Research and design of an expert diagnosis system for rail vehicle driven by data mechanism models

Purpose-The aim of this work is to research and design an expert diagnosis system for rail vehicle driven by data mechanism models.Design/methodology/approach-The expert diagnosis system utilizes statistical and deep learning methods to model the real-time status and historical data features of rail vehicle.Based on data mechanism models,it predicts the lifespan of key components,evaluates the health status of the vehicle and achieves intelligent monitoring and diagnosis of rail vehicle.Findings-The actual operation effect of this system shows that it has improved the intelligent level of the rail vehicle monitoring system,which helps operators to monitor the operation of vehicle online,predict potential risks and faults of vehicle and ensure the smooth and safe operation of vehicle.Originality/value-This system improves the efficiency of rail vehicle operation,scheduling and maintenance through intelligent monitoring and diagnosis of rail vehicle.

LSTM-based lane change prediction using Waymo open motion dataset: The role of vehicle operating space

Lane change prediction is critical for crash avoidance but challenging as it requires the understanding of the instantaneous driving environment.With cutting-edge artificial intelligence and sensing technologies,autonomous vehicles(AVs)are expected to have exceptional perception systems to capture instantaneously their driving environments for predicting lane changes.By exploring the Waymo open motion dataset,this study proposes a framework to explore autonomous driving data and investigate lane change behaviors.In the framework,this study develops a Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM)model to predict lane changing behaviors.The concept of Vehicle Operating Space(VOS)is introduced to quantify a vehicle's instantaneous driving environment as an important indicator used to predict vehicle lane changes.To examine the robustness of the model,a series of sensitivity analysis are conducted by varying the feature selection,prediction horizon,and training data balancing ratios.The test results show that including VOS into modeling can speed up the loss decay in the training process and lead to higher accuracy and recall for predicting lane-change behaviors.This study offers an example along with a methodological framework for transportation researchers to use emerging autonomous driving data to investigate driving behaviors and traffic environments.

Operation control strategy of series-parallel hydraulic hybrid vehicle

A series-parallel hydraulic hybrid system applied to public buses is put torwaro, ano parameters of key components are analyzed and determined. Energy management strategy based on logic thresh- old is designed which is aimed at efficient operation of the overall system considering the operational characteristic of the components and taking the curves of engine, hydraulic pump/motor and hydrau- lic pump as the main design basis; regenerative control strategy which makes regenerative brake sys- tem and frictional brake system work harmoniously is designed to raise recovery rate of regenerative brake energy. System dynamic modeling and simulation results show that the energy control strategy designed here is able to adapt system to changes of working condition and switch the operating mode reasonably. The regenerative braking control strategy is effective in raising the utilization of energy and improving fuel economy.

Research on Ant Colony Algorithm in Vehicle Operation Adjustment Based on IOT

Automatic solution of vehicle operation adjustment is the important content in realizing vehicle traffic command automation on Internet of Things platform. Based on both the organization realization of Internet of Things platform and the merging vehicle operation adjustment into the Flow-Shop scheduling problem in manufacturing systems,this paper has constructed the optimization model with a two-lane vehicle operation adjustment. With respect to the large model solution space and complex constraints,a better solution algorithm is proposed based on ant colony algorithm for optimal quick solution. The simulation results show that the algorithm is feasible and the approximate optimal solution can be quickly obtained.

Low-Power Operational Amplifier for Real-Time Signal Processing System of Micro Air Vehicle

A low-power complementary metal oxide semiconductor（CMOS） operational amplifier （op-amp） for real-time signal processing of micro air vehicle （MAV） is designed in this paper.Traditional folded cascode architecture with positive channel metal oxide semiconductor（PMOS） differential input transistors and sub-threshold technology are applied under the low supply voltage.Simulation results show that this amplifier has significantly low power,while maintaining almost the same gain,bandwidth and other key performances.The power required is only 0.12 mW,which is applicable to low-power and low-voltage real-time signal acquisition and processing system.

