Reaction behavior and non-isothermal kinetics of suspension magnetization roasting of limonite and siderite

In order to develop limonite and decrease CO_(2) emissions,siderite is proposed as a clean reductant for suspension magnetization roasting(SMR) of limonite.An iron concentrate(iron grade:65.92wt%,iron recovery:98.54wt%) was obtained by magnetic separation under the optimum SMR conditions:siderite dosage 40wt%,roasting temperature 700℃,roasting time 10 min.According to the magnetic analysis,SMR achieved the conversion of weak magnetic minerals to strong magnetic minerals,thus enabling the recovery of iron via magnetic separation.Based on the phase transformation analysis,during the SMR process,limonite was first dehydrated and converted to hematite,and then siderite decomposed to generate magnetite and CO,where CO reduced the freshly formed hematite to magnetite.The microstructure evolution analysis indicated that the magnetite particles were loose and porous with a destroyed structure,making them easier to be ground.The non-isothermal kinetic results show that the main reaction between limonite and siderite conformed to the two-dimension diffusion mechanism,suggesting that the diffusion of CO controlled the reaction.These results encourage the application of siderite as a reductant in SMR.

Basic characteristics of Australian iron ore concentrate and its effects on sinter properties during the high-limonite sintering process

The basic characteristics of Australian iron ore concentrate (Ore-A) and its effects on sinter properties during a high-limonite sintering process were studied using micro-sinter and sinter pot methods. The results show that the Ore-A exhibits good granulation properties, strong liquid flow capability, high bonding phase strength and crystal strength, but poor assimilability. With increasing Ore-A ratio, the tumbler index and the reduction index (RI) of the sinter first increase and then decrease, whereas the softening interval (Delta T) and the softening start temperature (T (10%)) of the sinter exhibit the opposite behavior; the reduction degradation index (RDI+3.15) of the sinter increases linearly, but the sinter yield exhibits no obvious effects. With increasing Ore-A ratio, the distribution and crystallization of the minerals are improved, the main bonding phase first changes from silico-ferrite of calcium and aluminum (SFCA) to kirschsteinite, silicate, and SFCA and then transforms to 2CaO center dot SiO2 and SFCA. Given the utilization of Ore-A and the improvement of the sinter properties, the Ore-A ratio in the high-limonite sintering process is suggested to be controlled at approximately 6wt%.

Effects of reduction on the catalytic performance of limonite ore

The catalytic performance of Ni-containing limonite ore in the dry reforming reaction of methane （CH_4＋CO_2→2H_2＋2CO） was determined before and after hydrogen reduction, and under a flow of hydrogen. After hydrogen reduction, the limonite ore exhibited higher catalytic performance, because of the formation of Fe-Ni. However, the Fe in Fe-Ni was readily oxidized by the input CO_2 gas. resulting in a rapid decrease in the catalytic performance of limonite ore. The performance de- crease was due to a decrease in the Ni surface area; Ni could not dissolve in iron oxides and this caused segregation in the iron oxides. When the reaction was conducted under a hydrogen flow, the Fe-Ni was formed and maintained. Ni was highly dispersed in the Fe-Ni phase, resulting in greater surface area of Ni and higher conversion rate of CH_4 and CO_2. The catalytic performance of the limonite ore was inferior to the Ni/Al_2O_3 catalyst because the effect of catalyst support was small, however, the limonite ore was more stable during catalytic use and much cheaper than the Ni/Al_2O_3.

Recovering limonite from Australia iron ores by flocculation-high intensity magnetic separation

Successful recovery of limonite from iron fines was achieved by using flocculation-high intensity magnetic separation （FIMS） and adding hydrolyzed and causticized flocculants according to the characteristic of iron fines. The separation results of the three iron samples are as follows： iron grade 66.77%- 67.98% and the recovery of iron 69.26%-70.70% by the FIMS process with flocculants. The comparative results show that under the same separation conditions the F1MS process can effectively increase the recovery of iron by 10. 97%- 15.73%. The flowsheet results confirm the reliability of the process in a SHP high intensity magnetic separator. The concentrate product can he used as raw materials for direct reduction iron-smelting. The hydrolyzed and causticized flocculants can selectively flocculate fine feebly-magnetic iron mineral particles to increase their apparent separation sizes. The larger the separation size, the stronger the magnetic force. By comparing the separation results of the three samples it is found that among the three samples the higher the limonite content, the better the separation result. This means that the separation result relates closely to the flocculation process and the adding pattern of the flocculant.

