Finite element numerical simulation of 2.5D direct current method based on mesh refinement and recoarsement

To deal with the problem of low computational precision at the nodes near the source and satisfy the requirements for computational efficiency in inversion imaging and finite-element numerical simulations of the direct current method, we propose a new mesh refinement and recoarsement method for a two-dimensional point source. We introduce the mesh refinement and mesh recoarsement into the traditional structured mesh subdivision. By refining the horizontal grids, the singularity owing to the point source is minimized and the topography is simulated. By recoarsening the horizontal grids, the number of grid cells is reduced significantly and computational efficiency is improved. Model tests show that the proposed method solves the singularity problem and reduces the number of grid cells by 80% compared to the uniform grid refinement.

Multiple linear system techniques for 3D finite element method modeling of direct current resistivity

The strategies that minimize the overall solution time of multiple linear systems in 3D finite element method (FEM) modeling of direct current (DC) resistivity were discussed. A global stiff matrix is assembled and stored in two parts separately. One part is associated with the volume integral and the other is associated with the subsurface boundary integral. The equivalent multiple linear systems with closer right-hand sides than the original systems were constructed. A recycling Krylov subspace technique was employed to solve the multiple linear systems. The solution of the seed system was used as an initial guess for the subsequent systems. The results of two numerical experiments show that the improved algorithm reduces the iterations and CPU time by almost 50%, compared with the classical preconditioned conjugate gradient method.

On-line Measurement for Ohmic Resistance in Direct Methanol Fuel Cell by Current Interruption Method

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is widely used in fuel cell impedance analysis. However, for ohmic resistance (R Ω), EIS has some disadvantages such as long test period and complex data analysis with equivalent circuits. Therefore, the current interruption method is explored to measure the value of RΩ in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC) at different temperatures and current densities. It is found that RΩ decreases as temperature increase, and decreases initially and then increases as current density increases. These results are consistent with those measured by the EIS technique. In most cases, the ohmic resistances with current interruption (R iR ) are larger than those with EIS (R EIS ), but the difference is small, in the range from –0.848% to 5.337%. The errors of R iR at high current densities are less than those of R EIS . Our results show that the R iR data are reliable and easy to obtain in the measurement of ohmic resistance in DMFC.

Clay Minerals Channels Identification in the Tindikala-Boutou Area (Eastern-Cameroon) along the Kadey River Using Direct Current (DC) Method

To achieve the current study, geoelectrical surveys along six (06) profiles of 4 km long in a 100 m × 200 m grid defined according to the triangulation principle in the Tindikala-Boutou (Eastern-Cameroon) area along the Kadey River have been made through electrical sounding and profiling following Schlumberger array. The instrument is the resistive meter Syscal Junior 48 (IRIS Instrument). The data have been processed and modelled with Res2Dinv and Winsev softwares, and then interpolated with Surfer software. Investigation method used is the Direct Current (DC) method. Interpretations and analyses of results from the investigation method highlight weak zones or conductive discontinuities. The latter has been identified as shear zones within granitic structures of the Precambrian basement, according to the geologic and tectonic background of the area. The structural trend of these shear zones is E-W approximately. The mineralization characterized by conductive zones proves the presence of clay minerals disseminated in weathered quartz vein, which cross the shear zones. The intense activities of gold washers encountered in the studied area are able to attest the presence of clay minerals concentrations.

Evidence of Iron Mineralization Channels in the Messondo Area (Centre-Cameroon) Using Geoelectrical (DC &IP) Methods: A Case Study

A geophysical survey was conducted in the Kelle-Bidjocka village, Messondo subdivision, in the Centre Region, Cameroon. The data acquisition was made by combining Schlumberger profiling and electrical soundings along six (06) profiles of 1500 m in length for a total of 64 geoelectrical stations’ survey conducted through a variable mesh 100 m × 200 m, or 100 m × 300 m. The equipment used is the DC resistivimeter Syscal Junior 48 (Iris Instrument). Processing and modelling of field data are made by using the Res2Dinv, Qwseln and Surfer software. The investigation methods used are electrical resistivity (DC) and induced polarization (IP) methods. The analyses and interpretations have helped to highlight areas of weakness or conductive discontinuities (fractures, faults, shear zones, etc.) in Precambrian gneiss formations, sometimes undergoing weathering processes. They identify the weathering or mineralogical accumulation horizons, the most promising is a mineralization channel identified in the NE-SW direction. The highlighted mineralization is characterized by strong gradients of chargeability or polarization. Samples and other geological evidences observed in the area are used to associate the most polarizable structures with ferriferous formations. Weakly polarizable and particularly conductive backgrounds identified by the inverse pseudo-sections are thought to be sulphate minerals or groundwater targets for future hydrogeological studies.