Heuristics for Improving Operational Performance of Permutation Circulati on-type Vehicle Routing System

This paper discusses an optimization of operating a p ermutation circulation-type vehicle routing system (PCVRS, for short), in w hich several stages are located along by a single loop, and a fleet of vehicles travels on the loop unidirectionally and repeatedly. Traveling on the loop, each vehicle receives an object from the loading stage and then carries it to a cert ain processing stage, or receives an object from a certain processing stage and then carries it to the unloading stage per a turnaround. No passing is allowed f or the vehicles on the loop (from which the system is called permutation, and th is restriction may cause interferences between vehicles). Material handling systems such as PCVRS are actually encountered in flexible man ufacturing systems and in automated storage/retrieval systems. In this paper, we propose a heuristic algorithm for operating the PCVRS, which i ncorporates a new scheduling method for the vehicles with the SPT (shortest proc essing time) numbering of jobs and a round-robin manner of allocating jobs to t he stages, aiming to reduce interferences between the vehicles. We also give num erical results with respect to system performances attained by the heuristic. Description of the system The PCVRS consists of a set of n v vehicles V={V 1,V 2,...,V n v}, a set of n s, processing stages S p={S 1,S 2,...,S n s}, a loading stage S 0 and an unloading stage S n s +1. We denote by S=S p∪{S 0,S n s+l} the set of all the stages. The vehicles travel on a single loop unidirectionany and repeated ly. The system layout is depicted in Fig.1. There is a set of n jobs J={J 1,J 2,...,J n} to be processed b y the vehicles. Each job consists of two tasks: That is, each vehicle receives a n object from S 0 and then carries it to S l with a certain l∈{1,2, ...,n s} (a throw-in job), or receives an object from S l with a certain l∈{1,2,...,n s} and then carries it to S n s+1 (a throw-out job ) per a turnaround. The loop consists of buffer zones BZ(l) and travel zones TZ(l) (see Fig. 1). Each buffer zone BZ(l) is placed in front of stage S l, l=0,1,..., n s, n s+1, in order to avoid a collision between vehicles (i.e., the syste m adopts the so-called zone control strategy). A heuristic algorithm We develop a heuristic algorithm to obtain a good performance for the PCVRS. An operation π={A/B/C} for the PCVRS consists of three decision factors: (A) Numbering jobs Jobs are loaded into S 0 according to an assending order of job numbers. In this paper, we use the following rules to number jobs: SPT: Order jobs in the shortest processing time rule, i.e., P 1≤P 2≤...≤P n for the set of jobs J={J 1,J 2,...,J n}, rather than the FCFS numbering (i.e., number jobs in first-come-first-served order). The SPT rule intends to reduce interferences between two adjacent vehicles at stages. (B) Allocating jobs to stages For the purpose of balancing loads of processing stages, we adopt the following to allocate jobs to the stages: ORDER: Allocate n jobs to n s, processing stages by an in-order manner , i.e., let l(i) be the index of processing stage allocated job J i by ORDER, it holds that l(i)=n s+1-(i-[(i-1)/n s]n s).(1) The ORDER rule intends to process jobs parallel at stages as many as possible. (C) Scheduling vehicles The following method for scheduling vehicles under ORDER rule is already known: Fig.1 The vehicle ro uting system, PCVRS Fig.2 Mean turnaroun d times by heuristics Unchange: Assign n jobs to n v vehicles such that let k(i) be the i ndex of vehicle processing job J i, then k(i)= i-[(i-1)/n v]n v.(2) In csse of n v≥n s, mod (n v,n s)=0 or n v<n s, mod (n s,n v)=0 (mod(x,y) is the remainder of x/y), the number of interferences between vehicles is minimized at stage S 1 under Unchange sche dules, while in the other cases it is not [Lu et al. (2001a)]. Therefore, in t his paper, we develop a new scheduling method of the vehicles, denoted by Ex change, to modify Unchange schedules. Note

Design and Implementation of a Battery Big Data Platform Through Intelligent Connected Electric Vehicles

The development of a battery management algorithm is highly dependent on high-quality battery operation data,especially the data in extreme conditions such as low temperatures.The data in faults are also essential for failure and safety management research.This study developed a battery big data platform to realize vehicle operation,energy interaction and data management.First,we developed an electric vehicle with vehicle navigation and position detection and designed an environmental cabin that allows the vehicle to operate autonomously.Second,charging and heating systems based on wireless energy transfer were developed and equipped on the vehicle to investigate optimal charging and heating methods of the batteries in the vehicle.Third,the data transmission network was designed,a real-time monitoring interface was developed,and the self-developed battery management system was used to measure,collect,upload,and store battery operation data in real time.Finally,experimental validation was performed on the platform.Results demonstrate the efficiency and reliability of the platform.Battery state of charge estimation is used as an example to illustrate the availability of battery operation data.