Leaching behavior of metals from limonitic laterite ore by high pressure acid leaching

The leaching behavior of metals from a nickeliferous limonitic laterite ore was investigated by high pressure acid leaching process for the extraction of nickel and cobalt.The effects of sulfuric acid added,leaching temperature,leaching time and liquid/solid（L/S） ratio on metals extraction were examined.More than 97% Ni,96% Co,93% Mn,95% Mg and less than 1% Fe are extracted under optimum conditions.Analysis of the high pressure acid leaching residue by chemical and XRD analysis indicates that the residual iron and sulfur are mainly present in phases of hematite and alunite,respectively.The high pressure leaching process provides a simple and efficient way for the high recovery of nickel and cobalt from laterite ore,leaving residue as a suitable iron resource.

海南岛新生代火山岩风化型矿产资源特征

海南岛新生代火山岩分布面积广、规模大,在热带条件下形成了风化型矿产资源。褐铁矿、铝土矿、钴土矿等是该区域火山岩风化形成的主要矿种,这些矿种在成矿上受岩性和地形地貌等控制,具有资源丰富、储量大、低品位共(伴)生等特色,在分布上以东西向的王五—文教断裂带为界,北部以褐铁矿为主伴生钴等元素,南部以铝土矿、钴土矿为主常伴生稀土、镓等元素。该区域风化型矿产资源由于受采矿、选矿等因素的限制,大部分尚未得到开发利用,但成矿资源量大、共伴生多种成矿元素、综合利用价值大,在资源开发利用时应予以重视。

钒钛矿烧结生产的研究进展

本文归纳了钒钛矿的烧结特点,分析了钒钛烧结矿强度差、低温还原粉化现象严重的主要原因,介绍了增加铁酸钙黏结相量、控制燃料配比、控制烧结温度、配加褐铁矿、强化制粒、复合造块及烧结矿表面喷洒CaCl_(2)/B_(2)O_(3)溶液等能够改善钒钛矿烧结指标的技术措施,展望了钢铁企业钒钛矿强化烧结面临的问题及解决方案。

柳江盆地本溪组铁质鲕粒粉砂岩特征及成因

柳江盆地中石炭统本溪组底部发育一套铁质鲕粒粉砂岩地层,岩性特征明显,区域上厚度稳定。依据岩石薄片和扫描电镜的观察,铁质鲕粒直径一般0.1~1.0 mm,具有边界模糊的圈层结构,圈层数3~5层,内部包裹有细小的石英粉砂颗粒。根据能谱分析结果,鲕粒内部含有Fe、Si、Al、O、K、C、Ti等元素,不同部位含量不同。综合分析,主要矿物组分有褐铁矿、赤铁矿、石英和黏土矿物。通过微量元素的分析,认为本溪组沉积早期,该地区属于相对温暖、半湿润的气候,为半封闭的还原环境海湾,水体为半咸水。该地层沉积之前,地表长期处于风化剥蚀状态,风化残积的Fe元素比较富集,再次沉降接受沉积后,被径流带入海湾后,在有机碳的参与下,C与Fe_(2)O_(3)结合,形成菱铁矿(FeCO_(3)),菱铁矿围绕水体中悬浮的细小石英颗粒层层凝聚,随着颗粒的逐渐增大而沉淀到海底。菱铁矿不稳定,在成岩过程中分解成Fe_(3)O_(4),并进一步发生氧化作用,最终转化为褐铁矿[FeO(OH)·H_(2)O]。在后期异常干旱炎热的条件下,菱铁矿也极易氧化成赤铁矿,因此就出现了铁质鲕粒中褐铁矿和赤铁矿共存的局面。

