Variation of the mechanical properties of tungsten heavy alloys tested at different temperatures

The high-temperature mechanical properties of 95W-3.5Ni-1.5Fe and 95W-4.5Ni-0.5Co alloys were investigated in the temperature range of room temperature to1100℃. The yield strength and tensile strengths declined gradually, and the ductility of both alloys increased as the testing temperature was increased to 300℃. All the three properties reached a plateau at temperatures between 300 and 500℃ in the case of 95W-3.5Ni-l.5Fe and at temperatures between 350 and 700℃ in the case of 95W-4.5Ni-0.5Co. Thereafter, the ductility as well as yield and tensile strengths decreased considerably.

Effect of trace tungsten on the microstructure of TiAl alloys containing Nb and B

New TiAl alloys, containing 45 at.% A1, 7 at.% Nb, x at.% W, and 0.15 at.% B （x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.7） were prepared by arc melting and drop casting consequently. Using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, and electron superprobe technologies, the effects of tungsten on the microstructural evolution of the TiA1 alloys, including the colony size and lamellar spacing, were analyzed. It was found that cellular structures and dendrites were formed in the as-cast TiA1 alloys, and heavy metals, such as niobium and tungsten, tend to segregate strongly at the interface of the cellular structures and dendrites. Trace tungsten can effectively impede the grain growth and narrow the interlamellar spacing. 0.4 at.% tungsten is more effective in refuting the microstructure of the TiAI alloys.

COMPUTER NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TUNGSTEN HEAVY ALLOYS

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Ultrafine Grain Tungsten Heavy Alloys with Excellent Performance Prepared by Spark Plasma Sintering

Ultrafine grain tungsten heavy alloys (WHAs) were successfully produced from the nano-crystalline powders using spark plasma sintering.The present study mainly discussed the effects of sintering temperature on the density,microstructure and mechanical properties of the alloys.The relative density of 98.12% was obtained at 1 050 ℃,and the tungsten grain size is about 871 nm.At 1 000 ℃-1 200 ℃,the mechanical properties of the alloys tend to first rise and then goes down.After SPS,the alloy exhibits improved hardness (84.3 HRA at 1 050 ℃) and bending strength (987.16 MPa at 1 100 ℃),due to the ultrafine-grained microstructure.The fracture mode after bending tests is mainly characterized as intergranular or intragranular fracture of W grains,interfacial debonding of W grains-binding phase and ductile tearing of binding phase.The EDS analysis reveals a certain proportion of solid solution between W and Ni-Fe binding phase.The good mechanical properties of the alloys can be attributed to grain refinement and solid solution strengthening.

Fabrication and Characterization of Tungsten Heavy Alloys Using Chemical Reduction and Mechanical Alloying Methods

A novel reduction technique has been developed to synthesize nano-sized tungsten heavy alloys powders and compared with the same powders processed by mechanical alloying technique. In the first method, nano-sized tungsten heavy alloys powders have been obtained by reduction of precursors obtained by spray drying of several appropriate aqueous solutions, which were made from salts containing tungsten, cobalt, and nickel. By adjusting the stoichiometry of the component of the solutions, it is possible to obtain the desired chemical composition of the tungsten heavy alloys powders. In the second method, highly pure elemental powders of tungsten heavy alloys have been mechanically alloyed in a tumbler ball mill for different milling time. The investigated tungsten heavy alloy powders with the composition (95%W-3.5%Ni-1.5%Fe), (93%W-4.5%Ni-1.0%Fe-1.5%Co), and (90%W-6%Ni-4%Cu) have been prepared using both methods. The prepared powders have been compacted at 70 bar (200 MPa) and sintered in vacuum furnace at 1400℃. Vacuum sintering was carried out to achieve full densification of the produced tungsten heavy alloys. The investigated materials were going to be evaluated the physical and mechanical properties of the sintered parts such as density;electrical conductivity, hardness, and transverse rupture strength. The results reveal that, the grain size of alloys fabricated by chemical reduction technique (53.1 - 63.8 nm) is smaller than that fabricated by mechanical alloying technique (56.4 - 71.4 nm).

