Mintal Group's High-carbon Ferrochrome 350,000-ton Project Phase Ⅲ Starts Construction

Recently,Mintal Group commenced construction of a stainless steel base materials project with an annual output of 350,000 tons,marking that the Phase I base material project for the supply of basic raw materials for the Mintal’s stainless steel production enters into the implementation phase.This project is also known as Mintal’s high-carbon ferrochrome project phase III with an investment of 900million yuan and occupying an area of 300 mu.

Assessment of Reusing Ferrochrome Slag Wastes in Mortar as SCMs

The demand for alternative cementitious materials is on the rise,as the cement causes huge energy consumption and produces greenhouse gas emission.Additionally,there is economic potential for the construction industry to reuse wastes as supplementary building materials.The purpose of this study is to evaluate the potential of utilizing ferrochrome slag wastes in mortar as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs),thereby achieving this double-sided goal.Thus,the mechanical and physical properties of ferrochrome slag wastes were investigated to be used as admixtures in concrete production.Three different cement mortar specimens were prepared by replacing cement with ferrochrome slag in ratios of 0,30%,and 60% by mass and flexural and compressive strengths of the specimens were determined at the ages of 7,28,56,90,and 180 days.Also,the effects of the ferrochrome slag replacement ratio on workability,setting time and volume expansion were revealed.Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were also investigated to study the microstructural properties of the specimens containing ferrochrome slag.Based on the results,it is concluded that ferrochrome slag wastes have pozzolanic activity,therefore reusing them as SCMs in the cement and concrete industry is convenient.

Research of green cement clinker calcinated from ferrochrome slag

Ferrochrome slag is a kind of industrial waste containing Cr\+\{6+\} and is produced in the process of silico ferrochrome smelting. On the basis of analyzing the chemical composition and mineral composition of ferrochrome slag, this paper has put forward a technology of green portland cement clinker calcinated from ferrochrome slag. In the experiment, physical chemical changes of cement clinker in the burning process of ferrochrome slag were investigated. The effects of calcinating temperature and clinker cooling rate on the solubility value of Cr\+\{6+\} were analyzed. The results indicated that when the calcinating temperature is above 1450℃, and the cooling rate is beyond 120 ℃/min, Cr\+\{6+\} in cement clinker is almost insoluble.

A novel method to produce potassium chromate from carbon ferrochrome

The oxidizing roasting of carbon ferrochrome in the presence of potassium carbonate and air was investigated. The effects of reaction temperature, reaction time, ratio of alkali-to-ore were studied, together with a discussion of the thermodynamics and macro kinetics. It is observed that the reaction temperature and reaction time have significant influence on the roasting reaction. The reaction mechanism changes greatly as the temperature varies. A two-stage roasting process is favorable for the roasting reaction, and a recovery ratio of 96.51% is obtained through this two-stage roasting method. The chromium residue yielded from this method is quite little, only one third of the product. Moreover, the component of Fe in the residue is as high as 54.28%. Therefore, it can be easily recovered to produce sponge iron, realizing zero-emission of chromium residue.

Effects of Different Calcining Temperatures on the Properties of Ceramsite Prepared by High-carbon Gasification Slag

The structure and characteristics of high-performance lightweight aggregates produced by high-carbon gasification slag were investigated by X-ray diffraction,scanning electron microscopy,thermogravimetry/differential thermogravimetr,differential scanning calorimetry-Fourier transform infrared,and mercury intrusion porosimetry,respectively.The experimental results show that the ceramsite undergoes two weightless stages in the calcining process.With the increase in the calcining temperature,a large number of pores are formed inside the ceramsite,its structure becomes denser,but the calcining temperature band of the ceramsite becomes narrow.The crystalline phase of the ceramsite changes at different calcining temperatures and the mineral phase changes from the earlieralbite,quartz,oligoclase,hematite,etc,to a silica-aluminum-rich glass phase.The 1130℃ is a more suitable calcining temperature,and the cylinder compressive strength of ceramics is 11.59 MPa,the packing density,apparent density,porosity,and water absorption are 939.11 kg/m^(3),1643.75 kg/m^(3),28.11%,and 10.35%,respectively,which can meet the standards for high-strength lightweight aggregates.