某红土型镍矿中镍钴的赋存状态对其回收的影响

褐铁矿型红土镍矿是一种富含镍、钴、铁的重要资源,综合利用价值巨大。探究红土型镍矿中镍和钴的赋存状态,以深入了解赋存状态对镍和钴回收利用的影响。通过详细的工艺矿物学研究,明确镍和钴主要赋存于褐铁矿、锰的水合氧化物和锰镍矿中,根据该红土型镍矿特征判断最佳冶炼回收方法为高压酸浸工艺。研究为红土型镍矿的资源高效利用提供了重要参考,为相关工业应用和环境保护提供了有益启示。

某氰化尾渣中磁选回收铁试验研究

为综合回收利用某含金银多金属氧化矿氰化尾渣中的铁,针对氰化尾渣进行了弱磁选和强磁选回收铁的试验研究。试验结果表明:在弱磁粗选磁场强度为238.85 kA/m,弱磁精选磁场强度为159.24 kA/m,弱磁粗选尾矿强磁选磁感应强度为1200 mT的条件下,通过弱磁—强磁分选工艺,获得了全铁品位为64.08%、铁回收率为21.11%的弱磁铁精矿和全铁品位为45.81%、铁回收率为40.31%的强磁铁精矿,综合全铁回收率为61.42%,达到了综合回收利用铁资源的目的。

红土镍矿硝酸加压浸出渣制备电池级磷酸铁

近年来,在我国“碳达峰”和“碳中和”目标的引领下,新能源行业发展迅速,新能源汽车的推广与使用促进了锂离子电池行业的蓬勃发展。作为三元锂电池的关键原材料,镍的需求量不断增加。但由于硫化镍矿日益枯竭,红土镍矿逐渐成为了主要的提镍原料,在镍产量中占比超过70%。褐铁型红土镍矿在红土镍矿中占比超过60%,经硝酸加压浸出(NAPL)提取镍钴后产生的浸出渣中含有丰富的有价金属资源(铁含量>60%),浸出渣的综合利用对资源回收和环境保护具有重要意义。以褐铁型红土镍矿硝酸加压浸出渣为原料,在磷酸单一介质中制备电池级磷酸铁材料。以磷酸为介质,通过预浸、溶解实现浸出渣中铁的高效提取。预浸时磷酸溶液浓度较低,可以使含铁相初步转型为FePO_(4)·2H_(2)O,同时除去浸出渣中Cr、Mg、Al等杂质元素。然后采用高浓度磷酸溶液溶解处理预浸渣,实现Fe的完全溶解。最后稀释调节pH值直接沉淀制备磷酸铁,得到FePO_(4)·2H_(2)O产品,该产品不含杂质元素Mg、Si,Cr、Al的含量为0.019%、0.016%。通过XRD、SEM、EDS等技术手段对预浸渣和磷酸铁产品的物相组成和微观形貌进行了研究,明确了预浸过程可实现铁由Fe_(2)O_(3)向FePO_(4)·2H_(2)O的转变,最终产品的晶体结构与标准磷酸铁相匹配。由磷酸铁合成的磷酸铁锂材料也表现出优异的电化学性能。该研究有望实现对褐铁型红土镍矿硝酸加压浸出渣中宏量组元铁的高值化利用,从而优化磷酸铁制备工艺。

非洲某次生硫化铜矿选矿试验研究

某次生硫化铜矿位于非洲东部地区,原矿含铜3.02%、铁26.36%,具有较高的回收价值,同时,该矿样中白云石、方解石和绿泥石等易泥化矿物占比超50%,该部分矿物对铜的浮选干扰较大。针对上述问题,以丁基黄药和Z-200为捕收剂,MIBC为起泡剂,石灰和NJ-8为调整剂,采用“快速浮选加强化粗选、粗精矿再磨精选回收铜矿物,浮选尾矿磁选回收铁矿物”流程,闭路试验可获得含铜28.52%、铜回收率89.39%的铜精矿与含铁60.01%、铁回收率32.64%的铁精矿,有效回收了该矿样中的铜资源、铁资源。

某难选铁矿磁—重—浮联合选矿试验研究

为确定某难选铁矿石的更高效开发利用工艺,基于矿石性质研究开展了详细的选矿工艺试验。结果表明:①矿石中主要有用成分铁品位为47.26%,铁主要分布于赤褐铁矿中,其次分布于磁铁矿中;主要杂质SiO_(2)含量为28.69%,有害成分S、P含量很低。②矿石采用一段磨矿—弱磁选—强磁选—螺旋溜槽重选—二段磨矿—阳离子反浮选流程处理,获得了产率55.26%、铁品位65.32%、铁回收率76.86%的铁精矿,精矿品质达到了业主要求,可作为选厂技术改造的依据。

