Coupled 2D Hydrodynamic and Sediment Transport Modeling of Megaflood due to Glacier Dam-break in Altai Mountains,Southern Siberia

One of the largest known megafloods on earth resulted from a glacier dam-break,which occurred during the Late Quaternary in the Altai Mountains in Southern Siberia.Computational modeling is one of the viable approaches to enhancing the understanding of the flood events.The computational domain of this flood is over 9460 km2 and about 3.784 × 106 cells are involved as a 50 m × 50 m mesh is used,which necessitates a computationally efficient model.Here the Open MP(Open Multiprocessing) technique is adopted to parallelize the code of a coupled 2D hydrodynamic and sediment transport model.It is shown that the computational efficiency is enhanced by over 80% due to the parallelization.The floods over both fixed and mobile beds are well reproduced with specified discharge hydrographs at the dam site.Qualitatively,backwater effects during the flood are resolved at the bifurcation between the Chuja and Katun rivers.Quantitatively,the computed maximum stage and thalweg are physically consistent with the field data of the bars and deposits.The effects of sediment transport and morphological evolution on the flood are considerable.Sensitivity analyses indicate that the impact of the peak discharge is significant,whilst those of the Manningroughness,medium sediment size and shape of the inlet discharge hydrograph are marginal.

Potential morphological responses of an artificial beach to a flood in extreme events: field observation and numerical modelling

Conch Island is a typical artificial island at the Tanghe Estuary in Bohai Sea,China.To improve natural environment and boost local tourism,beach nourishment will be applied to its north-western shore.The projected beach is landward and opposite to the Jinmeng Bay Beach.Nowadays,with climate changes,frequent heavy rainfalls in Hebei Province rise flood hazards at the Tanghe Estuary.Under this circumstance,potential influences on the projected beach of a flood are investigated for sustainable managements.A multi-coupled model is established and based on the data from field observations,where wave model,flow model and multifraction sediment transport model are included.In addition,the impacts on the projected beach of different components in extreme events are discussed,including the spring tides,storm winds,storm waves,and sediment inputs.The numerical results indicate the following result.(1)Artificial islands protect the coasts from erosion by obstructing landward waves,but rise the deposition risks along the target shore.(2)Flood brings massive sediment inputs and leads to scours at the estuary,but the currents with high sediment concentration contribute to the accretions along the target shore.(3)The projected beach mitigates flood actions and reduces the maximum mean sediment concentration along the target shore by 20%.(4)The storm winds restrict the flood and decrease the maximum mean sediment concentration by 21%.With the combined actions of storm winds and waves,the maximum value further declines by 38%.(5)A quadratic polynomial relationship between the deposition depths and the maximum sediment inputs with flood is established for estimations on the potential morphological changes after the flood process in extreme events.For the uncertainty of estuarine floods,continuous monitoring on local hydrodynamic variations and sediment characteristics at Tanghe Estuary is necessary.

Bottom Sediment Transport in the Flood and Ebb Channels of the Changjiang Estuary

Nanxiaohong and Nangang main south channel are chosen as the typical flood and ebb channels. Hydrodynamics analysis based on field hydrological and sediment data is conducted with Gao-Collins model to analyse sediment transport trends. Also, the grain size distribution analysis of the bottom sediment sampled in Sep. 2001 is used as the base of the analysis. The result shows that the sediment in Nanxiaohong is from the rive mouth area. The sediment transports upwards with the flood flow which is stronger than the ebb flow, i.e., in the direction of SE-WN. The sediment in main south channel comes from upward. They transport downwards with the ebb flow, which is stronger than the flood flow, i.e., in the direction of WN-SE. The directions, sources and mechanism of sediment transport are identified according to comprehensive analyses of the observed data on hydrodynamics and sediment.

The Dynamics of Suspended Particulate Matter in the Oued Nachef(Tafna Basin,Algeria):Typology of Flood Events and Contribution to Sediment Transport

This article focuses on the study of sediment transport during flood events in the Oued Nachef watershed that feeds the Mefrouche dam.To understand the sediment dynamics in this watershed,ANRH data on instantaneous water discharges and the respective concentrations of suspended particulate matter were used.This enabled the selection of some of the largest flood events over a 24-year period in order to establish the log-log relationships between sediment load(concentration and flux)and water discharge.However,the discharge-concentration relationships revealed hysteresis phenomena that enabled a flood typology to be established and classified into seven categories,thus showing very different transfer dynamics in relation to flood events.The results showed that Category 6 floods presenting hysteresis in the form of a figure of eight exported almost 44%of the suspended particulate matter load while representing just 29%of the flow discharge.