MICROSTRUCTURE OF REGENERATED HIGH DENSITY TUNGSTEN ALLOYS MADE BY OXIDATION-REDUCTION

The mechanical properties of regenerated W-alloys relating to the chemical purity and size of reclamation powders of 93W-Ni-Fe-Co(Mn)alloy chips,the structure of main constituents of the powders,as well as microstrueture and fractograph of regenerated W-alloys made by the reclamation powders,composition of W particle and binder phase,content,structure and distribution of main impurity elements have been studied by means of optical microscope, SEM,XRES.XRD,TEM,AES and chemical analysis.The feasibility of oxidation-reduc- tion process for reclamation and the possibility of praetical application of regenerated W-al- loys have been discussed.

Microstructure and properties of liquid-phase sintered tungsten heavy alloys by using ultra-fine tungsten powders

The microstructure and properties of liquid-phase sintered 93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe tungsten heavy alloys using ultra-fine tungsten powders (medium particle size of 700 nm) and original tungsten powders (medium particle size of 3 μm) were investigated respectively. Commercial tungsten powders (original tungsten powders) were mechanically milled in a high-energy attritor mill for 35 h. Ultra-fine tungsten powders and commercial Ni, Fe powders were consolidated into green compacts by using CIP method and liquid-phase sintering at 1 465 ℃ for 30 min in the dissociated ammonia atmosphere. Liquid-phase sintered tungsten heavy alloys using ultra-fine tungsten powders exhibit full densification (above 99% in relative density) and higher strength and elongation compared with conventional liquid-phase sintered alloys using original tungsten powders due to lower sintering temperature at 1 465 ℃ and short sintering time. The mechanical properties of sintered tungsten heavy alloy are found to be mainly dependent on the particles size of raw tungsten powders and liquid-phase sintering temperature.

Influences of sub-micrometer Ta and Co dopants on microstructure and properties of tungsten heavy alloys

Tungsten heavy alloys are aggregates of particles of tungsten bonded with Ni/Fe or Ni/Cu via liquid-phase sintering. The sub-micrometer Ta Co powder was added to this aggregate to strengthen the bonding phase. It is found that the main fr acture pattern of the alloys is cleavage of tungsten grains and ductile rupture of bond phase,leading to improved tensile strength and elongation. Dopant Ta ca n act as grain size inhibitor in tungsten heavy alloys.

Crushing Mechanism of Spherical Tungsten Alloy Fragments Penetrate Thick Steel Plate Target

Against protection requirements for high-speed fragments on the ground weapons,we carried out the research work of crushing mechanism at different impact speeds ofφ8.7 mm spherical tungsten alloy,the penetration to 603 armor steel was completed by 20 mm ballistic gun,and the ANSYS/LS-DYNA software was used to complete the numerical calculation of the penetration.We find that there are different crushing mechanisms of spherical tungsten alloy with different speeds and low speed,the crushing mechanism of fragment is mainly controlled by overall plastic deformation,shearing stripping,and squeezing at a high pressure and a high speed.The crushing mechanism will have a spallation phenomenon in addition to the crushing mechanism under high pressure.

晶粒尺寸对铌钨合金力学性能的影响

本文以铌钨合金为研究对象,通过熔炼、挤压、锻造制备了两种不同晶粒尺寸的铌钨合金棒材,研究了初始晶粒尺寸对经过热处理后棒材的显微组织和力学性能的影响,研究结果将为制备有特殊性能要求的铌合金材料提供一定参考。结果表明,经过相同热处理工艺处理后,初始晶粒尺寸细小的Φ43 mm棒材形成均匀细小的等轴晶,而初始晶粒尺寸粗大的Φ89 mm棒材形成不均匀且粗大的部分再结晶组织。无论是室温拉伸还是高温(1100℃)拉伸,晶粒细小的Φ43 mm棒材均呈现较好的屈服强度,分别为401 MPa和272 MPa。因此,铌钨合金的屈服强度与棒材初始晶粒尺寸有关。铌钨合金棒材的屈服强度要求越高,越需制备具有细小初始晶粒的棒材。

W-CoCrNi合金的烧结致密化及其组织与性能

本文采用粉末冶金技术制备以CoCrNi中熵合金为黏结相的W-CoCrNi高密度钨合金,研究黏结相含量和烧结温度(1300~1500℃)对合金显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:烧结态合金组织由W相、CoCrNi相、Co_(7)W_(6)相和亚微米富Cr颗粒组成。随着烧结温度的升高,合金致密度随之升高。合金在1500℃以下烧结时,致密化机制主要为固相烧结机制,固相烧结驱动力主要来自于表面能的降低和Co_(7)W_(6)新相的形成。当烧结温度达1500℃时,合金致密化机制主要为液相烧结机制,致密化过程包含W向CoCrNi熔体中的溶解和扩散、Co_(7)W_(6)相析出和钨颗粒球化三个阶段。1500℃烧结温度下制备的75W-CoCrNi和95W-CoCrNi合金的压缩屈服强度分别为1060 MPa和1602 MPa,75W-CoCrNi合金在压缩应变超过50%时仍未断裂。随着CoCrNi黏结相含量的增加,合金致密度随之升高,压缩变形能力增加,但压缩屈服强度降低。