利用褐铁矿型红土镍矿烧结矿制备Fe-Cr-Ni合金

我国是不锈钢第一生产大国,但作为冶炼不锈钢主要原料的镍矿及铬铁矿资源贫乏,占红土镍矿资源总量60%以上的褐铁矿型红土镍矿与低品位铬铁矿愈发受到关注。同时,不锈钢冶炼通常需先分别生产铬铁和镍铁,工艺流程长,生产成本高。因此,本文基于烧结—高炉工艺,利用褐铁矿型红土镍矿烧结矿低成本地一步制备出了Fe-Cr-Ni合金。通过热力学分析及熔炼参数的优化,重点研究了不同Cr_(2)O_(3)含量的含镍烧结矿(S1:4.84 wt%;S3:7.72 wt%)的熔炼特性。在熔炼时间60 min(S1)/90 min (S3)、熔炼温度1600℃、焦粉用量20 wt%、炉渣碱度1.0的最佳条件下,成功制备出了铬品位5.6 wt%~9.3 wt%、镍品位1.55 wt%~1.70 wt%、铁品位84 wt%~88 wt%的Fe-Cr-Ni合金,其铬、镍和铁的回收率分别在90%、98%和96%以上。研究表明,含镍烧结矿Cr_(2)O_(3)含量的提高会造成熔炼时间的延长,这不利于焦比的降低与不锈钢产量的提高。在后续研究中,将开发出由含镍烧结矿与含铬球团矿构成的综合炉料结构,以更有效地实现高铬镍铁的冶炼。

高铁低硫型铝土矿的工艺矿物学研究

铝土矿主要由铝的氢氧化物、氧化物和硅酸盐矿物组成,是生产金属铝的主要原料。以某高铁低硫型铝土矿为研究对象,采用元素分析、X射线衍射和扫描电镜等方法,研究铝土矿的化学组成、主要矿物的嵌布关系、矿物表面形貌等。结果表明,矿石中Al_(2)O_(3)含量为44.22%,SiO_(2)含量为5.71%,二者的比值约为7.74。矿石中主要矿物为三水铝石,褐铁矿(水针铁矿)和勃姆石含量较少。它既含有少量石英、高岭石、绿泥石和钛铁矿,又含有微量钠长石、方解石、磷灰石、一水硬铝石、铁素体和金红石等。褐铁矿中分散有微量铝,大多数褐铁矿和石英以极细粒夹杂物的形式包裹在铝矿物集合体中。矿物粒度分析表明,铝矿物集合体嵌布粒度不小于0.074 mm的累计含量为92.50%,较集中于0.015~0.060 mm,嵌布粒度小于0.010 mm的含量为0.5%;铁矿物集合体嵌布粒度不小于0.074 mm的累计含量为34.45%,嵌布粒度小于0.010 mm的含量较高,为43.44%;石英嵌布粒度不小于0.074 mm的累计含量为40.15%,嵌布粒度小于0.010 mm的含量较高,为39.86%。矿石中的大部分铝以独立矿物的形式存在。

某含铁铜尾矿回收微细粒弱磁性铁试验研究

某铜尾矿中含铁29.38%,经工艺矿物学研究发现,这些铁主要赋存在赤铁矿和褐铁矿中,它们粒度细小,磁性较弱,且部分铁矿物嵌布关系复杂。为了经济有效地回收这些铁矿物,并针对该类含铁矿物回收过程中存在的回收率低、精矿品位低的难题,进行了选矿试验研究。试验结果表明:在粗选磁感应强度为1.6 T,粗精矿磨矿细度为-0.074 mm78%,精选磁感应强度为1.0 T的条件下,采用强磁粗选—粗精矿再磨再选工艺流程,可获得铁品位为60.01%,铁回收率为36.10%的铁精矿,实现了该尾矿的资源化再利用。