Gold Mineralization Channels Identification in the Tindikala-Boutou Area (Eastern-Cameroon) Using Geoelectrical (DC &IP) Methods: A Case Study

To achieve the current study, geoelectrical surveys along six (06) profiles of 4 km long in a 100 m × 200 m grid defined according to the triangulation principle in the Ngoura area (Tindikala-Boutou villages) have been made through electrical sounding and profiling following Schlumberger array. The instrument is the resistivimeter Syscal Junior 48 (IRIS Instrument) which uses the electrical current. The data have been processed and modelled with Res2Dinv and Winsev softwares then interpolated with Surfer software. Electrical methods used are the Direct current (DC) and the Induced Polarization (IP). Interpretation and analyses of results from each investigation method highlight weak zones or conductive discontinuities and mineralized zones. Conductive zones have been identified as shear zones within granitic structures of the Precambrian basement, according to the geologic and tectonic background of the area. The structural trend of these shear zones is E-W. The mineralization within it is N-S and characterized by high values of chargeability, essentially in the eastern part of the area under study. This mineralization proves the presence of metalliferous or sulphide heaps disseminated in weathered quartz veins which cross shear zones. Also, the poor mineralization and conductive structures in shear zones characterize the groundwater zones. The intense activities of gold washers encountered in the area enable to link that mineralization to gold within quartz veins. The near surface gold mineralization is eluvial or alluvial, and in depth this mineralization is primary.

Combined Geoelectrical Approach DC and IP Methods in the Identification of the Mineralized Bodies Parallel to the NE-SW Tectonic Line of Kadei River: Case of Quartz or Pegmatite Gold Bearing Veins of Ngoura Subdivision (East Cameroon)

A geophysical investigation of subsurface structures using the Syscal Junior 48 resistivity-meter was conducted in Ngoura subdivision (East Cameroon) following a combined geoelectrical direct current (DC) approach involving Resistivity and IP methods. This investigation was allowed to collect data on forty-five (45) profiling lines at three acquisition levels (AB = 100 m, MN = 10 m;AB = 200 m, MN = 20 m and AB = 500 m, MN = 50 m) and two electric panels L1 and L4, using the Schlumberger array. Processing, modeling and interpretation of data collected using the Winsev, Res2Dinv and Surfer software helped in highlighting a conductive and strongly mineralized discontinuity in granite formations, which lined up with the NE-SW Kadei tectonic line. It extends beyond 100 m depth over an average width of 600 m. The mineralization associated with this discontinuity is identified by a high concentration of disseminated metalliferous minerals in quartz or pegmatite veins. The mining reconnaissance works in the study area and those of several authors have characterized this anomaly to a lode gold quartz or large pegmatite. The results of this study correlate with geological and tectonic data for the region marked by NE-SW Kadei tectonic line. Therefore, they confirm the reliability of a geoelectrical DC investigation method combining Resistivity and IP to the identification of ore bodies.