钨粉制备及其对钨合金性能影响的研究进展

金属钨因具有高熔点、高硬度、耐腐蚀、耐磨和热膨胀系数小等优点而被广泛应用于制备各种合金材料。本研究综述了钨粉的制备方法,如熔盐电解法、溶胶凝胶法、高能球磨法和氢气还原法。针对钨粉均匀性问题,重点阐述了目前使用最广泛的氢气还原法的研究现状,其中,调控氢气中水蒸气分压有利于提高钨粉均匀性;气流磨和球化等钨粉的处理工艺有助于提高钨粉均匀性和分散性。另外,介绍了钨粉粒度和分散性等对钨合金性能的影响,均匀分散的钨粉对制备组织均匀的钨合金优势巨大。针对钨粉和钨合金中钨晶粒之间的相关性介绍了晶粒细化的相关研究。简要介绍了钨粉性能对增材制造钨合金性能的影响。

旋转锻造加工高比重W-Ni-Fe合金的退火工艺研究

使用粉末冶金工艺制备Ni/Fe为7∶3的W-Ni-Fe高比重钨合金,在使用旋转锻造方法进行形变强化后进行热处理。结果表明,锻造态W-Ni-Fe合金经过一定温度的锻后退火,强度有所提高,而塑性下降。样品的强度在一定的退火温度和保温时间范围内能得到提升,更高温度和更高时间的保温会使样品强度下降。不同钨含量的W-Ni-Fe合金,强度提升最大的退火温度和时间条件不同。SEM图像显示,退火前样品钨颗粒因旋转锻造变形呈现长条状织构,退火后钨颗粒的形状无明显变化。这些现象说明,锻造变形的合金样品经过锻后退火发生应变时效现象,使强度得到提升。研究明确了不同钨含量的W-Ni-Fe合金最佳的锻后退火工艺参数。

钨合金超声辅助划擦试验及仿真研究

目的揭示钨合金在超声辅助磨削加工下的材料去除行为。方法通过超声辅助划擦试验与有限元仿真相结合的方式,分析超声振动作用对材料表面形貌、截面轮廓、划擦力、温度、塑性应变及应变率的影响,探究超声振动作用下的材料去除和表面创成机理。结果钨合金在划擦过程中发生严重的塑性变形,在划痕两侧出现由耕犁作用而形成的隆起现象。超声辅助划擦形成的划痕表面鳞刺更少且未出现犁沟现象,且划痕深度相较于普通划擦增大14.1%,划痕宽度增大39%。随着划擦深度的增加,试验划擦力与仿真划擦力均线性增大,且仿真值与试验值误差为18.1%,验证了有限元仿真模型的有效性。超声振动作用下的划擦力呈周期性变化特征,使平均划擦力降低了43.2%。此外,仿真结果表明,超声辅助划擦相较于普通划擦,温度最高降低50%,表面塑性应变最高降低20%,超声冲击过程中材料的塑性应变率相较于普通划擦提高1个数量级,分离过程中塑性应变率最大降低2个数量级。结论超声振动作用可以有效降低划擦过程中的划擦力和划擦区域温度,增大冲击过程中材料的瞬时应变率,改善压头的切屑黏附现象,从而抑制划擦表面鳞刺的生成和犁沟的形成,改善表面质量。此外,超声振动作用还可以有效提高材料去除率。

纯钨表面等离子Ta合金层耐腐蚀性能研究

利用双层辉光等离子表面合金化技术在纯钨表面制备Ta合金化改性层以改善材料的耐腐蚀性。研究不同温度工艺参数对Ta合金层组织结构及耐腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明:在不同温度工艺参数下均制备出连续致密的Ta合金化改性层,且随温度升高,合金层的厚度增加。合金层主要由纯Ta相组成。Ta合金层的自腐蚀电位高于基材的,而自腐蚀电流密度较低,即Ta合金层更难以发生电化学腐蚀反应且腐蚀速率更低。900℃合金层的耐蚀性能最佳,腐蚀速率降至8.45×10^(-3)g·m^(-2)·h^(-1),表现出优良的耐腐蚀性。

