Monitoring Study of Long-Term Land Subsidence during Subway Operation in High-Density Urban Areas Based on DInSAR-GPS-GIS Technology and Numerical Simulation

During subway operation,various factors will cause long-term land subsidence,such as the vibration subsidence of foundation soil caused by train vibration load,incomplete consolidation deformation of foundation soil during tunnel construction,dense buildings and structures in the vicinity of the tunnel,and changes in water level in the stratum where the tunnel is located.The monitoring of long-term land subsidence during subway operation in high-density urban areas differs from that in low-density urban construction areas.The former is the gathering point of the entire urban population.There are many complex buildings around the project,busy road traffic,high pedestrian flow,and less vegetation cover.Several existing items requiremonitoring.However,monitoring distance is long,and providing early warning is difficult.This study uses the 2.8 km operation line between Wulin Square station and Ding’an Road station of Hangzhou Subway Line 1 as an example to propose the integrated method of DInSAR-GPS-GIS technology and the key algorithm for long-term land subsidence deformation.Then,it selects multiscene image data to analyze long-termland subsidence of high-density urban areas during subway operation.Results show that long-term land subsidence caused by the operation of Wulin Square station to Ding’an Road station of Hangzhou Subway Line 1 is small,with maximumsubsidence of 30.64 mm,and minimumsubsidence of 11.45 mm,and average subsidence ranging from 19.27 to 21.33 mm.And FLAC3D software was used to verify the monitoring situation,using the geological conditions of the soil in the study area and the tunnel profile to simulate the settlement under vehicle load,and the simulation results tended to be consistent with the monitoring situation.

Optimization of Green Space Plant Configuration in Residential Areas of Chongqing Central Business District Based on Green Plot Ratio—A Case Study of Xuhui City Residential Community

The current urban green space construction was guided by a two-dimensional index evaluation system, resulting in weak ecological benefits of green space. Green plot ratio (GPR), as a three-dimensional indicator, can characterize the ecological benefits of green areas and the ability of green areas to participate in the operation and regulation of urban ecosystems. As an important component of urban green space, the GPR index was added to the two-dimensional index evaluation system to optimize the green space, which can promote the development of low-carbon, healthy and ecological green space. Based on the research of 22 residential districts in the central city of Chongqing, the Leaf area index (LAI) index of common native garden plants in Chongqing was formed to improve the accuracy of green capacity index measurement in Chongqing. The study also took the residential community of Sunrise City in Banan District of Chongqing as an example, and carried out the optimization design practice from four types of residential community green areas: green areas next to houses, road green areas, concentrated green areas, and green areas attached to public service facilities.

Carbon Dioxide Concentration and Flux in an Urban Residential Area in Seoul,Korea

The carbon dioxide （CO2） concentrations and fluxes measured at a height of 17.5 m above the ground by a sonic anemometer and an open-path gas analyzer at an urban residential site in Seoul, Korea from February 2011 to January 2012 were analyzed. The annual mean CO2 concentration was found to be 750 mg m-3, with a maximum monthly mean concentration of 827 mg m-3 in January and a minimum value of 679 mg m-3 in August. Meanwhile, the annual mean CO2 flux was found to be 0.45 mg m-2 s-1, with a maximum monthly mean flux of 0.91 mg m-2 s-1 in January and a minimum value of 0.19 mg m-2 s-1 in June. The hourly mean CO2 concentration was found to show a significant diurnal variation; a maximum at 0700-0900 LST and a minimum at 1400-1600 LST, with a large diurnal range in winter and a small one in summer, mainly caused by diurnal changes in mixing height, CO2 flux, and surface complexity. The hourly mean CO2 flux was also found to show a significant diurnal variation, but it showed two maxima at 0700-0900 LST and 2100-2400 LST, and two minima at 1100-1500 LST and 0300-0500 LST, mainly caused by a diurnal pattern in CO2 emissions and sinks from road traffic, domestic heating and cooking by liquefied natural gas use, and the different horizontal distribution of CO2 sources and sinks near the site. Differential advection with respect to wind direction was also found to be a cause of diurnal variations in both the CO2 concentration and flux.

Test and Analysis of Indoor Thermal Environment of Urban Heating Residential Building in Hanzhong Area

By testing indoor and outdoor thermal environment of residential buildings that apply 4 mostused heating ways in Hantai District,Hanzhong City,this paper explored the indoor thermal environment conditions of different heating ways,to provide references for choosing a suitable heating way in the local area.

