Cobalt has excellent electrochemical,magnetic,and heat properties.As a strategic resource,it has been applied in many hightech products.However,the recent rapid growth of the battery industry has substantially deplete...Cobalt has excellent electrochemical,magnetic,and heat properties.As a strategic resource,it has been applied in many hightech products.However,the recent rapid growth of the battery industry has substantially depleted cobalt resources,leading to a crisis of cobalt resource supply.The paper examines cobalt ore reserves and distribution,and the recent development and consumption of cobalt resources are summarized as well.In addition,the principles,advantages and disadvantages,and research status of various methods are discussed comprehensively.It can be concluded that the use of diverse sources(Cu-Co ores,Ni-Co ores,zinc plant residues,and waste cobalt products)for cobalt production should be enhanced to meet developmental requirements.Furthermore,in recovery technology,the pyro-hydrometallurgical process employs pyrometallurgy as the pretreatment to modify the phase structure of cobalt minerals,enhancing its recovery in the hydrometallurgical stage and facilitating high-purity cobalt production.Consequently,it represents a promising technology for future cobalt recovery.Lastly,based on the above conclusions,the prospects for cobalt are assessed regarding cobalt ore processing and sustainable cobalt recycling,for which further study should be conducted.展开更多
The reduction smelting process for cobalt recovery from converter slag of the Chambishi Copper Smelter in Zambia was studied. The effects of reducing agent dosage, smelting temperature and time and the addition of sla...The reduction smelting process for cobalt recovery from converter slag of the Chambishi Copper Smelter in Zambia was studied. The effects of reducing agent dosage, smelting temperature and time and the addition of slag modifiers （CaO and TiO2） were investigated. In addition, the depleted slag and cobalt-bearing alloy were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Under the determined conditions, 94.02% Co, 95.76% Cu and less than 18% Fe in the converter slag were recovered. It was found that the main phases of depleted slag were fayalite and hercynite; and the cobalt-bearing alloy mainly contained metallic copper, Fe-Co-Cu alloys and a small amount of sulfide.展开更多
Lithium and cobalt recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs) is a major focus because of their increased production and usage. The conventional method for recycling spent LIBs using inorganic acids produces harm...Lithium and cobalt recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs) is a major focus because of their increased production and usage. The conventional method for recycling spent LIBs using inorganic acids produces harmful byproducts. In this work, the leaching agent was substituted with a less expensive and more environmentally friendly alternative—acetic acid—and a mathematical model was developed to describe the kinetics of the recovery process. The variables used were the pH value, temperature, H_2O_2 concentration, and the solid-to-liquid(S/L) ratio. The mathematical model used was the shrinking core model, which was modified to accommodate an equilibrium reaction. The experimental results show that the rate of recovery of Li and Co over time was only affected by temperature. The leaching behaviors of Li and Co were found to oppose each other. An increase in temperature resulted in increased recovery of Li but decreased recovery of Co because of the product-favoring endothermic reaction of Li and the reactant-favoring exothermic reaction of Co. The product of Li has a lower entropy value than the reactant as a free-moving ion, whereas the product of Co leaching has a higher entropy value as a stiff crystal complex. Thus, temperature conditioning is a pivotal factor in the leaching of spent LIBs.展开更多
The collected tungsten carbide/cobalt scrapped waste typically contains approximately 90% tungsten carbide and 10% cobalt.A nitric method is used to extract tungsten and cobalt from tungsten-containing waste.The waste...The collected tungsten carbide/cobalt scrapped waste typically contains approximately 90% tungsten carbide and 10% cobalt.A nitric method is used to extract tungsten and cobalt from tungsten-containing waste.The waste is first dissolved in nitric acid,which then makes cobalt soluble and becomes cobalt nitrate solution.The waste also oxidizes tungsten carbide to insoluble tungstenic acid precipitate.If tungsten carbide scraps are obtained from leftover of LCD glass cutting,after applying the same process as above,the remaining glass also needs to be separated from the tungstenic acid.XRF analysis shows that 93.8% of cobalt and 97.72% of tungsten can be obtained separately by this wet chemical method.By ICP analysis,no more tungsten ion remains after 2 h reaction in the cobalt recovery when 12 N of nitric acid is used for oxidation.The recovery materials obtained for tungsten are tungsten oxide and for cobalt a mixture of Co3O4 and CoO.展开更多
A hydrometallurgical process was developed for recovery of nickel and cobalt from the hydrochloric acid leaching solution of alloy scraps.The process consists of five major unit operations: 1) leaching with 6 mol/L hy...A hydrometallurgical process was developed for recovery of nickel and cobalt from the hydrochloric acid leaching solution of alloy scraps.The process consists of five major unit operations: 1) leaching with 6 mol/L hydrochloric acid under the L/S ratio of 10:1 at 95 ℃ for 3 h; 2) copper replacement by iron scraps under pH value of 2.0 at 80 ℃,and stirring for 1 h; 3) removal of iron and chromium by chemical precipitation: iron removal under pH value of 2.0 at 90 ℃ by dropwise addition of sodium chlorate and 18% sodium carbonate solution,then chromium removal under pH value of 4.0 at 70 ℃ by addition of nickel carbonate solution,stirred by air flow for 2 h; 4) selective separation of cobalt from nickel by extraction using 30% trialkyl amine+50% kerosene (volume fraction) and tri-n-butylphosphate (TBP) as a phase modifier with the O/A ratio of 2:1,and stripping of cobalt with 0.01 mol/L HCl; 5) crystallization of nickel chloride and electrodeposition of cobalt.It is found that the nickel recovery of 95% and the cobalt recovery of approximately 60% with purity over 99.9% are obtained by this process.展开更多
基金the financial support of Guangxi Science and Technology Major Project(Guike AA22068078)the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province(No.222300420548)+2 种基金Henan Province Science and Technology Research and Development plan joint Fund(No.232301420043)the Key Project of the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFC2902604)Modern Analysis and Computing Centre in Zhengzhou University。
文摘Cobalt has excellent electrochemical,magnetic,and heat properties.As a strategic resource,it has been applied in many hightech products.However,the recent rapid growth of the battery industry has substantially depleted cobalt resources,leading to a crisis of cobalt resource supply.The paper examines cobalt ore reserves and distribution,and the recent development and consumption of cobalt resources are summarized as well.In addition,the principles,advantages and disadvantages,and research status of various methods are discussed comprehensively.It can be concluded that the use of diverse sources(Cu-Co ores,Ni-Co ores,zinc plant residues,and waste cobalt products)for cobalt production should be enhanced to meet developmental requirements.Furthermore,in recovery technology,the pyro-hydrometallurgical process employs pyrometallurgy as the pretreatment to modify the phase structure of cobalt minerals,enhancing its recovery in the hydrometallurgical stage and facilitating high-purity cobalt production.Consequently,it represents a promising technology for future cobalt recovery.Lastly,based on the above conclusions,the prospects for cobalt are assessed regarding cobalt ore processing and sustainable cobalt recycling,for which further study should be conducted.