褐铁矿型和蛇纹石型红土镍矿提取镍钴的工艺研究

红土镍矿成分复杂,镍与钴的含量较低,主要类型有褐铁矿型和蛇纹石型。试验采用不同工艺对两种红土镍矿进行浸出,从而提取镍和钴。褐铁矿型红土镍矿采用拌酸熟化-水浸工艺进行处理。试验结果表明,当硫酸和红土镍矿的质量比为1.84时,镍与钴的浸出率均超过97%,酸度越高,镍与钴的浸出率也越高;不管是先拌酸熟化再浸出,还是直接浆化加酸浸出,对镍与钴的浸出率影响不明显;在浸出过程中,添加还原剂,可使钴浸出率超过96%,还原剂的加入有利于钴的浸出,但对镍的浸出影响不大。蛇纹石型红土镍矿则采用常压预浸-加压浸出工艺进行处理。试验结果表明,当总酸矿比为0.53~0.58 t/t矿时,镍与钴的浸出率均超过74%,加压浸出液的铁含量约为5 g/L,残酸含量为15~21 g/L。

河南卢氏地区黑色岩系沉积型褐铁矿及其伴生钼锌组分的工业价值探讨

沉积型铁矿床以赤铁矿和磁铁矿为主,罕见沉积型褐铁矿床。黑色岩系中富集Mo、Ni、V、PGE实例较多,但黑色岩系中发现有沉积型褐铁矿床的报道少见,更未见沉积型褐铁矿床中有Mo、Zn矿化的报道。河南卢氏地区震旦系东坡组黑色岩系中发育有褐铁矿化,并伴生有钼、锌元素大规模高强度异常,前人认为是“铁帽”,深部有找寻大型硫化物原生矿床的潜力。通过对铁矿床含矿建造的重新厘定和成矿环境的恢复,以及对成矿物质来源的示踪,达到了对成矿过程的精细研究,认为区内铁矿化原始成矿方式为沉积成矿,主要以褐铁矿形式沉积,赤铁矿次之,后期强烈的构造变形使矿体遭受强烈的风化淋滤改造,致使矿床成因信息受到掩盖,是“假铁帽”。钼、锌元素以离子形式被铁质胶体和有机质吸附、携载迁移,在特定部位共同卸载沉淀,无独立的钼、锌矿物产出,没有工业价值。

Microwave pretreatment for enhanced selective nitric acid pressure leaching of limonitic laterite

As clean energy,the microwave is commonly used to pretreat various ores.In this work,the microwave dielectric properties of limonitic laterite ore were measured by resonant cavity perturbation technique and the effects from microwave were systematically investigated.Results indicated that limonitic laterite had high microwave absorbance.After microwave pretreatment,the microstructure of the laterite became less aggregated and more porous and the main phase transformed from goethite to hematite that improved leaching in nitric acid(1.2 kg HNO3/kg ore);Ni,Co,Fe,and Mg extraction ratios were 95.2%,98.1%,1.8%and 15%,respectively,after leaching for 60 min at 200°C and 500 r/min.Furthermore,in the process of goethite to hematite by microwave pretreatment,the nickel-containing mineral is activated,which makes nickel be leached easily.The leaching process has high Ni extraction ratio compared to that without microwave(82%)and conventional pretreatment(90.4%).Therefore,microwave pretreatment of limonitic laterite before nitric acid pressure leaching is an effective way to improve the selectivity and extraction of the leach.

Preparation and performance of a cold gas dynamic sprayed high-aluminum bronze coating

By mixing preheated high-aluminum bronze powders with different amounts of Al_2O_3 powder, a low-pressure cold-sprayed coating was prepared and sprayed onto a Cr12MoV steel substrate. The hardness of the coating and the bonding strength between the coating and the substrate were tested with a HV-1000 microhardness tester and a mechanical universal testing machine. The surface microstructure, cross-section and tensile fracture surface of the coating were observed with a scanning electron microscope(SEM). Correspondingly, the influences of the preheat treatment temperature of the bronze powder and the Al_2O_3 content on the coating performance were investigated. The results indicate that the hardness of bronze powders decreased and the coating deposition rate increased after the preheating treatment of the bronze powder. The Al_2O_3 content in the mixed powders contributed to the deformation of bronze powders during the spraying process. This trend resulted in varied performance of the coating.