Novel foaming agent used in preparation process of aluminum foams

The performances of a novel foaming agent used in the preparation process of aluminum foams were investigated, and the effects of some factors, such as addition of the foaming agent, foaming temperature on the porosity, and appearance of aluminum foams were also discussed. Experimental results show that the novel foaming agent has a wide decomposition temperature range and a mild decomposed rate; the foaming agent has the ability to enhance the viscosity of aluminum melt, as a result, an extra viscosifier such as Ca or SiCp is unnecessary while using this foaming agent; the bubble-free zone in material decreases and the foaming effi- ciency increases with the increase of foaming agent; the bubble-free zone disappears and the foaming efficiency is near 100% when the addition of foaming agent is more than 1.4wt%; the porosity of the aluminum foam increases with the increase of foaming agent when the addition of foaming agent is less than 2.2wt%.

Nanoparticle foaming agents for major gas fields in China

The conventional foaming agents have the problems of poor adaptability and high cost during the application in different types of gas fields,especially in high temperature,high salinity,high acidic gas and high condensate oil and gas fields.In this study,the Gemini foaming agent was used as the main agent to enhance foaming and foam stability of the foaming agent,the grafted nanoparticles were used as foam stabilizer to further improve the foam stability,and the characteristic auxiliaries were added to make the foaming agent suitable for different types of gas reservoirs.Two types and six subtypes of nanoparticle foaming agents have been prepared for the main gas fields of China.The experimental evaluation results show that the overall temperature resistance,salinity resistance,H2S resistance,CO2 resistance and condensate resistance of the nanoparticle foaming agents can reach 160℃,250000 mg/L,100 mg/L,100%and 40%,respectively.The new foaming agents have been used in 8685 wells in China.Compared with conventional foaming agent,the average gas flow rate per well increased by 62.48%,the pressure difference(casing-tubing)decreased by 18.9%,and the cost dropped by 45%.The effect of reducing cost and increasing efficiency is obvious.

Synthesis and Application of Novel Triazine-Based Charring-Foaming Agents in Intumescent Flame Retardant Polypropylene

Three novel triazine-based charring-foaming agents (M2-CFA, M4-CFA, and M6-CFA) were synthesized successfully with only water as the solvent and were characterized by FT-IR and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). These three charring-foaming agents and the byproduct 944-by were employed to study the effectiveness of the novel intumescent flame retardant dopant on the fire retardancy of polypropylene(PP) investigated through UL-94 and limiting oxygen index (LOI) tests. TGA results showed that the M4-CFA presented good char formation ability (char residue: 26.8% at 700 °C). It was found that the sample with a 2/1 mass ratio of APP to M4-CFA exhibited the best flame retardancy among all the PP composites: 35.5% LOI and a V-0 rating of UL-94. Additionally, the microstructure and morphology of char residues were further studied by XRD, Raman spectroscopy and SEM. © 2017, Tianjin University and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Experimental assessments of methanol-based foaming agent in latex modified foamed binders and warm asphalt mixtures

Latex is one of the natural rubbers that is used to enhance the performance of asphalt pavement for the last few decades.The presence of latex,which is categorized as an elastomer,helps to improve pavement performance and durability.Conversely,higher viscosity of latex modified asphalt binder increases the production-temperatures of asphalt mixture,thus consuming higher energy during asphalt mixture’s production stage.In this study,the effectiveness of methanol as an energy-efficient foaming agent was assessed to reduce the viscosity and enhance the workability of the modified asphalt binder.The basic and rheological properties of the asphalt binders were determined through multiple laboratory tests including expansion ratio and half-life,rotational viscosity,softening point,torsional recovery,and dynamic shear rheometer.The properties of asphalt mixtures were assessed through the service characteristics,mechanical performance,and moisture resistance criteria.It was found that the presence of latex results in an approximately twofold higher expansion ratio and a lower half-life of the asphalt binder at about the same ratio.Through the rotational viscosity test,the application of methanol into asphalt binder decreased the viscosity and led to better workability,despite the addition of latex as an asphalt modifier.The application of methanol into asphalt binder improved the workability of mixture samples and lowered the compaction energy of the compaction process,which are the crucial criteria for a better mixing and compaction process.Methanol foamed asphalt mixtures with latex show much higher resistance to moisture damage and stiffness than control sample even though they were prepared at a lower temperature.

Synthesis and Performance Evaluation of a Synthetic Based Foaming Agent

The aim of this study was to create a foaming agent and then evaluate its performance.This foaming agent is made up of Sodium lauryl sulfate,Ethanol,Lauryl alcohol and Water.On aeration,the diluted foaming solution produces a stable foam whose properties,density,capacity and drainage were studied.The compressive strength,water absorption and density of foamed concrete were also studied.Test results show that the initial foam density is 104kg/m3 at an optimum dilution ratio of 1:40.Foamed concrete’s density can vary from 450kg/m3 to 1 950bkg/m3 and its compressive strength is in0.5~23 MPa.Compressive strength test results of this foaming agent are higher than those produced with EABASSOC foaming agent.According to ASTM 869-91,this chemical composition qualifies to be used as a foaming agent.