连接温度对W/Ni/Kovar真空扩散连接接头界面结构及结合强度的影响

以Ni箔为中间层材料,采用真空扩散连接方法进行W与Kovar合金的连接,研究了连接温度对W/Ni/Kovar接头界面结构和剪切强度的影响。结果表明:在520~1000℃范围内,利用真空扩散连接工艺均可成功制备出W/Ni/Kovar接头样品。随着连接温度的升高,Kovar/Ni界面与Ni/W界面的扩散层厚度逐渐增加,而接头剪切强度呈先上升后下降的趋势。当连接温度为800℃时,样品的接头剪切强度高达182 MPa,此时主要发生W块体的剪切断裂。

钨合金精密磨削砂轮磨损及对表面质量的影响机制

为了满足钨合金零件的高精度和高完整性表面加工需求,实现钨合金磨削质量的控制和加工工艺的优化,通过分析砂轮磨粒种类和结合剂类型对砂轮磨损形式的关系,明确了超硬磨料砂轮在钨合金磨削加工中的优势.研究了磨粒粒度和磨削参数对钨合金磨削加工质量的影响规律,为制定合理的磨削工艺提供依据.通过磨削试验获得钨合金高精度和高完整性表面磨削加工工艺.研究结果表明,钨合金磨削过程中砂轮易磨损,超硬磨料砂轮更适合钨合金的磨削加工.金属结合剂金刚石砂轮在钨合金磨削加工的表面质量和加工精度方面表现出优越性.通过改进磨削参数,钨合金精密磨削后表面粗糙度可达18.9nm,实现了镜面磨削效果.

钨及钨合金强化方法和烧结工艺研究进展

钨及其合金因其优异的性能被广泛应用于核工业、航空航天等极端环境中,但钨固有的低温脆性和重结晶脆性也限制了它的进一步应用。本文结合近年来相关研究,从钨及其合金的成分和制备工艺两方面出发,综述了钨基材料性能方面的改善及其实现方法。成分调控领域有Re,Ta和Nb等元素的固溶强化,以及碳化物和氧化物的第二相强化;制备工艺方面分为场辅助烧结的热压、放电等离子烧结(Spark Plasma Sintering,SPS)和微波烧结等工艺,以及无场辅助烧结的活化烧结和无压两步烧结方法。最后,总结了现有工艺和技术的发展现状,对不同制备工艺的发展趋势进行了展望。

钨渗铜复合材料热锻处理及组织性能研究

【目的】解决钨渗铜复合材料中钨晶粒的异常生长和气孔等缺陷,提高钨铜合金的力学性能。【方法】对钨渗铜材料进行了热锻(HF)处理,研究了热锻处理对合金组织性能的影响。【结果】结果表明,热锻后钨渗铜复合材料孔隙减少,钨相和铜相的分布更加均匀,W-W邻接度降低,硬度由298 HV提升至338 HV,摩擦磨损系数由0.45降低至0.28。热锻温度为700℃时,钨渗铜复合材料拉伸性能最优,其室温抗拉性能度增长48.06%,高温抗拉强度显著提升。【结论】热锻能有效改善钨渗铜材料的组织,提高其力学性能。

钨极氩弧焊焊接对ZrTiNb合金焊接组织和力学性能的影响

锆合金因其优良的耐腐蚀性能,常用于制造核工业器件,受到研究者广泛关注。采用钨极氩弧焊作为焊接方法,使用ZrTiNb合金作为焊接材料,分别焊接了5、10、20 mm 3种尺寸的焊样。所得焊接接头焊缝区微观组织为粗大的片层集束和少量的篮网状魏氏组织,组织形态与冷却速率相关;熔合区微观组织为较小的魏氏体晶粒,其与热影响区存在明显的分界线;热影响区微观组织为不规则锯齿状等轴α相晶粒;母材区微观组织为铸态α等轴晶粒。随着焊缝距离增加,晶粒尺寸呈现递减趋势。对焊缝进行了力学性能测试,结果表明,随着试样厚度增加,其塑性延伸强度、抗拉强度呈现先增加后下降的趋势,并在20 mm的厚度下出现明显下降。10、20 mm样品断后伸长率与断面收缩率相对于5 mm试样呈现增加的趋势,但10 mm和20 mm样品性能相近。