Research on Hydrodynamics Model Test for Deepsea Open-Framed Remotely Operated Vehicle

This paper presents the features of newly designed hydrodynamics test for the scaled model of 4500 m deepsea open-framed remotely operated vehicle （ROV）, which is being researched and developed by Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Accurate hydrodynamics coefficients measurement and spatial modeling of ROV are significant for the maneuverability and control algorithm. The scaled model of ROV was constructed by 1：1.6. Hydrodynamics coefficients were measured through VPMM and LAHPMM towing test. And dynamics model was derived as a set of equations, describing nonlinear and coupled 5-DOF spatial motions. Rotation control motion was simulated to verify spatial model proposed. Research and application of hydrodynamics coefficients are expected to enable ROV to overcome uncertainty and disturbances of deepsea environment, and accomplish some more challengeable and practical missions.

Study on Simulation of Remotely Operated Underwater Vehicle Spatial Motion

In order to analyze the spatial maneuverability of the remotely operated underwater vehicle(ROV),the 6-DOF motion mathematic model of the ROV was founded.Hydrodynamics were analyzed by using the Taylor series.The thrusters on the ROV were discussed.This paper considers three cases of motion simulation:vertical motion,rotational motion and Z-shape motion.A series of simulation experiments showed that the 6-DOF motion mathematic model was correct and reliable,and also fit with the scene simulation.

Vehicle Operating, Accident and User Time Costs in Pavement Management Systems： Approach for Portuguese Conditions

This paper presents a description and analysis of the most important models to predict each of the Road User Costs components （Vehicle Operating Costs, Accident Costs and Value of Time） and proposes a model for estimating RUC components suitable for the Portuguese road network. These results are part of a research which aimed to obtain a Road User Cost Model to be used as a tool in road management systems. This model is different from other models by the fact that it includes a simple formulation that allows calibration and calculation of cost parameters, for any year, in a simple and fast way, providing trustworthy results. The required data is already available in Portuguese institutions, allowing periodic revision of cost parameters to insure accuracy.

Impacts of automated passenger cars on the capacity of a freeway basic section: applicability in the determination of vehicle adjustment factors in mixed traffic

The highway capacity manual(HCM)provides a formula to calculate the heavy vehicle adjustment factor(fHV)as a function of passenger car equivalent factors for the heavy vehicle(ET).However,a significant drawback is that the methodology was established solely based on human-driven passenger cars(HDPC)and human-driven heavy vehicles(HDHV).Due to automated passenger cars(APCs),a new adjustment factor(fAV)might be expected.This study simulated traffic flows at different percentages of HDHVs and APCs to investigate the impacts of HDHVs and APCs on freeway capacity by analyzing their influence on fHV and fAV values.The simulation determined observed adjustment factors at different percentages of HDHVs and APCs(fobserved).The HCM formula was used to calculate(fHCM).Modifications to the HCM formula are proposed,and vehicle adjustment factors due to HDHVs and APCs were calculated(fproposed).Results showed that,in the presence of APCs,while fobserved and fHCM were statistically significantly different,fobserved and fproposed were statistically equal.Hence,this study recommends using the proposed formula when determining vehicle adjustment factors(fproposed)due to HDHVs and APCs in the traffic stream.

Multi-role Remotely Operated Marine Surface Vehicle

Development of man-packable,versatile marine surface vehicle with ability to rescue a drowning victim and also capable of carrying mission specific sensor is explored.Design thinking methodology is implemented by using existing equipment/platform with the addition of external attachment to make it a functional product.Iterative prototyping process with extensive testing to achieve user-centric solution.Individual prototypes and their possible sub-configurations with their integration and characteristics are studied and compared with numerical model,inferences obtained are utilised to improve for the next iteration.A novel hinge-clamp assembly enables this marine surface vehicle to operate in the event of an overturn,this phenomenon is further studied with the aid of a mathematical model(Pendulum in a fluid).This research project aims to demonstrate a multi-role unmanned surface vehicle.