Effects of foaming parameters on microstructure and compressive properties of aluminum foams produced by powder metallurgy method

Semi open-cell aluminum foams having channels between individual cells were produced using low cost CaCO3foamingagent and applying the powder compact melting process.To this end,the aluminum and CaCO3powder mixtures were coldcompacted into dense cylindrical precursors for foaming at specific temperatures under air atmosphere.The effects of severalparameters including precursor compaction pressure,foaming agent content as well as temperature and time of the foaming processon the cell microstructure,linear expansion,relative density and compressive properties were investigated.A uniform distribution ofcells with sizes less than100μm,which form semi open-cell structures with relative densities in the range of55.4%-84.4%,wasobtained.The elevation of compaction pressure between127-318MPa and blowing agent up to15%(mass fraction)led to anincrease in the linear expansion,compressive strength and densification strain.By varying the foaming temperature from800to1000°C,all of the investigated parameters increased except compressive strength and relative density.The results indicated theoptimal foaming temperature and time as900°C and10-25min,respectively.

Preparation of Controllable Cross-Linking Polyethylene Foaming Materials and Their Properties

In order to prepare the polyethylene materials with controlling properties,we developed two kinds of controllable cross-linking polyethylene foaming system.2,5-dimethyl-2,5-bis (tert-butyl peroxy) hexane was used as cross-linking agent and TEMPO as cross-linking inhibitor,azodicarbonamide (AC) was used as foaming agent and citric acid as foaming promoter.The density,expansion ratio,cellular structure and mechanical property of these two kinds of controllable materials were studied.Experimental results show that,properties of these two kinds of materials appear similar trend:cellular size and expansion ratio are enlarged with the amount of cross-linking inhibitor or foaming promoter increasing,while density and mechanical strength appear decreasing trend.Through comparing those two material systems’ properties,cross-linking polyethelene foaming system with citric acid as foaming promoter has better properties.

Application of foam technology for dust control in underground coal mine

In order to effectively control the dust in the underground coal mine,this study proposes and develops a new technology for dust control by foam,and briefly demonstrates the advantage of the foam technology for dust control,such as the good isolation performance,large contact area,high wetting ability,strong adhesion and so on.Besides,the details of the technology are introduced,including the foam agent,foam generator,and foam production process.Then the paper studies the relationship between the foaming agent concentration and liquid surface tension,and explains the principle of the foam generator.The technology is applied in heading face.The application results show that the foam has a remarkable effect on dust control in underground coal mines.

Preparation and Properties of Alkali Activated Foam Cement Reinforced with Polypropylene Fibers

A new form of foam cement was produced by mixing alkali-activated slag,clay,a small amount of polypropylene fibers with prepared foam during stirring.The preparation of the material is quite different from the normal one,which is produced just at room temperature and without baking.The fabrication of this energy-saving and low-price material can be favorable for lowering carbon emission by using recycled industrial wastes.Thermal conductivity of 0.116 W/（m·k）,compressive strength of 3.30 MPa,flexural strength of 0.8 MPa and density of 453 kg/m3 can be achieved after 28 days aging.The hydration product is C-S-H with less Ca（OH）2,calcium aluminum and zeolite,which was characterized by X-ray diffraction（XRD） measurement.This prospective foam cement may be expected to be an excellent economical energy-saving building material.

Alcoholysis of Waste Polyurethane Rigid Foam and Its Modification with Lignin for Recovery

A bi-component alcoholysis agent containing propylene glycol(PG)and ethanolamine(ETA)was used to catalyst the degradation of the waste polyurethane rigid foam.The oligomer polyols obtained through degradation were used as raw materials to produce recycled polyurethane rigid foam composites with lignin as reinforcing filler.The effect of alcoholysis mass ratio on degradation was investigated by analyzing the viscosity,hydroxyl content and chemical structure of the degradation products.The effect of lignin addition on the properties of regenerated polyurethane rigid foam were investigated by analyzing water absorption rate,compressive strength,porosity,thermal stability,thermal conductivity coefficient,morphology and thermal stability of the recycled polyurethane rigid foam.Results show that different mass ration of PG to ETA significantly affects the degradation of waste polyurethane rigid foam.Besides,only with the addition of appropriate amount of lignin,the regenerated polyurethane rigid foam composites can meet the Chinese national standard“rigid polyurethane foam for building thermal insulation”(GB/T21558-2008).At this point,the composite is with good mechanical and thermal prperties,including high compressive strength,excellent thermal insulation performance,complete cell morphology and good thermal stability.