基于七阶NR法与Broyden方法的柔性直流系统潮流新算法

目的 为了解决当前柔性直流输电系统潮流算法求解效率低的问题,方法 首先提出基于七阶NR法的潮流算法,该算法相较于传统的潮流算法具有更高的收敛阶数,可以有效减少迭代次数,提高算法效率;其次,针对七阶NR法单步迭代计算量大的问题,提出基于七阶NR法与Broyden方法的改进算法,利用七阶NR法突出的收敛特性,减少迭代次数,同时保留Broyden方法单步迭代计算成本较低的优势,避免浪费计算能力,使计算效率得到较大提升;最后提出一种经验法则,以确定改进算法中高阶NR法的迭代次数。结果 使用经典和改进算法对修改后的IEEE标准算例进行仿真测试,结果表明:与经典NR法相比,交流和直流的改进算法潮流计算结果最大误差分别为1×10^(-8)和2×10^(-8);平均计算时间方面,在IEEE-14、IEEE-30、IEEE-57、IEEE-118共4种算例系统下,改进算法的平均计算时间比经典NR法的减少了约61%;当算例系统由双端变为三端和双馈入后,改进算法的迭代次数保持不变,计算时间分别增加0.352 ms和0.636 ms;在重负荷情况下,改进算法的计算效率最高,且预设迭代次数较简单,当负荷值达到2.992时,其计算时间仅为经典NR法的60%。结论 本文的改进算法具有与经典NR法相同的精确性,但在计算速度方面更有优势,且更有利于在重负荷等极端情况下使用。

基于直流电位降法的缺陷区域多探针检测

油气管道在服役过程中由于制造过程、环境复杂等因素容易产生缺陷,造成管道破裂等事故,因此对管道的无损检测具有重要意义。通过直流电位降法研究裂纹缺陷对电位场的影响规律,建立了多探针缺陷检测方法。首先采用有限元法对含有缺陷的平板试样进行电位分析,缺陷区域的电位差明显高于无缺陷区域,通过多探针的检测范围对试样区域进行划分后,提出了多探针缺陷区域检测方法。检测到区域存在缺陷后,对缺陷影响因子k进行计算,无缺陷区域k值基本在0.8~1.2之间,而缺陷周围的k值都超过了2,根据k值的分布可以得到缺陷的大致位置和尺寸。并搭建了多探针检测试验平台进行试验,结果表明,缺陷附近的电势差显著高于其他区域,与有限元结果相符。缺陷区域电势差明显高于其他区域,无缺陷区域k值在0.75~1.2之间,缺陷区域k值基本大于1.5。通过k值分布对缺陷位置和尺寸进行分析,与实际尺寸相差在3~5 mm左右。

考虑多馈入系统无功电压特性的同时换相失败评估方法

针对目前基于多馈入相互作用因子(multi-infeed interaction factor,MIIF)同时换相失败评估准确度不足的问题,首先阐明了多馈入高压直流系统中交流系统故障后暂态无功功率的作用机理,揭示了无功功率和电压之间复杂的相互作用对MIIF的显著影响。其次,提出了一种考虑到无功功率和电压相互作用的改进MIIF因子,用于衡量多馈入直流系统之间的相互作用,分别计算了交直流系统间无功功率不平衡引起的电压降和直流换流站间无功功率传输引起的电压变化。然后,基于最小关断角定理,综合考虑了暂态无功功率和电压特性的影响,提出了临界同时换相失败因子(critical simultaneous commutation failure factor,CSCFF)及其计算表达式。通过比较MIIF和CSCFF,提出了一种同时换相失败评估方法,在评估同时换相失败时具有更高的准确性。最后,利用PSCAD/EMTDC平台构建了双馈入和三馈入高压直流仿真模型,验证了所提方法在不同故障类型、耦合阻抗和故障严重程度下的有效性和适用性。

基于对称分量法的调相机定子故障特征分析

传统同步调相机定子绕组匝间短路故障机理分析方法通常认为电机定子电流接近三相对称,并以此为基础建立同步调相机故障电流的数学表征。但是,一旦发生定子绕组匝间短路故障,同步调相机三相定子电流的对称性将遭到破坏,使得传统故障机理分析方法所建立的数学表征无法准确反映电机内部电气量的变化。文中通过引入对称分量法,建立故障后同步调相机瞬时有功/无功功率的数学模型,提出利用瞬时有功/无功功率中的2次谐波进行定子绕组匝间短路故障诊断。仿真和实验的结果表明:相较于利用定子电流3次谐波与基波幅值之比诊断故障的传统方法,文中方法在轻微故障状态下能提高至少7倍的诊断灵敏度,更易完成早期故障诊断。同时,所提方法中的故障特征量不受同步调相机工况和故障位置的影响,具有强鲁棒性。