Revision of the National Standard on Safety Specification for Power Driven Vehicles Operating on Roads

The national standard--Safety Specifications for Power Driven VehiclesOperating on Roads--is the most basic technical regulation for safety and technical management ofmotor vehicles in China. It is the safety and technical basis for the Public Security TrafficControl Dept. to register new vehicles, periodic inspection of vehicles under operation andinspection of vehicles involved in traffic accidents. It is also one of the important technicalbases of our country for compulsory inspection of new vehicles on fi-nalization of its model,ex-works inspection of new vehicles and the inspection of imported motor vehicles. Since the formalcountrywide implementation of GB7258-1997 Safety Specifications for Power Driven Vehicles Operatingon Roads on Jan. 1, 1998, the standard has played a very active role in strengthening the operatingsafety management of motor vehicles, improving the operating safety level of motor vehicles, and insafeguarding road traffic safety, etc. However, along with the rapid and sustainable growth of ournational economy, the number of motor vehicles has increased rapidly, especially privately-ownedautomobiles, so that the incidence of road traffic accidents rises yearly and the road trafficsafety situation is becoming increasingly serious. Therefore, the General Administration of QualitySupervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China (AQSIQ) and theStandardization Administration of China (SAC) have issued the revised standard GB725 8-2004 SafetySpecifications for Power Driven Vehicles Operating on Roads, which will be put into effect onOctober 1, 2004. The timely revision of this standard is very necessary for upgrading the safety andtechnical requirements for motor vehicles in China.

Analysis of Autopilot Disengagements Occurring During Autonomous Vehicle Testing

In present-day highly-automated vehicles, there are occasions when the driving system disengages and the human driver is required to take-over. This is of great importance to a vehicle's safety and ride comfort. In the U.S state of California, the Autonomous Vehicle Testing Regulations require every manufacturer testing autonomous vehicles on public roads to submit an annual report summarizing the disengagements of the technology experienced during testing. On 1 January 2016,seven manufacturers submitted their first disengagement reports:Bosch, Delphi, Google, Nissan, Mercedes-Benz, Volkswagen, and Tesla Motors. This work analyses the data from these disengagement reports with the aim of gaining abetter understanding of the situations in which a driver is required to takeover, as this is potentially useful in improving the Society of Automotive Engineers(SAE) Level 2 and Level 3 automation technologies.Disengagement events from testing are classified into different groups based on attributes and the causes of disengagement are investigated and compared in detail. The mechanisms and time taken for take-over transition occurred in disengagements are studied. Finally, recommendations for OEMs, manufacturers, and government organizations are also discussed.

Research on Operation of UAVs in Non-isolated Airspace

In order to explore the safe operation of UAVs in non-segregated airspace,a collision risk model for cylindrical UAVs based on conflict areas was constructed and the risk of conflict between manned and unmanned aerial vehicles was researched.According to the results of risk analysis,a strategy for solving the conflict of aircraft is proposed,and the risk assessment experiment of unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)in non-isolated airspace conflict is carried out.The results show that under the experimental conditions,large unmanned aerial vehicles equipped with ADS-B,TCAS and other airborne sensing systems will indeed interfere with other aircraft in airspace when they enter non-isolated airspace.Especially when the number of aircraft in airspace is large,the automatic avoidance system of UAV will increase the avoidance time and trigger the safety alarm,but the safety level is still acceptable.This indicates that it is relatively safe for UAVs to enter non-isolated airspace under limited conditions.The results can be used as a reference for the safe operation of unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)in non-isolated airspace.

Technology Development of Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUVs)

In recent years, the weapon systems have been changing drastically because of the advancement of science technology and the change of military concept of combat. There is an unmanned system at the center of all those changes. Especially, in case of maritime environment, as the center stage of combat has changed from ocean to coastal areas, it is difficult for the existing naval forces to effectively operate in shallow waters. Therefore, unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) are being required at an increasing pace. In this paper, we analyze the characteristics of already developed UUVs, which are the key unmanned system of the marine battlefield environment in the future. Through the analysis of development cases and the investigation of the essential technologies, the critical design issues of UUVs are elaborated. We also suggest the future directions of the UUV technologies based on the case analysis.