Assessment of Land Erosion and Sediment Accumulation Caused by Runoff after a Flash-Flooding Storm Using Topographic Profiles and Spectral Indices

This research deals with the characterization of areas associated with flash floods and erosion caused by severe rainfall storm and sediment transport and accumulation using topographic attributes and profiles, spectral indices (SI), and principal component analysis (PCA). To achieve our objectives, topographic attributes and profiles were retrieved from ASTER-V2 DEM. PCA and nine SI were derived from two Landsat-OLI images acquired before and after the flood-storm. The images data were atmospherically corrected, sensor radiometric drift calibrated, and geometric and topographic distortions rectified. For validation purposes, the acquired photos during the flood-storm, lithological and geological maps were used. The analysis of approximately 100 colour composite combinations in the RGB system permitted the selection of two combinations due to their potential for characterizing soil erosion classes and sediment accumulation. The first considers the “Intensity, NDWI and NMDI”, while the second associates form index (FI), brightness index (BI) and NDWI. These two combinations provide very good separating power between different levels of soil erosion and degradation. Moreover, the derived erosion risk and sediment accumulation map based on the selected spectral indices segmentation and topographic attributes and profiles illustrated the tendency of water accumulation in the landscape, and highlighted areas prone to both fast moving and pooling water. In addition, it demonstrated that the rainfall, the topographic morphology and the lithology are the major contributing factors for flash flooding, catastrophic inundation, and erosion risk in the study area. The runoff-water power delivers vulnerable topsoil and contributes strongly to the erosion process, and then transports soil material and sediment to the plain areas through waterpower and gravity. The originality of this research resides in its simplicity and rapidity to provide a solid basis strategy for regional policies to address the real causes of problems and risks in developing countries. Certainly, it can help in the improvement of the management of water regulation structures to develop a methodology to maximize the water storage capacity and to reduce the risks caused by floods in the Moroccan Atlas Mountain (Guelmim region).

黄河下游花园口至孙口河段高效输沙洪水阈值研究

河流能量耗散率变化反映了河道水沙输移能力以及河床形态的调整规律。本文研究区域为黄河下游花园口至孙口河段,从能量耗散角度出发,结合对实测资料的统计分析,探究了河流边界阻力能耗率与来水来沙、断面形态以及河床稳定性之间的定量关系,并基于边界阻力能耗率与河床稳定性双重指标,确定了花园口至孙口河段的高效输沙洪水阈值。研究结果表明:流量是影响边界阻力能耗率的主要因素,并与边界阻力能耗率的幂次呈线性相关;随着流量增大到2000 m^(3)/s以上,边界阻力能耗率随含沙量增加呈先减弱后增强的趋势。大流量条件下边界阻力能耗率与宽深比呈负相关关系,花园口与夹河滩断面形态复杂,相关性较弱;相比之下高村与孙口断面形态简单,相关性增强。非恒定水沙条件下的河床大多处于失稳状态,在综合考虑河床形态稳定及边界阻力能耗率最低的前提下,计算得出花园口至孙口河段的洪水高效输沙临界流量约为1500 m^(3)/s,含沙量约为23 kg/m^(3)。

特大洪水期间长江口浑浊带分粒级输沙特征

基于2020年7月特大洪水期间长江口浑浊带南槽、北槽和北港多站位同步实测水沙动力数据,研究了河口浑浊带分粒级输沙时空特征及其对泥沙来源响应的指示意义,结果表明:(1)北港和北槽是流域泥沙净向口外输移的主要输沙通道,南槽是海域泥沙净向口内输移的主要输沙通道,主槽内粉砂是主要输沙组分,占比63.2%,口外粉砂和黏土是主要输沙组分,分别占比43.2%、40.9%;(2)大潮粉砂输运占比高于小潮,黏土输运占比低于小潮,口外测站砂组分在大小潮期间于横沙浅滩和九段沙间沿岸输移,横沙浅滩附近大、小潮离岸输沙分别是北港口外的1.7倍和8倍,不利于横沙浅滩淤涨;(3)当前流域减沙高达70%,此次特大洪水期间黏土、粉砂和砂三组分近底净向口内输移为减沙背景下的口外供沙提供了有力的佐证。

