Method for Detecting Industrial Defects in Intelligent Manufacturing Using Deep Learning

With the advent of Industry 4.0,marked by a surge in intelligent manufacturing,advanced sensors embedded in smart factories now enable extensive data collection on equipment operation.The analysis of such data is pivotal for ensuring production safety,a critical factor in monitoring the health status of manufacturing apparatus.Conventional defect detection techniques,typically limited to specific scenarios,often require manual feature extraction,leading to inefficiencies and limited versatility in the overall process.Our research presents an intelligent defect detection methodology that leverages deep learning techniques to automate feature extraction and defect localization processes.Our proposed approach encompasses a suite of components:the high-level feature learning block(HLFLB),the multi-scale feature learning block(MSFLB),and a dynamic adaptive fusion block(DAFB),working in tandem to extract meticulously and synergistically aggregate defect-related characteristics across various scales and hierarchical levels.We have conducted validation of the proposed method using datasets derived from gearbox and bearing assessments.The empirical outcomes underscore the superior defect detection capability of our approach.It demonstrates consistently high performance across diverse datasets and possesses the accuracy required to categorize defects,taking into account their specific locations and the extent of damage,proving the method’s effectiveness and reliability in identifying defects in industrial components.

Advances of embedded resistive random access memory in industrial manufacturing and its potential applications

Embedded memory,which heavily relies on the manufacturing process,has been widely adopted in various industrial applications.As the field of embedded memory continues to evolve,innovative strategies are emerging to enhance performance.Among them,resistive random access memory(RRAM)has gained significant attention due to its numerousadvantages over traditional memory devices,including high speed(<1 ns),high density(4 F^(2)·n^(-1)),high scalability(~nm),and low power consumption(~pJ).This review focuses on the recent progress of embedded RRAM in industrial manufacturing and its potentialapplications.It provides a brief introduction to the concepts and advantages of RRAM,discusses the key factors that impact its industrial manufacturing,and presents the commercial progress driven by cutting-edge nanotechnology,which has been pursued by manysemiconductor giants.Additionally,it highlights the adoption of embedded RRAM in emerging applications within the realm of the Internet of Things and future intelligent computing,with a particular emphasis on its role in neuromorphic computing.Finally,the review discusses thecurrent challenges and provides insights into the prospects of embedded RRAM in the era of big data and artificial intelligence.

Research on the Industrial Transfer and Restructuring Path of the Energy-Intensive Manufacturing Industry in Western China

The orderly transfer of the manufacturing industry is a major action in China’s industrial restructuring.From the perspective of industrial transfer,we used the concentration ratio to depict the trend of the industrial transfer of energy-intensive manufacturing in the eastern,central,and western regions since the policy of large-scale development of western China was implemented.We measured the total factor productivity(TFP)of western China using the DEAMalmquist index method.We conducted a regression analysis to measure the effect of western China’s undertaking of the transfer of the energy-intensive manufacturing industry.The findings of this study show that during 2000–2019,eleven provinces(as well as autonomous regions and municipalities)in western China undertook the transfer of the energy-intensive manufacturing industry from the eastern and central regions to varying degrees,exhibiting significant phase features regarding the rate and scale of transfers.Further investigation also demonstrated that the transfer of energy-intensive manufacturing industries has a U-shaped enabling effect on TFP in western China with the scale effect greater than the technology effect.Therefore,it is necessary to transition from“extensive industrial transfer”at the cost of the labor force,land,and resources to“modern industrial transfer”featured by technology and efficiency improvements to contribute to industrial restructuring in western China effectively.

Analysis on Technical Structure and Competitiveness of ICT Manufacturing Industries

In order to analyze the technical structure and international comparative advantage of the information and communication technology(ICT)manufacturing industry,a complete set of ICT manufacturing product categories has been constructed by matching National Economical Industry Classification(GB/T4754-2017)with Harmonized System(HS)Codes,based on the relevant definitions in International Standard Industrial Classification(ISIC).The proposed definition overcomes inherent defects such as inaccurate scopes,lagging data and rough categories,which are characterized by commonly utilized product-level based classification approaches.Within the given framework,this paper has designed the technology content related indicators from the perspective of production distribution,and divided ICT product categories into high-end,medium-end and lowend manufacturing classifications according to respective global shares.Then,we have calculated international market shares(IMS),revealed comparative advantages(RCA),and market penetration rates(MPR)of ICT manufacturing exports for major economies from 2010 to 2021.Finally,development characterizations of ICT manufacturing industries for China’s Mainland are analyzed,and several practical suggestions are provided.