Design of motion control of dam safety inspection underwater vehicle

Plenty of dams in China are in danger while there are few effective methods for underwater dam inspections of hidden problems such as conduits,cracks and inanitions.The dam safety inspection remotely operated vehicle(DSIROV) is designed to solve these problems which can be equipped with many advanced sensors such as acoustical,optical and electrical sensors for underwater dam inspection.A least-square parameter estimation method is utilized to estimate the hydrodynamic coefficients of DSIROV,and a four degree-of-freedom(DOF) simulation system is constructed.The architecture of DSIROV's motion control system is introduced,which includes hardware and software structures.The hardware based on PC104 BUS,uses AMD ELAN520 as the controller's embedded CPU and all control modules work in VxWorks real-time operating system.Information flow of the motion system of DSIROV,automatic control of dam scanning and dead-reckoning algorithm for navigation are also discussed.The reliability of DSIROV's control system can be verified and the control system can fulfill the motion control mission because embankment checking can be demonstrated by the lake trials.

Analysis of Design Directions for Unmanned Surface Vehicles (USVs)

In recent years, because of the development of marine military science technology, there is a growing interest in the unmanned systems throughout the world. Also, the demand of Unmanned Surface Vehicles (USVs) which can be autonomously operated without the operator intervention is increasing dramatically. The growing interests lie in the facts that those USVs can be manufactured at much lower costs, and can be operated without the human fatigue, while can be sent to the hostile or quite dangerous areas that are inherently unhealthy for human operators. The utilization and the deployment of such vessels will continue to grow in the future. In this paper, along with the technological development of unmanned surface vehicles, we investigate and analyze the cases of already developed platforms and identify the trends of the technological advances. Additionally, we suggest the future directions of development.

Using Unmanned Underwater Vehicles as Research Platforms in Coastal Ocean Studies

The advantages of using unmanned underwater vehicles in coastal ocean studies are emphasized. Two types of representative vehicles, remotely operated vehicle (ROV) and autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) from University of South Florida, are discussed. Two individual modular sensor packages designed and tested for these platforms and field measurement results are also presented. The bottom classification and albedo package, BCAP, provides fast and accurate estimates of bottom albedos, along with other parameters such as in-water remote sensing reflectance. The real-time ocean bottom optical topographer, ROBOT, reveals high-resolution 3-dimentional bottom topography for target identification. Field data and results from recent Coastal Benthic Optical Properties field campaign, 1999 and 2000, are presented. Advantages and limitations of these vehicles and applications of modular sensor packages are compared and discussed.

Leveraging Telematics for Winter Operations Performance Measures and Tactical Adjustment

The Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) maintains 29,000 lane miles of roadway and operates a fleet of nearly 1100 snowplows and spends upwards of $60 million annually on winter maintenance operations. Since winter weather varies considerably, allocation of snow removal and deicing resources are highly decentralized to facilitate agile response. Historically, real-time two-way radio communication with drivers has been the primary monitoring system, but with 6 districts, 29 subdistricts, and over one hundred units it does not scale well for systematic data collection. Emerging technology such as real-time truck telematics, hi-resolution NOAA data, dash camera imagery, and crowdsourced traffic speeds can now be fused into dashboards. These real-time dashboards can be used for systematic monitoring and allocation of resources during critical weather events. This paper reports on dashboards used during the 2020-2021 winter season derived from that data. Nearly 13 million location records and 11 million dash camera images were collected from telematics onboard 1105 trucks. Peak impact of nearly 1570 congested miles and 610 trucks deployed was observed for a winter storm on February 15th, 2021 chosen for further analysis. In addition to tactical adjustments of resources during storms, this system-wide collection of resources allows agencies to monitor multiple seasons and make long-term strategic asset allocation decisions. Also, from a public information perspective, these resources were found to be very useful to agencies that interface with the media (and social media) during large storms to provide real-time visual updates on conditions throughout the state from pre-treatment, through cleanup.