A Study on the Impact of Urban River Refurbishment to the Thermal Environment of Surrounding Residential Area

In this study, a simulation was conducted targeting Beomeo stream of Daegu, for the purpose of the quantitative determination of the changes in thermal environment of surrounding residential areas according to the urban river refurbishment. For the study method, the reviews of literature and model verification were conducted, and then the results were derived through the process of comparing and analyzing the thermal environment resulting from the river refurbishment of the target area. As a result of the model verification, the accuracy of modeling was 95%. As a result of a simulation of the target area, in respect of the fluctuation of temperature, the temperature decreased by 1.33°C more in the daytime than in the night time, due to the river refurbishment. In respect of the positions, the decrease of the temperature was 1.33°C at 2 pm at position 1, the position of river refurbishment, and the highest in the entire time slots. Also, the changes in temperature increasingly decreased from position 1 to position 4. It seemed that it was because there was the highest radiant heat at position 1 with the biggest gap between artificial mulching and natural mulching, and the effect of the gap in the radiant heat influenced successively over position 2, 3 and 4. Lastly, in respect of the effect of river refurbishment on the surrounding area, the effect reached to position 3, in other word, 60 meters from the river.

Simulation of Old Urban Residential Area Evolution Based on Complex Adaptive System

On the basis of complex adaptive system theory, this paper proposed an agent-based model of old urban residential area, in which, residents and providers are the two adaptive agents. The behaviors of residents and providers in this model are trained with back propagation and simulated with Swarm software based on environment-rules-agents interaction. This model simulates the evolution of old urban residential area and analyzes the relations between the evolution and urban management with the background of Chaozhou city. As a result, the following are obtained ： （ 1 ） Simulation without government intervention indicates the trend of housing ageing, environmental deterioration, economic depression, and social filtering-down in old urban residential area. If the development of old urban residential area is under control of developers in market, whose desire is profit maximization, and factors such as social justice, historic and culture value will be ignored. （2） If the government carries out some policies and measures which will perfectly serve their original aims, simulation reveals that old urban residential area could be adapted to environment and keep sustainable development. This conclusion emphasizes that government must act as initiator and program maker for guiding residents and other providers directly in the development of old urban residential area.

Incorporating the Built Environment Interactions into Spatial Pattern Models to Understand Urban Metabolism in Tokyo＇s Residential Area

In Tokyo, as residential areas exist in the urban areas and are composed of areas owned by individual land owners, basically spatial changes are brought by redevelopments of each sites conducted by individual circumstances and motivations. Continuous redevelopments and spatial changes can be found dispersedly in areas. Once the spatial change in a certain site occurred in an area as a building, it will be contained in the built environment of the residential area which is defined by residents, planners and designers who will take part in the following spatial changes. In Tokyo, public transportation facilities are well developed, and residents＇ daily life involves activities such as a slow walking and bicycle, etc. around the place of residence near the public transportation hubs, each living territories are formed in this kind of manner. Considering the maintenance of spatial value in residential areas while understanding transformation of visual local environment in residential areas which focuses on appearance of each spatial change in an area of street will be of significant importance. In this paper, the authors try to describe interactions of spatial changes in existing urban residential areas focusing on utility of players who might take part in the following spatial changes and the method of discrete choice model.

Potential evaluation and implementation strategy for pocket park construction in high-density urban areas: A case study in Dalian, China

As an important element of urban renewal in highly urbanized areas, pocket parks with small size, flexible layout and daily accessibility are becoming a major component of green infrastructure and the mainstay of outdoor recreation space expansion in high-density urban centers. Nevertheless, the absence of a comprehensive framework for evaluating the potential of pocket park construction (PPC), one that integrates diverse influencing factors on a macro scale, has resulted in the random installation of such spaces, often failing to optimize the utilization of urban land. Addressing this critical lacuna, we propose an approach to evaluate PPC potential from a city-scale perspective, which is used to support the determination of which land units should be prioritized for PPC. A complete and feasible workflow was also established to identify potential land units, construct an index system for PPC combining demand and supply levels, quantitatively calculate indices based on remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS), accurately evaluate PPC potential using an entropy-weighted TOPSIS model, and develop targeted renewal strategies. A case study in Dalian, China, demonstrated the applicability and implications of the workflow. The results showed that it is flexible and easy to adapt to different local contexts, allowing evaluators to introduce parameters considering the availability of local data, and will help decision makers to build pocket parks in the most effective plots, providing a strong reference for high-quality development in other high-density urban centers facing the contradiction between ecological construction and land scarcity.

