of data, and improve the quality and efficiency of meteorological observations.

Comparison and Analysis of Data at Traffic Meteorological Observation Station during Beijing Winter Olympic Games Period

This paper presents a comparison and analysis method of data at traffic meteorological observation station during Beijing Winter Olympic Games period based on Grubbs criterion. By comparing the data of a set of standard multi-element observation stations with the data of multiple measured traffic stations, the outliers of each element data at each station were analyzed. It could provide data support for the maintenance of Zhangjiakou traffic meteorological observation station and a guarantee for the accuracy of forest service during Beijing Winter Olympic Games period.

Improving the Analyses and Forecasts of a Tropical Squall Line Using Upper Tropospheric Infrared Satellite Observations

The advent of modern geostationary satellite infrared radiance observations has noticeably improved numerical weather forecasts and analyses.However,compared to midlatitude weather systems and tropical cyclones,research into using infrared radiance observations for numerically predicting and analyzing tropical mesoscale convective systems remain mostly fallow.Since tropical mesoscale convective systems play a crucial role in regional and global weather,this deficit should be addressed.This study is the first of its kind to examine the potential impacts of assimilating all-sky upper tropospheric infrared radiance observations on the prediction of a tropical squall line.Even though these all-sky infrared radiance observations are not directly affected by lower-tropospheric winds,the high-frequency assimilation of these all-sky infrared radiance observations improved the analyses of the tropical squall line’s outflow position.Aside from that,the assimilation of all-sky infrared radiance observations improved the analyses and prediction of the squall line’s cloud field.Finally,reducing the frequency of assimilating these all-sky infrared radiance observations weakened these improvements to the analyzed outflow position,as well as the analyses and predictions of cloud fields.

On a Method of Climatological Observations Processing

The task of climate observation data processing is central to the quality of an assessment of future climate change impact. The current state-of-the-art is based on the long-running observation records of the meteorological stations. However, it is common for the developing states to have only relatively short and/or intermittent record histories. The issue becomes even more aggravated under an effort to assess the climatic trends for specific territories with few meteorological stations. The paper offers a simple and effective technique to handle the climate observations; the technique makes the most complete use of an available data set by counting the data provided by all meteorological stations including those with short records and omissions. The method is based on numeric differentiation of source data samples.

Analysis of Essential Meteorological Elements Surrounding Typhoon Sinlaku by Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

In this paper, a successful flight with an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) surrounded Typhoon Sinlaku on 15 Sept., 2008 and the preliminary analysis of all the collected data during the observation period has been presented. It is the first time to adopt surrounding method to observe typhoon in mainland of China. During the 3 h field campaign, the flight altitude is about 500 m to observe the essential meteorological elements in boundary layer of typhoon. The average temperature is 22.57&#176C and ranged from 21.50&#176C to 25.80&#176C, while about the relative humidity, the maximum is 100%, the minimum is 80.60% and the average is 97.98%. As for the wind, the average wind speed is 19.68 m/s and the maximum is 30.03 m/s. The typhoon center is a warm structure, the closer to the center, the higher the temperature is and the lower the wind speed is. In conclusion, the mini-UAV has the capability to observe the boundary layer of typhoon.

柴达木盆地温室西瓜生育期气象服务指标研究

为凝练柴达木盆地西瓜温室种植的气象服务指标,于2022—2023年在柴达木盆地诺木洪地区开展了为期2 a的西瓜温室栽培试验,观测获取不同播期设施西瓜的生长周期、各阶段发育期、产量及其构成因素等数据,利用同期温室内对应气温、空气相对湿度、地温及CO_(2)浓度等气象要素进行相关性分析。结果表明:不同播期设施西瓜的生育期平均日数为80~135 d,4月中旬~6月上旬热量条件较好,西瓜能获得较高的产量,两年产量可维持于7.12~16.14 kg之间;对病虫害红蜘蛛、白粉病的发生发展规律进行研究发现,5—9月的气象条件均能引起这两种病虫害的发生;将西瓜产量与不同气象指标进行相关性分析发现,膨大~成熟期、成熟~收获期日平均气温与产量之间,抽蔓~坐果期相对湿度与产量之间,坐果~膨大期CO_(2)浓度与产量之间存在显著或极显著的相关关系,同时得出了西瓜各发育期气象要素适宜指标值。

基于多源卫星遥感的气象观测业务工作数据监测技术

传统的气象观测方法受限于地理位置、设备条件等因素,难以实现对全球范围内的气象现象进行持续、全面的监测。因此,提出基于多源卫星遥感的气象观测业务工作数据监测技术。基于多源卫星遥感安装传感器,对数字气象观测卫星图像进行求解,实时监测气象观测业务工作数据,并对数据进行安全存储,实现气象观测业务工作数据监测。实验结果表明:所研究技术能够准确监测出气温数据,具有较好的监测效果。

Progress in Marine Meteorology Studies in China during 1999-2002

The progresses of marine meteorology studies achieved in China during the four year period from 1999 to 2002 are summarized in six directions: air-sea flux, marine meteorology in high latitudes, marine disasters, connection between ocean and weather/climate in China, remote sensing applications and new methodologies in marine meteorology. Compared to the previous ones, these studies adopted much more first-hand datasets, and more scientific issues were involved. As an exciting remark, there were so many contributions done by the young scientists. A brief statement about the research strategy of marine meteorology in China for the coming years is also given.