高洪水期运行水位对三峡水库泥沙淤积的影响

三峡水库泥沙问题直接关系到水库库容的长效保持。选取典型高洪水期,基于数值模型探究入库水沙量级、水沙异步及运行水位对三峡库区沙峰输移和淤积排沙的影响。结果表明:入库洪峰的增大抑制了涪陵沙峰比的衰减,并导致更多泥沙输运至坝前,使得坝前沙峰降幅受运行水位的抬升更为显著;变动回水区较常年回水区更易受到入库水沙异步影响,且随着来沙系数的增大,由低水位抬升时淤积占比更高;水库排沙比受入库水沙异步影响有限,且随着入库洪峰、沙峰的增大,排沙比增加的同时对运行水位抬升导致的衰减更为敏感。研究成果初步揭示了入库水沙异步及运行水位对库区沙峰运动与淤积的影响,可为三峡水库汛期优化沙峰排沙调度提供参考。

2022年“汛期反枯”对三峡库区泥沙冲淤的影响

为深入分析2022年“汛期反枯”这一水文情势对三峡库区泥沙冲淤的影响,采用输沙量法评估三峡库区泥沙淤积总量变化,以断面法分析水库淤积的沿程分布情况。2022年汛期三峡水库入库径流量的大幅减少,致使库区的泥沙淤积规律较往年发生较大变化,主要表现为库区干流泥沙淤积量显著减少,仅淤积1097万t,为蓄水运用以来最低值。断面法计算结果表明库区河床冲刷0.157亿m^(3),且变动回水区和常年回水区均冲刷明显,出现“伪冲刷”现象。分析发现,汛期来沙大幅减少,无法补足淤积泥沙密实沉降造成的河床断面变化是造成库区出现“伪冲刷”的主要原因。建议加强库区淤积泥沙密实规律及影响机制研究,关注特殊水情下库区河床冲淤演变规律,以支撑三峡工程科学调度需要。

Flume experimental study on evolution of a mouth bar under interaction of floods and waves

Based on the characteristics of hydrodynamics and sediment transport in the bar area in the Modaomen Estuary,a flume experiment was performed to study the evolution of the longitudinal profile of the mouth bar.The mouth bar evolution was investigated under the impacts of floods with different return periods as well as flood-wave interaction.The results showed that floods with different return periods had significant influences on the evolution of the river mouth bar.Particularly on the inner slope of the mouth bar,the sediment was substantially active and moveable.The inner slope and the bar crest tended to be remarkably scoured.The erosion was intensified with the increase of the magnitude of floods.Moreover,the bar crest moved seawards,while the elevation of the bar crest barely changed.Under the flood-wave interaction,a remarkable amount of erosion on the inner and outer slopes of the mouth bar was also found.The seaward displacement of the bar crest under the interaction of floods and waves was less than it was under only the impact of floods,while more deposition was found on the crest of the mouth bar in this case.

Numerical Investigation on Downstream Increase in Peak Discharge of Hyperconcentrated Floods in the Lower Yellow River

Hyperconcentrated floods in the Yellow River usually accompanied with some peculiar phenomena that cannot be explained by general conceptions of ordinary sediment-laden flow (e.g., downstream increase in peak discharge, instability flow, ripping up the bottom). Up to date, the mechanisms for the abnormal phenomena are not well understood. The aim of this paper is to facilitate a new insight into the abnormal downstream increase in peak discharge of hyperconcentrated floods in the lower Yellow River. Numerical model experiments have been conducted on a typical flood occurred in August 1992 in the Lower Yellow River during which the peak discharge at Huayuankou station was 1690 m3/s larger than the value at Xiaolangdi station at upstream. It is found that a fully coupled model that incorporates the contribution of bed evolution to the mass conservation of the water-sediment mixture, can reasonably well capture the characteristics of peak discharge rise and severe bed scour, while separate numerical experiment using a decoupled model, which ignores the feedback effects of bed evolution, shows no rise in the peak discharge. This leads us to comment, if only briefly, that the entrainment of sediment due to bed erosion is the main reason for causing peak discharge increase along downstream course.