Research and Advances of Silicate Plugging Agent in the Oilfields

The paper overviews the research and application of silicate plugging agent, according to the different mechanisms and application forms, the plugging agent is divided into silicate gel, silicate precipitation, silicate/polymer, silicate/surfactant, silicate gel/foam and so on. This paper chiefly introduces the conception, mechanism and development tendency of the different systems mentioned above. The development tendency manifests as fully utilize personal properties and cooperate with other plugging agents or technologies, including the study of reaction mechanism, combination of plugging agent, grasping water flood timing, developing deep profile control and water shutoff technology, combining with other measures (chemicals huff and puff), in order to play the role of such blocking agents, further enhance oil recovery.

基于分子动力学模拟的矿物基础油泡沫破裂性能研究

润滑油中的泡沫会增加设备间的磨损,减少油品中的泡沫可以有效降低能源消耗。选用四种矿物型基础油的代表性烃类组分构建了泡沫液膜的分子模拟体系,通过分子动力学模拟分析了液膜破裂过程的微观机理,并计算了单组分及混合组分液膜的破裂时间作为液膜稳定性的评价指标。在此基础上,研究了基础油结构与添加剂、抗泡剂的加入对油基泡沫液膜破裂时间的影响。结果显示,在液膜破裂的过程中,初始孔洞的出现,会显著加快液膜破裂进程,在各基础油体系中加入添加剂、抗泡剂后,液膜破裂时间变化与扩散系数的变化一致,符合泡沫破裂的排液机理。提出的研究方法可从分子层面深入分析油基泡沫的稳定性及破裂机理,探索减少润滑油品泡沫的方法。

木质素基发泡剂在硬质聚氨酯发泡中的阻燃性能研究

以自制的木质素基发泡剂、甲基磷酸二甲酯及自制的杂化硅阻燃剂为原料,制备了硬质聚氨酯泡沫(RPUF),并探究木质素基发泡剂对硬质聚氨酯泡沫阻燃性能的影响。结果表明:木质素基发泡剂能降低聚醚黏度,提高物料的流动性,有利于聚氨酯的反应完全。使用木质素基发泡剂制备的硬质聚氨酯泡沫M0.30极限氧指数最高为19.7%,较传统二氯甲烷卤系泡沫(18%)提升了1.7%,这是由于以难燃性的CO_(2)作填充气体发泡提升了RPUF的阻燃性。加入杂化硅、甲基磷酸二甲酯(DMMP)阻燃剂后,RPUF的氧指数进一步提升到26.7%,残炭量提升至19%。M0.30泡沫的压缩强度也高于二氯甲烷卤系发泡泡沫,最高可达409.5 kPa。SEM结果显示,M0.30泡沫内部均匀分布着较小的泡孔结构。

低压气井修井用压井液体系研制与现场应用

通过对自生气试剂、起泡剂以及稳定剂的种类与用量进行优选,形成自生气体系,并应用于膨胀微球压井液,最终形成一套低压气井修井用压井液体系。该体系配方为0.25%~0.5%自生气试剂SJ-4+0.5%~0.75%复合起泡剂+0.5%~0.75%稳泡剂YH-15+膨胀微球压井液,体系密度在0.6~0.8 g/cm 3范围内可调,该压井液体系具有良好的稳定性、储层保护性能。现场试验结果表明:该压井液体系在长庆油田苏东44-62A井和榆46-15井的压井作业中均可实现有效压井作业,且与地层配伍性良好。

利用废岩棉制备高性能泡沫玻璃陶瓷的实验研究

以工业垃圾废岩棉和废玻璃为原料,以CaCO_(3)为发泡剂制备出高强度泡沫玻璃陶瓷。研究了废岩棉和废玻璃的添加量及烧结温度对泡沫玻璃陶瓷材料性能的影响。结果表明:随着废岩棉添加量的增加和烧结温度的提高,熔体黏度会降低,不利于气泡结构的稳定;在废岩棉添加量为40%、750℃烧结温度下得到的样品容重为0.54 g/cm^(3)、孔隙率为62.5%、抗压强度为4.76 MPa;样品主晶相为亚硅酸钙和石英晶相,加入TiO_(2)作为晶核剂后主晶相改变为榍石;TiO_(2)掺量为10%时,在750℃烧结20 min更经济,所得样品容重为0.82 g/cm^(3)、孔隙率为50%、抗压强度为7.76 MPa。