TOWARD ESTABLISHING THE CONCEPT OF PHYSICAL URBAN AREA IN CHINA

This paper makes a detailed analysis of the vanous drawbacks of the continued use of adwhnistrative area in dividing urban and rural areas in spite of the serious discrepancies between urban admnistrative boundaries and the 'real' urban space in China. The autiors believe that to solve this problem, it is essential to establish the concept of physical urban area with both adaptability to Chinese situation and intemational comparability and use it as the basis of urban-rural division and statistics. It is proposed that physical urban area should be defined in terms of prescribed minimum population scale, dngee of nonaghculturalization and population density.Based on extensive substantive research and a classifiotion of the space figurations of Chinese cities and towns, a new scheme to classify physical urban areas is proposed.

A dispersed vegetative cover contributes to urban biodiversity:plant diversity across land use types and scale in an Asian city

Urbanization provides both challenges and opportunities for biodiversity conservation,but patterns of urban plant diversity across land uses,especially in Asian countries,remains unclear.To determine these patterns of diversity,woody plants in 174 sample quadrats across various land use types in Kyoto City were investigated.Richness,abundance,and evenness were evaluated at city,land use,and quadrat scales,and biodiversity of different land use types was compared.At the city level,223 species in 77 families were recorded.At the land use level,residential areas had the highest total biological richness,with moderate to low evenness,while commercial areas exhibited low richness.At the quadrat level,the low-rise residential area had higher species richness than the other land uses.Species abundance and evenness in quadrats were significantly different across land use types for the canopy layer but not for the understory.The results provide insights into urban biodiversity design and management by identifying prior land uses for biodiversity improvement and by highlighting the contribution of residential private yards.Urban heterogeneity,scale,and multidimensionality should be considered when measuring urban biodiversity.

Occupancy of rooms in urban residential buildings by users in cold areas of China

Occupancy is used to represent the movements and locations of users among various zones of buildings,and it is the basis of all other daily energy consumption behaviors.This study investigated eight families in cold areas of China based on occupancy measurements obtained in four main rooms,i.e.,living room,bedroom,kitchen,and bathroom.In particular,we analyzed the duration of user occupancy and hourly mean occupancy,and characterized their regular and random features.According to the results,we developed an event-based occupancy model using an inhomogeneous Markov chain,where the rooms were modeled and daily events were divided into three categories according to their randomness.We established a new method for conversion between event characteristic parameters and a transition probability matrix,as well as an overlap avoidance method for active events.The model was then validated using real data.The results showed that the model performed well in terms of two evaluation criteria.The model should improve the accuracy of simulations of occupancy.

Measuring the Needs for Medical Service in the Retirement Residential Community in Korea

Medical facilities in retirement residential areas provide diverse medical and health-related services to retirees, and they are equipped and programed with various medical services for enhancing retirees’ daily activities. To find out the current status of using medical facilities by retirees, this study surveyed retirees in their fifties, sixties, and seventies, who live in Eunpyeong-gu, Seoul. The survey data was sorted by the types of medical facilities they visit, reasons for their visit, and the types of medical facilities in a retirement residential area they would prefer to visit. The pros and cons of using private and general hospitals can be evaluated further to set up the right strategy to reconcile them;and each type of hospital can be improved by adding those missing elements that the interviewees mentioned. In the broad perspective, this indicates the need to suggest the direction of preparing residential areas that are technically planned for retirees on the basis of the analysis of Korean retirees’ needs.

上海市中心区居住空间组织网络模式及测度——整合物质和社会空间的复杂网络分析

住宅区是城市建成地区的主要功能空间。选择上海市中心城为研究范围,采用复杂网络理论和分析方法,以住宅区为网络“节点”,以空间邻近性和社会互动为网络“连边”,建构居住空间网络,分析测度居住区“度”分布,检验居住空间网络的鲁棒性,并识别网络“社团”。发现城市居住空间网络稳定性意味着和谐、顺畅的社会交往和信息传递,其中大“度”节点住宅区发挥着重要作用,应予以重点关注。居住空间网络“社团”识别的结果对解读城市地域认同有借鉴意义。结论为建立“物质空间”和“社会空间”相融合的城市住宅区空间结构研究提供了新的思路和方法,同时对大都市建成区单元规划和空间更新有借鉴意义。