Site-testing at Muztagh-ata site Ⅰ:ground meteorology and sky brightness

Site-testing is crucial for achieving the goal of scientific research and analysis of meteorological and optical observing conditions,one of the associated basic tasks.As one of three potential sites to host the 12-meter Large Optical/infrared Telescope(LOT),the Muztagh-ata site,which is located on the Pamir Plateau in Xinjiang,in west China,began its site-testing task in the spring of 2017.In this paper,we firstly start with an introduction to the site and then present a statistical analysis of the ground-level meteorological properties such as air temperature,barometric pressure,relative humidity,and wind speed and direction,recorded by an automatic weather station with standard meteorological sensors for a two-year duration.We also show the monitoring results of sky brightness during this period.

The research of sea-land breeze (SLB) on the west coast of Bohai Bay based on field observation

Four automatic meteorological stations were set up in a line from beach to inland perpendicular to the west coast of Bohai Bay. Wind direction and velocity at altitudes of 2 m, 4 m and 12 m were surveyed with 10 minute intervals. On ＂Sea-Land Breeze＂ （SLB） days, the transition from sea breeze to land breeze was very evident in the study area. Direction of sea breeze was basically perpendicular to the coast and mainly from the ENE and E. Duration of sea breeze varied by the stations＇ distance to the coastline, and the near-coast wind velocity was larger than that of the inland and decreases as it reaches inland. There was increased development of SLB on sunny days than on overcast days. The term ＂Climatic Coastal Zone＂ can be defined for the area influenced by SLB, which reaches more than 74 km inland on a typical SLB day but less than 10 km on a non-typical SLB day.

广州市2022年臭氧污染特征与成因分析

选取2022年O_(3)及其前体物观测数据、气象观测数据和ERA5再分析数据,结合基于观测的模型(OBM)和后向轨迹模型,分析了2022年广州市O_(3)污染特征,识别了O_(3)生成控制区及关键敏感型物种,并从O_(3)前体物排放、气象条件和区域传输3个方面开展了O_(3)污染成因分析.结果表明:广州市O_(3)生成以VOCs控制和NO_(x)-VOCs协同控制为主,现阶段VOCs和NO_(x)减排比例应不低于1:1;O_(3)生成对含氧VOCs最为敏感,其次是植物源VOCs(BVOCs)、烯烃、芳香烃和烷烃;2022年广州市O_(3)前体物NO_(x)和VOCs浓度同比下降14.7%和30.4%,但副高强盛、台风外围环流影响频繁叠加强辐射、高温、低湿等不利气象条件和区域传输抵消了广州市本地前体物减排的成效,造成O_(3)浓度上升,其中典型O_(3)污染过程(2022年9月16~22日)气流轨迹由西北、西南方向气团转变为东和东南方向气团,易受到来自周边城市区域传输影响.建议下一步持续推动NO_(x)减排,促进O_(3)对NO_(x)敏感性向正敏感性的转变,同时积极构建区域联防联控机制,降低区域传输贡献.

从单星观测到体系协同:风云卫星智慧协同观测体系的技术特征与发展展望

风云卫星是我国民用遥感卫星中应用范围最广泛、成效最为显著的卫星系列之一,在推动国民经济发展和加强装备自主建设等方面发挥了重要作用。面向气象高质量发展、防灾减灾、应对气候变化、生态文明建设和国家安全等多重挑战,风云卫星将坚持创新驱动发展战略,以体系化、智能化为主要发展方向,突破平台和载荷关键技术,构建智慧协同观测体系。本文探讨了风云卫星智慧协同观测体系在气象综合观测效能提升、体系化智能化网络赋能及全方位环境保障等方面的必要性,在分析国内外气象卫星发展历程的基础上,提出了新一代风云气象卫星构建智慧协同观测体系的建设思路和初步方案,并对体系构建中的关键技术进行了分析。最后,展望了风云卫星智慧协同观测体系的应用前景。

2019-2022年甘肃瓜州极旱荒漠生态系统碳水通量观测数据集

极旱荒漠生态系统通常位于干旱地区,降水量较低并伴有高温现象,其原生植被具有较高适应性,是极端环境条件下的特殊生态系统类型。极旱荒漠生态系统在帮助保持土壤稳定性、防止土壤侵蚀、维持独特生物多样性等方面发挥着一定作用,在全球生态系统中具有独特而重要的地位。了解中国西北极旱荒漠生态系统碳水通量特征对于研究极旱荒漠生态系统在全球碳水循环中的作用具有重要意义。本数据集为甘肃瓜州极旱荒漠生态系统野外科学观测研究站(以下简称瓜州站)所收集的2019年1月1日至2022年12月31日的日尺度碳水通量观测数据集。采用涡动相关通量观测技术对该生态系统碳水通量进行野外观测,使用ChinaFLUX数据处理技术标准对原始数据进行校正、质量控制和数据插补最终形成日尺度数据集。本数据集包括净生态系统碳交换量(NEE)、生态系统总初级生产力(GPP)、生态系统呼吸(ER)、水通量(FH2O)、土壤热通量(SHF)、蒸散发(ET)、显热通量(H)、潜热通量(LE)和太阳辐射(R_(g))、气温(T_(air))、露点温度(T_(dew))、土壤含水量(SWC)、光量子通量密度(PPFD)、相对湿度(RH)、饱和水汽压差(VPD)、降水(P)等关键气象环境观测数据。本数据集可为深入研究极旱荒漠生态系统在全球碳水循环中的作用与地位提供宝贵的数据基础。