超宽工作面三维电法数据特征研究及应用

超宽工作面的构建有助于推动煤炭资源的安全、高效开采。然而,受巷道空间、施工条件的限制,常规矿井地球物理的探测深度有限,无法准确获取超宽工作面内部及顶底板一定范围内的地质信息。为了提高超宽工作面底板富水区的探测精度,给实测数据处理及解释提供依据,在总结分析当前矿井地球物理探测技术的基础上,针对可应用于超宽工作面探测的三维直流电阻率法,结合河南永城某煤矿21106工作面底板灰岩水的赋存特征,采用理论分析、数值模拟和实测数据相结合的研究方法,系统研究了三维观测和二维观测模式的数据特征和分辨能力。研究结果表明:相较于传统的同侧发射接收二维观测模式,对侧发射接收的三维观测模式对工作面底板低阻体的反应更为灵敏;对侧发射接收三维观测模式所得数据,经过常规视电阻率公式计算后,视电阻率与实际电性有时相反,因此需要采用三维反演方式进行数据处理;对河南永城某煤矿21106工作面观测到的三维模式数据进行了三维反演处理,经井下钻探资料验证了三维观测结果的可靠性。研究结果为二极装置条件的二维观测和三维观测数据解释提供了依据。

特高压直流一次设备运行状态k-means聚类监测仿真

针对特高压直流一次设备运行状态异常可能导致电网运行不稳定的问题,提出特高压直流一次设备运行状态监测方法,并进行仿真分析。首先构建基于能量均衡的动态分簇算法,控制无线传感器网络采集特高压直流一次设备运行状态数据,利用k-means算法动态分簇,通过竞争函数和能量比平衡各簇能量,并在簇中划分节点为不同等级节点,高效采集一次设备运行状态数据。采用改进的稀疏主成分分析法选择采集到的一次设备运行状态数据关键特征,最后将特征选择后运行状态数据输入至训练完成的BP神经网络中,实现特高压直流一次设备运行状态监测。实验结果表明:所提方法具有优异的数据采集能力,并且运行状态监测中的PR曲线和ROC曲线更为理想,同时AUC值更高。

担水沟煤矿特厚煤层开采底板导水破坏带深度实测研究

为了研究特厚煤层开采对工作面底板破坏深度的影响,通过在担水沟煤矿9204工作面底板2个观测钻孔,运用直流电法观测分析工作面回采过程中底板岩体视电阻率的变化特征,结合工作面与测点的空间位置关系,得出采动影响下的底板破坏深度,并将其与未考虑煤厚因素影响的统计公式和理论公式的计算值进行比较分析。结果表明,工作面实测底板破坏深度为17.3 m和18.3 m;实测底板最大破坏深度小于统计公式值7.81%~12.90%,大于理论公式值24.81%。探讨其机理认为,相对于工作面斜长、采深等因素,煤厚因素对底板破坏深度影响较低;且工作面底板下17 m赋存有一厚层隔水砂质泥岩,不易产生导水裂缝,降低了底板导水破坏深度。

瞬变电磁法在采空区积水与灰岩富水区探测中的应用

针对米山煤矿二采区15号煤层所面临的上覆水害问题,在开采前为查明上覆3号煤层采空区积水,以及顶板K 5、K 2灰岩富水区。在地质分析与地球物理特征分析基础之上,进行瞬变电磁法探测试验。优选了探测设备、回线装置与探测参数,通过地面瞬变电磁探测,初步圈定了3号煤层采空区积水、顶板K 5与K 2灰岩富水区的分布范围。针对初步圈定的老空水与灰岩水分布范围,利用不同硬件、回线装置与探测参数的瞬变电磁进行浅埋区复测,同时开展不同物探方法的直流电法复测,验证了前期探测成果,确定了7处3号煤层采空区积水与6处灰岩富水区,为下一步安全高效绿色开采提供了技术支撑,值得进一步推广应用。

利用改进MUSIC方法进行洋流方位估计

洋流能够调节全球热量的分布,降低航运成本。以往的洋流方位估计方法未对洋流信号源之间的相关性进行完全消除,导致估计效果较差。因此,本文设计了基于改进MUSIC方法的洋流方位估计方法。首先,以采集到的洋流信号为基础,构建洋流阵列信号模型,并对洋流信号进行降噪处理,提高信号数据的质量。然后,为减少洋流信号源之间相关性对估计结果的影响,利用改进MUSIC方法及协方差矩阵,对洋流信号源相关性进行消除,通过计算信号源的相关参数,构建洋流方位估计模型。最后,通过对洋流信号源的转换,实现洋流方位的估计。在仿真试验中,以南海部分海域为试验对象,对不同谱点下估计方法的估计效果进行评价,与以往的洋流方位估计方法相比,设计的基于改进MUSIC方法的洋流方位估计方法精度高达97.2%,应用效果更好。