泡沫灭火综合教学实验平台的设计与实践

根据消防工程专业课程实践教学中的灭火实验需求,设计和搭建了泡沫灭火综合教学实验平台,该实验平台由发泡实验平台、析液实验平台、蔓延实验平台、灭火实验平台和抗烧实验平台构成,能够实现泡沫灭火剂的稳定性、蔓延性能、灭火效能和抗烧性能的测试,满足泡沫灭火实验教学要求。通过实验操作与结果分析将理论与实践紧密联系,有助于巩固学生理论知识和增强学生学习兴趣,为培养具有工程实践和科研创新能力的高素质和高质量消防人才发挥积极作用。

无水乙醇、泡沫硬化剂治疗儿童大型静脉畸形的疗效比较

目的探讨无水乙醇、泡沫硬化剂治疗儿童大型静脉畸形的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析60例大型孤立性静脉畸形患儿的临床资料。将先注射无水乙醇再注射泡沫硬化剂作为A组(n=30),先注射泡沫硬化剂再注射无水乙醇作为B组(n=30),对比两组患儿的临床疗效、并发症、注射次数及无水乙醇用量等。结果A、B两组的总有效率均为100%。A组显著有效率为63.33%(19/30),B组显著有效率为90%(27/30),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。无水乙醇用量A组为(10.30±3.19)mL,B组为(6.73±2.06)mL;注射次数A组为(3.57±1.01)次,B组为(2.63±0.61)次,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。两组均无严重并发症发生,水疱发生率A组30%(9/30),B组为6.67%(2/30),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论无水乙醇、泡沫硬化剂联合应用治疗儿童大型静脉畸形,可以增加疗效,减少无水乙醇用量,降低并发症;尤其先注射泡沫硬化剂再注射无水乙醇疗效更佳。

无氟泡沫灭火剂真火实验与分子动力学模拟

针对低碳醇调控碳氢和有机硅表面活性剂制备无氟泡沫灭火剂路线的广泛适用性以及小尺度灭火实验评价灭火效果的局限性,选取一种新型有机硅表面活性剂SILOK与两类碳氢表面活性剂CHX-3和SDS为关键组分,开展无氟泡沫灭火剂的复配方案设计、泡沫性能测试、真火灭火实验和分子动力学模拟。测试结果表明:CHX-3/SILOK/异丁醇和SDS/SILOK/异丁醇两类复配体系5种复配方案的无氟泡沫灭火剂均具有良好的泡沫基础性能,设计方案的表面张力为20.3~22.7 mN/m,稳泡系数为0.9617~0.9762,25%析液时间为203~238 s。相对来说,CHX-3/SILOK/异丁醇的质量分数为0.48%/0.1%/0.03%的Case5配方具有更加优良的泡沫基础性能,表面张力低,发泡性和稳泡性能良好。真火灭火实验证明:CHX-3/SILOK/异丁醇体系的Case5方案,90%控火时间仅为42 s;灭火时间最短,仅为49 s;平均灭火降温速率最大,达到了7.59℃/s。通过分子动力学模拟研究了复配体系的氢键和扩散系数,阐明了CHX-3和SDS对泡沫稳定性和表面张力的影响规律。研究成果能够为无氟泡沫灭火剂的开发、应用和推广提供数据支持和理论支撑。

定量核磁共振波谱法快速测定灭火剂材料中全氟辛烷磺酰基化合物

泡沫灭火剂中全氟辛烷磺酰基化合物(PFOS)的使用受到严格管控.针对灭火剂中PFOS快速测定的需求,建立了基于19F的定量核磁共振波谱(qNMR)检测方法.方法以全氟丁基磺酸钾为标准物质,通过计算全氟丁基磺酸钾的-CF3在化学位移δ-78.94处19F特征峰和PFOS的-CF2在化学位移δ-117.12处19F特征峰的积分面积比值,进而实现PFOS定量分析.经测试,全氟丁基磺酸钾百分含量与定量峰面积线性相关系数为0.9955,检出限为0.024%,定量限为0.080%.8种灭火剂产品的定性测定结果与实际标注情况相吻合,其中4种泡沫灭火剂产品中PFOS含量在0.106%~1.339%之间.研究结果表明,方法受基质干扰小、检测速度快、灵敏度高,可为泡沫灭火剂中PFOS的管控提供可靠的检测方法与数据支撑.

黑龙江某鳞片石墨矿新型药剂浮选试验研究

针对黑龙江某鳞片石墨矿特点,开发了新型高效浮选药剂并进行了浮选试验研究。结果表明,以新型药剂CYM-11为捕收剂、CYQ-01为起泡剂,经8次再磨、9次精选闭路浮选,可获得固定碳含量(质量分数)96.63%、回收率95.69%的石墨精矿产品,其中+0.15 mm粒级产率11.38%、固定碳含量(质量分数)96.04%,大鳞片石墨在选矿过程中得到较好保护。