有机酸-硫化零价铁处理高浓度含铬废液及铬铁资源化的研究

针对含铬废液净化污泥杂质含量高、铬含量低导致铬回收难的问题,以有机酸-硫化零价铁为铬废液净化剂,在高效去除废液中铬的同时,可净化污泥并直接制备铬铁合金。通过考察零价铁硫化程度、初始废液pH值、不同有机酸摩尔比、硫化零价铁用量等影响因素对废液铬净化与污泥铬富集的影响,探索铬污泥直接制备铬铁合金工艺。研究显示,采用有机酸-硫化零价铁协同处理后,废液总铬质量浓度可由5 324.1 mg/L降低至4.30 mg/L,与未改性零价铁技术相比,铬净化去除率由65.45%提高至99.92%。净化污泥铬铁元素平均质量分数大于46%,在1 500℃,氩气保护气氛下,添加质量分数为30%碳粉即可成功制备铬铁合金。铬铁合金产物中铬铁元素分布均匀,杂质含量较少。XRD分析显示,硫化零价铁的掺入质量增大可降低合金产品中杂相的生成。研究方法为冶金、化工等行业含铬废液的高效净化及资源化处理提供了一条新路径。

高碳铬铁冶炼过程影响因素的研究进展

本文通过总结国内外相关文献,认为影响高碳铬铁冶炼的主要因素为炉料的物理性能、化学性能和化学成分,且炉料的物理性能和化学性能受炉料的化学成分影响。同时,阐述了MgO、Al_(2)O_(3)、SiO_(2)、CaO和碳质还原剂等化学成分对高碳铬铁冶炼的影响,其中碳质还原剂对炉料的电阻率起决定作用;MgO、Al_(2)O_(3)和SiO_(2)等则更多影响冶炼时的熔化性、熔点和黏度等参数。本文还分析了各化学成分对铬铁矿还原的影响,其中Fe、FeO、Fe_(3)O_(4)、SiO_(2)、CaO、NaOH以及硼酸盐等在一定程度上能促进铬铁矿的还原,而MgO则会抑制铬铁矿的还原。此外,归纳总结了镁铝比和炉渣碱度对高碳铬铁冶炼的影响,将镁铝比控制在1.3~1.9,炉渣碱度不超过1.4,可以达到降低冶炼电耗、焦耗和提高铬回收率的效果。

高碳铬铁渣稀浆封层路用性能研究

为解决高碳铬铁渣堆存及开采石料造成的环境污染和破坏问题,以高碳铬铁渣作为集料,分别以不同粒径替代稀浆封层混合料中玄武岩,通过车辙试验、湿轮磨耗试验、冻融劈裂试验、低温弯曲试验、摆式仪测定路面摩擦系数试验对稀浆封层混合料的抗车辙性能、抗水损害性能、低温抗裂性能及抗滑能力进行评价。结果表明:将高碳铬铁渣作为集料替代玄武岩,可明显地提高稀浆混合料的抗车辙性能、低温性能及抗滑能力,4.75 mm~9.5 mm粒径的铬铁渣影响最为显著;铬铁渣的掺入会降低稀浆混合料的抗水损害能力,随着铬铁渣代替量的增加而降低,高碳铬铁渣在稀浆封层中具有一定的适用性。

复掺矿物掺合料对磷酸镁水泥性能的影响

采用重烧氧化镁、磷酸二氢钾制备磷酸镁水泥,在其中复掺适量的粉煤灰和微碳铬铁粉渣,研究了两种矿物掺合料对磷酸镁水泥工作性能、抗压强度、粘结强度、耐水性能的影响,探究其微观的组分与结构。研究结果表明:掺入矿物掺合料可以有效改善其工作性能,加快磷酸镁水泥早期抗压强度的发展且有利于提高后期强度,增强磷酸镁水泥的粘结强度,同时对MPC材料耐水性的提高起到较大作用。

Spheroidization process in large-deformed high-carbon steel

In this study,the spheroidization process of large-deformed steel under various conditions was researched.Steel with a high carbon content （1.0％ C） was first treated thermomechanically using multipass rolling.Then it underwent spheroidization treatments at different heating temperatures,using various heating times and cooling rates.Spheroidization processes with a lower heating temperature,shorter heating time,or faster cooling rate than those of the traditional process all showed good results,indicating that the spheroidization process was promoted significantly by the large deformation process.Grain refinement and fragmentation of cementite,along with the large deformation process,promoted this spheroidization process.

Effect of RE-Modifier on Microstructure and Mechanical Property of High-Carbon Medium-Manganese Steel

The effect of RE-modifier on the microstructure and mechanical properties of high carbon-medium manganese steel has been investigated in present work.The results showed that the RE-modifier can refine the crystalline grain of high-carbon medium-manganese steel.The shape and distribution of carbides are improved and the columnar grains and phosphide in grain boundary are eliminated.Consequently,the impact toughness of the steel is increased by more than one time,compared with no addition of RE-modifier.