基金Project(2008BAB34B01-1)supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program of China
文摘The reduction smelting process for cobalt recovery from converter slag of the Chambishi Copper Smelter in Zambia was studied. The effects of reducing agent dosage, smelting temperature and time and the addition of slag modifiers （CaO and TiO2） were investigated. In addition, the depleted slag and cobalt-bearing alloy were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Under the determined conditions, 94.02% Co, 95.76% Cu and less than 18% Fe in the converter slag were recovered. It was found that the main phases of depleted slag were fayalite and hercynite; and the cobalt-bearing alloy mainly contained metallic copper, Fe-Co-Cu alloys and a small amount of sulfide.
基金financially supported by Universitas Gadjah Mada partly through LPDP’s Molina Project fiscal year 2015 and partly by University Grant for Applied Research (PTUPT) 2018the support given by the Department of Earth Resource, Kyushu University for the research facilities provided during joint research in Sakura Science Project under Japan Science and Technology Agency
文摘Lithium and cobalt recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs) is a major focus because of their increased production and usage. The conventional method for recycling spent LIBs using inorganic acids produces harmful byproducts. In this work, the leaching agent was substituted with a less expensive and more environmentally friendly alternative—acetic acid—and a mathematical model was developed to describe the kinetics of the recovery process. The variables used were the pH value, temperature, H_2O_2 concentration, and the solid-to-liquid(S/L) ratio. The mathematical model used was the shrinking core model, which was modified to accommodate an equilibrium reaction. The experimental results show that the rate of recovery of Li and Co over time was only affected by temperature. The leaching behaviors of Li and Co were found to oppose each other. An increase in temperature resulted in increased recovery of Li but decreased recovery of Co because of the product-favoring endothermic reaction of Li and the reactant-favoring exothermic reaction of Co. The product of Li has a lower entropy value than the reactant as a free-moving ion, whereas the product of Co leaching has a higher entropy value as a stiff crystal complex. Thus, temperature conditioning is a pivotal factor in the leaching of spent LIBs.
基金Supported by the project of National Science Council in Taiwan(No.:NSC-95-2622-E-159)
文摘The collected tungsten carbide/cobalt scrapped waste typically contains approximately 90% tungsten carbide and 10% cobalt.A nitric method is used to extract tungsten and cobalt from tungsten-containing waste.The waste is first dissolved in nitric acid,which then makes cobalt soluble and becomes cobalt nitrate solution.The waste also oxidizes tungsten carbide to insoluble tungstenic acid precipitate.If tungsten carbide scraps are obtained from leftover of LCD glass cutting,after applying the same process as above,the remaining glass also needs to be separated from the tungstenic acid.XRF analysis shows that 93.8% of cobalt and 97.72% of tungsten can be obtained separately by this wet chemical method.By ICP analysis,no more tungsten ion remains after 2 h reaction in the cobalt recovery when 12 N of nitric acid is used for oxidation.The recovery materials obtained for tungsten are tungsten oxide and for cobalt a mixture of Co3O4 and CoO.
基金Projects(47202010, 50725102) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘A hydrometallurgical process was developed for recovery of nickel and cobalt from the hydrochloric acid leaching solution of alloy scraps.The process consists of five major unit operations: 1) leaching with 6 mol/L hydrochloric acid under the L/S ratio of 10:1 at 95 ℃ for 3 h; 2) copper replacement by iron scraps under pH value of 2.0 at 80 ℃,and stirring for 1 h; 3) removal of iron and chromium by chemical precipitation: iron removal under pH value of 2.0 at 90 ℃ by dropwise addition of sodium chlorate and 18% sodium carbonate solution,then chromium removal under pH value of 4.0 at 70 ℃ by addition of nickel carbonate solution,stirred by air flow for 2 h; 4) selective separation of cobalt from nickel by extraction using 30% trialkyl amine+50% kerosene (volume fraction) and tri-n-butylphosphate (TBP) as a phase modifier with the O/A ratio of 2:1,and stripping of cobalt with 0.01 mol/L HCl; 5) crystallization of nickel chloride and electrodeposition of cobalt.It is found that the nickel recovery of 95% and the cobalt recovery of approximately 60% with purity over 99.9% are obtained by this process.