基于马斯京根法的多沙河流输沙演算

多沙河流洪水演进中的泥沙输运计算十分重要,水动力学方法复杂且计算量大,水文学方法简单但只针对水流过程计算。为了同步实现水沙过程的快速有效计算,在传统马斯京根流量演算方法的基础上,拓展出马斯京根输沙率演算方法。将该泥沙输运的水文学计算方法应用于黄河中下游河道流量与输沙过程演算,演算得到的泥沙输运结果有一定精度,证实了该方法是可行的,可作为多沙河流水沙计算的一种快速有效的水文学方法。

无资料区小流域山洪灾害过程数值仿真研究

为揭示无资料区小流域山洪灾害爆发过程及致灾机理,以江西省樟树市芗溪河小流域为例,建立暴雨洪水情况下松散体运移数值模型,分析了暴雨发生过程及泥沙运移规律。结果表明,对河道而言,高地势、坡降变化处与汇流地区流速较大,对于坡面较缓、汇水面积大的区域,汇流点流速相对其他区域增长尤为显著;流域初期局部积水,短期内出现地表径流,汇集而成的水流冲刷出多条沟壑,泥沙多在下游出口处沉积;流域水深、流速与降雨量相关,降雨量越大,水深流速越大,冲刷情况越显著。研究成果对于该地区山洪预警具有积极意义。

Efficiency of sediment transport by flood and its control in the Lower Yellow River

This paper presents the characteristics of sediment transport by flood in the Lower Yellow River with the reach from Huayuankou to Gaocun, which is regarded as a typical braided pattern. The Artificial Neural Network Model on Water Use for Sediment Transport (WUST) by flood was established based on the measured data from 1980 to 1998. Consequently, simulations of controlling process of sediment transport by flood were made in terms of the control theory under different scenarios. According to the situation of sediment transport by flood in the Lower Yellow River, Open-Loop control system and feedback control system were adopted in system design. In the Open-Loop control system, numerical simulations were made to reveal the relationship between average discharge of flood and the WUST with varying sediment concentrations. The results demonstrate that sediment concentration has significant influence on the controlling process of flood flow to WUST. It is practical and efficient to control WUST if sediment concentration is less than 20 kg/m3. In the feedback control system, controlling processes of sediment concentration and flood discharge for sediment transport were simulated respectively under given conditions, and it was found that sediment transport process could be controlled completely by sediment concentration and discharge at the inlet of the reach from Huayuankou to Gaocun. Using the same method, controlling processes of sediment transport by flood in other reaches in the Lower Yellow River were also simulated. For the case of sediment concentration being 20 kg/m3, the optimized controlling discharge ranges from 2390 to 2900 m3/s in the lower reach of Huayuankou. This study is also of significance to flood control and flushing sediment in the Lower Yellow River with proper operation modes of Xiaolangdi Reservoir.

Fast clogging problem of open check dams and a new type suggestion:curved footed type open check dam

Driftwood is one of the important physical components in mountainous rivers which causes severe hazards due to the clogging of bridges,culverts,and narrow sections during floods.Therefore,the understanding of driftwood dynamics and mitigation measures are crucial for managing wood in rivers.Open check dams are the most commonly used engineering measure for preventing driftwood from reaching downstream areas.Nevertheless,these open check dams frequently lose their sediment transport function when they are blocked by sediment and driftwood,especially during major flood events.This paper proposes a new type of open check dam for preventing from clogging.Thus,flume experiments were conducted to examine the influence of different types of open check dams on the characteristics of driftwood deposition.For the model with wood length(LWD)=16.5 cm,wood diameter(D)=15 mm,and wood number(N)=172,the highest trapping efficiency was observed with 90.1%and 87.2%retention rates for the classical debris flow breaker and curved footed open check dams,respectively.Laboratory tests showed that through this proposed design,woody debris blockage in a very short time was prevented from the accumulation of woods beside the dam.In addition to this,most of the sediment passed through the check dam and most of the driftwood got trapped.It can be briefly stated that the geometrical design of the structure plays an important role and can be chosen carefully to optimize trapping efficiency.By designing this type of open check dams in mountain river basins,it may provide a better understanding of the driftwood accumulation and basis for the optimal design of these structures.Further development of the solution proposed in this work can pave the way for designing different types of open check dams for effective flood management.