Patenting of hot-rolled high-carbon steel and its applications

The patenting process of three hot-rolled steels with carbon mass contents of 0.70%-0. 90% was studied. The effect of the quenching temperature on the cementite lamellar distance in the steel was evaluated on the basis of microstructural characterization and mechanical property tests. The patenting treatment of high-carbon hot- rolled strip and its application in springs were discussed.

Investigation of longitudinal surface cracks in a continuous casting slab of high-carbon steel

Based on a series of related investigations, a mechanism for the formation of longitudinal surface cracks on a continuous casting slab of high-carbon steel was investigated. High-temperature tensile tests performed on slab samples,metallographic and scanning electron microscopy studies, as well as heat flux and shell thickness in continuous casting predicted on the basis of a mathematical model were conducted. The results showed that high- carbon steel exhibited a much lower liquidus temperature and a wider brittle temperature range immediately after solidification compared with those of low-carbon steel. Concentrations of elements K and Na, which are contained in the mold fluxes, were not observed in the cracks during this study. The calculated results showed that the heat flux and the shell thickness were uneven along the mold width and that the shell was thinner and close to the center line of the slab surface. The longitudinal cracks were observed in situ using confocal laser scanning microscopy, to first occur close to the solidification front,where the ductility was extremely low;in addition ,the shell growth was slower than in other regions, which led to a thinner shell and depressed shrinkage owing to a lack of lubrication by the mold fluxes below the meniscus. Furthermore, the pouring temperature of high-carbon steel is - 100 ~C lower than that of low-carbon steel,so the formation of a stable liquid flux near the meniscus within a short time at the beginning of casting is difficult. The amounts of liquid slag film and crystalline slag film were insufficient to provide adequate lubrication between the shell and the mold, which resulted in greater friction force that induced or aggravated cracks. Therefore, the homogeneity of mold fluxes and initial solidification in the mold should be improved to reduce the concentration of slab surface defects.

Structures and Properties of High-Carbon High Speed Steel by RE-Mg-Ti Compound Modification

The effects of rare earths(RE)-Mg-Ti compound modification on the structures and properties of high-carbon high speed steel(HSS) were researched.The impact toughness(α_k),the fracture toughness(K_(1c))and threshold of fatigue crack growth(ΔK_(th))are tested.The thermal fatigue test is done on a self-straining thermal fatigue tester,the wear test is done on a high temperature wear test machine.The results show that the matrix can be refined by the RE-Mg-Ti compound modification,the eutectic carbides are inclined to spheroidicize and are distributed evenly,the morphology and distribution of eutectic carbides are improved by appropriate RE-Mg-Ti complex modification.After RE-Mg-Ti compound modification,a little effects can be found on the strength,hardness and red hardness,but the fracture toughness(K_(1c)) and threshold of fatigue crack growth(△K_(th)) are improved in the meantime,the impact toughness (α_k) is increased by over one time,and the resistance to thermal fatigue and wear resistance at an elevated temperature are remarkably improved.

Can the low-carbon city pilot policy promote the upgrading of high-carbon emitting enterprises? Evidence from China

As a crucial environmental reform system to realize“carbon peaking”and“carbon neutrality”,the pilot policy of low-carbon cities(LCCs)puts pressure and challenges on high-carbon emitting enterprises(HCEEs)while providing opportunities for these firms to take the path of independent transformation.Employing the data of Chinese listed enterprises from 2006 to 2016 and adopting a difference-in-differences(DID)model,we evaluated the impact of LCC construction on the upgrading of HCEEs and its mechanisms.The results indicate that LCC construction enhances the upgrading of HCEEs in the pilot cities.The conclusions remain stable after a series of robustness tests.The mechanism analysis reveals that LCC construction triggers the upgrading of HCEEs by promoting resource allocation efficiency,R&D investment,and green technology innovation.The heterogeneity results indicate that this positive effect is more pronounced for HCEEs in regions with more stringent environmental law enforcement.This study also observes that the upgrading impact is more promi‐nent for state-owned enterprises,enterprises with higher bargaining power,and enterprises whose managers have a long-term vision.The above results provide directions for upgrading HCEEs and replicable evidence for cities in developing economies to fulfill the win-win target of environmental protection and economic transfor‐mation.