城市微更新视域下老旧小区改造满意度调查及提升策略探究——以福州市鼓楼区为例

老旧小区改造是重大民生工程和发展工程,已成为推进城市更新和开发建设转型的重要方式。近年来,福州市鼓楼区持续推进老城区有机更新、城市空间重新梳理整合。为此,以福州市鼓楼区为例,对其展开老旧小区改造满意度调查,着力探究老旧小区改造问题、原因及其对策,为此,提升居民满意度,为后续的老旧小区改造与治理提供理论指导与实践参考。

宜居视角下莆田城市住区规划研究

本文通过对莆田市城市住区现状本底和地域特色情况进行解析,从构建宜居住区的视角出发,分别对莆田市城中村、旧居住区、新建住区以及保障性住房提出统筹规划,以期改善城市面貌,继承历史文脉,提升城市特色和品质,塑造高品质人居环境,满足人们对美好生活的向往。

既有住区户外公共空间活动分布及影响因素分析——以深圳桃源村为例

既有住区户外空间闲置与不足并存。如何提高户外空间使用效率与品质,是既有住区亟待解决的重要问题。1980~1990年代建设的大型福利住宅区是深圳既有住区主要类型之一。本文以桃源村为典型案例,记录13个组团级户外公共空间居民活动行为数据,总结居民活动分布特征;并从空间构成、空间可达性、活动设施以及景观环境等四个方面构建环境因素指标群。分析影响不同时段、不同年龄居民活动的建成环境影响因素。从时间复合、功能复合及人群复合维度,针对性的提出相应的环境优化策略。

城镇住宅用地基准地价的内涝灾害影响修正系数研究——昆明市主城区的案例

通过GIS技术与空间计量方法,研究者建立了两种地价影响因素的修正系数模型:网格地价模型和地理加权回归(GWR)模型。这些模型被用于昆明市主城区2015至2020年期间的地价交易数据,以定量评估内涝灾害对城市土地价格的影响。结果显示,内涝灾害普遍对地价产生负面影响。研究中,通过构建空间网格插值,引入了土地价值贡献剥离法,允许对内涝灾害的影响进行量化并与基准地价进行比较。这种方法提供了一种新的视角,用于评估和修正基准地价,明确了不同区域的地价修正系数。此外,该研究证实了利用定量模型对城市内涝灾害影响进行评估的有效性,克服了传统依赖定性判断的局限,为城市土地价值评估和灾害风险管理提供了科学依据。

基于老年友好理念的城市居住区公共空间设计研究

人口老龄化发展至今已经成为全球性的社会问题。我国人口老龄化速度快、来势猛、后劲足、“未富先老”问题突出、养老任务严峻。科学数据显示,社会交往活动对于提升老年人获得感、安全感、幸福感,实现积极老龄化和健康老龄化的目标具有积极意义。文章首先通过调研分析了老年人的相关特征,其次分析了城市居住区公共空间的现存问题,最后提出了基于老年友好理念的城市居住公共空间设计思路。以期为老年人提供交往及活动的空间,构建老龄友好型社会,提升老年人的健康幸福指数。

基于抗衰退韧性评价的城市住区体检与“精明更新”研究

聚焦存量提质时期我国庞大规模老旧住区更新面临巨大资金缺口和社会压力的现实背景,针对既有住区更新、住区体检方法“重要素特征,轻系统状态;重目标评价,轻问题诊断”的理论瓶颈,探索建构出以“低度干预,高效增值;未病预防,靶向提升;人本响应,时空统筹”为行动逻辑的城市住区“精明更新”方法。该方法以住区“精明体检、精明诊断、精明治疗”为操作闭环,以物质空间韧性与社会生境韧性两大韧性系统,住房条件、住区环境、设施水平、人口结构、治理水平5类要素及其下辖13项细分指标为评价因子,对城市住区进行动态监测、科学诊断,将其划分为高、中、低韧性等级和物质衰退、社会衰退、风险叠加等衰退类型;并通过监测养护、短板补益、综合干预和空间提质、邻里链接、时空重构等措施,对不同韧性等级、衰退类型住区进行更新时序统筹和问题靶向调节。相关内容以期为我国城市住区更新实践提供方法参考和技术支持。

居住类地段更新的类型、历程与关键问题——以南京为例

作为城市更新的一种重要类型,居住类地段更新与广大人民群众生活息息相关,是贯彻“以人民为中心”发展思想的具体体现。近年来,南京以“有温度的城市更新”为目标,在产权梳理、资金投入、机制建设等方面展开了卓有成效的探索和尝试。居民主导、多方参与的“自主更新”逐渐成为不同类型居住类地段更新实践的有效模式。