长江河口涨潮槽泥沙运动规律

30年来 ,在对涨潮槽性质和水沙条件有所了解的基础上 ,于 2 0 0 1年洪季和 2 0 0 3年枯季又一次对长江口新桥水道和南小泓两条典型涨潮槽及与其相邻的南支和南港主槽 (落潮槽 )的水流、泥沙和河床沉积物进行观测 ,并进行了专题研究。结果表明 :潮流历时涨潮比落潮短 ;潮流和单宽潮量涨潮比落潮大 ,优势流小于5 0 % ,净水流向槽顶方向 :涨潮含沙量、单宽输沙量大于落潮 ,优势沙小于 5 0 % ,净输沙向槽顶方向 ;悬沙粒径组成较细 ,河床泥沙粒径组成较粗 ,河床存在推移质泥沙运动 ,并形成微地貌沙波。

长江中下游江湖关系演变趋势数值模拟

以长江中下游防洪系统为对象,概述了在大型复杂防洪系统洪水行为数值模拟基础上,成功地将长江中下游洪水演进数学模型转化为面向长江防洪系统防洪规划方案评估需求的长江中下游江湖水沙演变的数学模型。为适应防洪规划方案论证涉及江湖水沙相互制衡相互关联客观情况,建立了面向江湖水沙关系及其演变的数学模型。针对长江中下游江湖水沙运动特点,在水沙数值模拟的范围内侧重对下荆江河道冲刷、荆江三口分流分沙模式、洞庭湖泥沙淤积、江湖耦合等环节进行了讨论,提出了合理可行的数值处理方法。模拟结果较好反映了江湖水沙演变规律,主要成果已应用于长江中下游防洪规划和防汛调度方案中。

泥沙输移变化与长江中游水患

通过分析历史和近期长江中游的泥沙输移变化 ,深入剖析了该区域洪灾形势愈演愈烈的原因。长江中游泥沙输移变化主要表现为泥沙淤积向干流螺山～汉口河段的转移 ,累积性的泥沙淤积引起了干流和湖区全局性水患加剧。随着中上游人类活动加剧 ,区域水沙灾害发展趋势恶劣。根治长江中游水沙灾害的主要途径是将沙量减少 1.8亿t,远期措施是通过上游水保和水库拦沙减少来沙 ,近期措施主要是处理好中游泥沙的淤积部位。三峡建库后出库沙量过程和对应的下游冲刷回淤过程也说明减少 1.

黄河下游不同峰型洪水对泥沙输移的影响

黄河下游在洪水过程中的泥沙输移效果与峰型、含沙浓度和泥沙组成等因素有关。本研究在假定洪水经水库调控前后水体的含沙量和泥沙组成都相差不大,仅改变洪水过程线形状的基础上,从洪水调控的基本原则出发,考虑到洪水调控后输沙能力变化、水库的可操作性及下游漫滩程度等综合因素的影响,从机理上探讨了不同类型洪水的输沙效果,得出洪水调控系数λ≥0.32后,水库调控后的平头峰(恒定流量)并不比未经调控的自然洪水过程输沙效果差的结论。研究成果对小浪底水库科学调控水沙过程有参考意义。

黄河下游非恒定输沙数学模型——Ⅱ模型验证

利用所构建的非恒定输沙数学模型 ,对黄河下游铁谢至孙口河段内的 1 977年高含沙洪水、1 982年大水少沙型洪水以及 1 996年典型洪水进行了数值模拟。模拟结果证明了数学模型的可靠性 ,表明该模型不仅能模拟黄河下游河道一般洪水和高含沙洪水的水沙传播、水位变化及河床变形等 ,而且对模拟现行严重萎缩河道内的洪水演进及河床冲淤特性也有较好的适应性。