铬铁矿电炉冶炼高碳铬铁现状与发展趋势

介绍了铬铁矿电炉法冶炼生产高碳铬铁现状及未来发展方向。当前全球范围内高碳铬铁的冶炼方式以电炉冶炼为主,可将冶炼方式分为开放式/半封闭式交流埋弧炉冶炼、封闭式交流埋弧炉冶炼、预还原-封闭式交流埋弧炉冶炼、开放式直流明弧炉冶炼。随着电炉容量扩大,允许配入的粉矿占比越来越小,需要对炉料进行造块预处理,方法包括烧结、球团、压团。此外铬铁矿中铬还原温度高,渣系熔化温度高,冶炼过程中能耗高、碳排放高。未来高碳铬铁生产需要从炉料清洁制备、炉渣制度优化及冶炼技术研究等方面开展研究。

高碳铬铁盐酸浸出过程工艺及动力学

传统铬盐行业生产过程中铬的价态需经过三价到六价再到三价的转化。六价铬的高毒性导致铬成为国家重点防控的重金属。铬盐行业的可持续发展亟需开发避免六价铬产生的新技术,含铬原料的酸浸为可行的途径。本文提出以高碳铬铁合金为原料,盐酸为浸出剂的酸性浸出制备三价铬盐新工艺。浸出后的氯化铬和氯化亚铁可制备出三价铬盐产品,其可作为铁铬液流电池的电解液。本文在对高碳铬铁元素含量、物相组成及形貌等分析的基础上,系统研究了反应温度、盐酸浓度、搅拌速率和反应时间对铬和铁浸出率的影响规律。结果表明,在反应温度100℃、盐酸浓度9mol/L、搅拌速率250r/min、反应时间6h的条件下,铬浸出率为92%,铁浸出率为95%。进一步研究了高碳铬铁在盐酸中浸出的动力学。高碳铬铁的浸出过程符合未反应收缩核模型,铬浸出过程受化学反应控制,表观活化能E_(a)=65.95kJ/mol;铁浸出过程受化学反应控制,表观活化能E_(a)=63.85kJ/mol。

高碳铬铁渣基尖晶石-镁橄榄石高强陶瓷骨料的制备及性能

西部地区的交通运输工程面临着极为复杂的工程地质挑战,而对适合西部深地环境使用的高性能混凝土骨料却鲜有研究。本文以高碳铬铁渣为主要原料,针对西部地区深地高温环境制备尖晶石-镁橄榄石高强陶瓷骨料,研究烧结温度、保温时间对尖晶石-镁橄榄高强陶瓷骨料物理性能、微观结构与晶体相对含量的影响。结果表明,提高烧结温度和保温时间可促进晶体生长发育,有效增强试样的物理性能。在烧结温度为1500℃、保温时间为3 h条件下制备的尖晶石-镁橄榄高强陶瓷骨料的综合性能最优,表观密度为3100 kg/m^(3),吸水率为1.4%,抗压强度为281.1 MPa,高碳铬铁渣的利用率达77.6%(质量分数)。将高强陶瓷骨料混凝土在80℃下养护28 d,其微观结构相比于高碳铬铁渣混凝土和普通骨料混凝土更为密实,界面过渡区得到显著改善,适用于深地高温环境。

高碳铬铁渣砂对混凝土性能的影响

测试分析了高碳铬铁渣作为细骨料时的各项性能指标,研究了不同取代率的高碳铬铁渣砂对混凝土的工作性、力学性能、收缩性能、电通量的影响,并通过SEM分析了其界面过渡区的形貌。结果表明,偏细的高碳铬铁渣,加之表面粗糙多开口孔,需要提高浆体量以保证混凝土拌合物和易性良好;取代量在75%以下时,高碳铬铁渣砂有利于提高混凝土的抗压强度和抗折强度以及抗氯离子渗透性能。掺加高碳铬铁渣砂的干燥收缩类似于普通混凝土。高碳铬铁渣可以部分取代天然砂用来配制混凝土。

铬铁渣集料的特性及其作为绿色混凝土材料的应用综述

铬铁渣(FCS)在从天然矿物中提取铬铁的过程中产生,由于其化学成分、物理性质和机械性能,被用作替代的绿色建筑材料,特别是作为混凝土骨料,引起了人们的兴趣。本文综述FCS的物理、化学和力学特性,探讨FCS作为细骨料和粗骨料在绿色混凝土生产中的利用。研究发现,FCS集料的物理力学性能普遍优于常规集料。然而,在不同的研究中,使用FCS细骨料对混凝土力学性能和耐久性的影响并不一致。此外,应严格评估含FCS混凝土在多种环境条件下的长期安全性和环境相容性。