双参数威布尔分布的变频一体机绝缘检测

针对当前变频一体机绝缘检测工作效率低下、误差较大的问题,提出了在停机工况下使用直流高压泄漏电流法检测绝缘电阻,在运行工况下用双参数威布尔分布模型进行绝缘寿命预测的方法,基于这两种方法设计变频一体机绝缘实时检测系统,实现了对变频一体机绝缘系统的实时检测;采用最小二乘法提高了模型的精度;在硬件方面,选用STM32F103ZET7芯片作为控制核心,对各配置模块进行了选型设计,提高了系统的性能;在软件方面通过编程实现了绝缘检测与寿命预测信号的采集与处理,显示与输出。经实验证明,该系统能够实现实时检测变频一体机绝缘系统,满足了高性能、低功耗的要求,提高了数据的精确性和可靠性,提升了工作效率,保障了变频一体机的安全运行。

基于改进基频调制电流源换流器的高压直流输电系统

主动换相型电流源换流器(current source converter,CSC)是一种新型的电流源换流器,其具有功率密度高,控制灵活,且无换相失败风险等优点,在直流输电领域具有广阔的应用前景。采用脉冲宽度调制的CSC存在直流电压波动大,开关损耗高等问题,不适用于直流输电场景。基频调制的CSC虽然缓解了直流电压波动,但是其仅有一个控制自由度,无法实现有功无功独立控制。针对上述问题,在基频调制CSC的基础上,提出一种适用于高压直流输电的改进型基频调制电流源换流器。首先分析改进基频调制原理和换流器交直流侧谐波特性,并设计直流滤波器;然后,建立系统的数学模型,并提出相应的系统功率控制策略;同时考虑到系统需要向无源网络供电的情况,提出一种无源网络供电控制策略。最后在PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建仿真模型,验证所提调制方法和控制策略的正确性和有效性。

面向低成本轻型化直流耗能装置的滞环控制策略

直流耗能装置是海上风电经柔直并网系统中的重要装备,用于受端电网故障时吸收风场馈入的盈余功率防止系统过压。该文针对模块化多电平换流器(modular multilevel converter,MMC)型和混合型两种工程主流耗能装置技术路线,提出一种通用的直流母线电压滞环控制策略,可显著降低耗能阀内部电容、电阻及绝缘栅双极晶体管(insulated-gate bipolar transistor,IGBT)的电气应力与选型规格参数,实现装备低成本和轻型化设计。建立融合耗能装置的柔直系统直流侧等效数学模型,揭示控制参数对系统暂态过电压和耗能装置热应力的影响机理,给出控制参数的详细设计方法。最后,搭建±250 kV/1 500 MW海上风电并网系统模型验证上述内容的正确性,仿真结果表明,所提控制策略具有良好系统特性,MMC型耗能装置无需额外配置37%的全桥子模块,电容值降低75%;混合型耗能装置内部电阻发热降低97.7%,不再需要水冷散热装置。

功率阶跃型LCC-HVDC频率支撑控制策略

随着大量常规机组被直流馈入和新能源发电替代,系统惯量水平下降,调频资源减少,频率稳定性问题日益突出。基于电网换相型换流器的直流输电(line-commutatedconverterbasedhigh-voltagedirect-current,LCC-HVDC)应用广泛,利用其功率快速调节能力为系统提供支撑是改善频率稳定性问题的有效手段。该文基于功率阶跃型频率控制的基本框架,考虑LCC的出力限制,以出现功率缺额后频率最低点最高为目标建立了LCC-HVDC系统的出力时序优化模型。基于序列二次规划法对优化问题进行求解,确定最佳的LCC附加功率与支撑时间。基于MATLAB/Simulink的仿真验证了所提频率支撑控制策略的有效性。