The Effects of Industrial Park Development on Manufacturing Firms’Performance in Ethiopia

This study examines the effects of industrial parks on export earnings,employment creation,and FDI attraction in Ethiopia.Despite varying degrees of successes and failures,several countries have utilized industrial park and other forms of special economic zones as a policy instrument for fostering economic transformation.China is at the forefront of using special economic zones as a policy tool for economic transformation.Ethiopia is one of the African countries that has adopted industrial park development as a policy tool to enhance its economic transformation.However,the issue is not well researched and this study aims to contribute to fill the research gap.The analysis of the hypotheses test reveals that industrial parks in Ethiopia have statistically significant effects on export earnings,employment creation,and FDI attraction with significant levels of p≤0.001.Low labor productivity,domestic raw material supply constraints,weak forward and backward linkage,transport cost and logistic constraints,and government institutions’capacity constraints are identified as the major constraints that affect the effectiveness of industrial parks and manufacturing firms.On the other hand,the availability of a trainable labor force,raw material potential,preferential policies and incentives,the economic growth of the country,and the labor wage rise in China and other emerging countries are identified as the main five potentials and opportunities for sustained and dynamic industrial parks development.Based on the findings,three policy implications are suggested.First,formulating and implementing manufacturing labor force development and utilization policies and strategies are vital.Second,the forward-backward linkage along the value chain needs to be enhanced through proper policies.Finally,institutional capacity building through learning by doing and public-private partnership has to be strengthened.

On the Digital Transformation of the Automobile Manufacturing Industry in the Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Circle:Mechanism of Action and Feasible Paths

With a long industrial chain and a powerful ability to drive other industries,the automobile manufacturing industry has a prominent strategic position in the national economy.In recent years,many countries have put on their agenda the digitalization of the automobile manufacturing industry,leading to an connected,autonomous,shared,and electric(also known as CASE)①development trend in the industry.As one of the six major automobile industry clusters in China,the Chengdu-Chongqing economic circle has achieved initial results in the digital transformation of the automobile manufacturing industry.However,the region is still faced with some constraints,such as insufficient digital infrastructure,relatively slow development of new automobile products,insufficient innovation ability of the automobile industry,and complex digital transformation of small and medium-sized automobile enterprises(automobile SMEs).This paper intends to construct a framework for the mechanism of action of the digital transformation in the automobile manufacturing industry,analyze the effects of the digital transformation of the automobile manufacturing industry in the Chengdu-Chongqing economic circle,and propose feasible paths for the digital transformation of the automobile manufacturing industry in the region by drawing on domestic and international experience in this regard.The specific paths include:(a)Smoothing the“dual-core”data chain to facilitate the digital transformation of the automobile manufacturing industry;(b)Developing the new energy vehicle(NEV)industry to upgrade the quality of automobile products;(c)Achieving corner overtaking in the digital transformation of the automobile manufacturing industry with digital technology;(d)Jointly building the automobile industrial park to promote the digital transformation of the industry;(e)Addressing problems facing automobile SMEs in digital transformation via targeted policy tools.

Intelligent Manufacturing for the Process Industry Driven by Industrial Artificial Intelligence

Based on the analysis of the characteristics and operation status of the process industry,as well as the development of the global intelligent manufacturing industry,a new mode of intelligent manufacturing for the process industry,namely,deep integration of industrial artificial intelligence and the Industrial Internet with the process industry,is proposed.This paper analyzes the development status of the existing three-tier structure of the process industry,which consists of the enterprise resource planning,the manufacturing execution system,and the process control system,and examines the decision-making,control,and operation management adopted by process enterprises.Based on this analysis,it then describes the meaning of an intelligent manufacturing framework and presents a vision of an intelligent optimal decision-making system based on human–machine cooperation and an intelligent autonomous control system.Finally,this paper analyzes the scientific challenges and key technologies that are crucial for the successful deployment of intelligent manufacturing in the process industry.

Industrial Engineering Analysis of Chinese Manufacturing Industry in Transition Period Based on Grey Predictions

In order to explore the characteristics and development strategies of Chinese manufacturing production system, the grey forecasting model GM( 1,1) and the grey verhulst dynamic model were built firstly. The prediction results show that Chinese manufacturing productivity would reach $ 32 806 per person in 2018,which indicates rapid development and lays the foundation for China to become the world's manufacturing power since the reform and opening up. However, it is predicted that Chinese manufacturing productivity would peak in 2018 based on the grey verhulst dynamic model,which reveals the resource configuration mode of Chinese manufacturing system could not prop up its increasing manufacturing capability. Furthermore the main reasons of this phenomenon were explored,which could be summarized as the lack of accumulation,integration of industrial engineering( IE)and information technology( IT), promoting mechanism of IE application as well as integration model of management innovation and technology innovation,etc. Finally,a series of strategies based on IE theory to solve these problems were given. This study provides an effective way to deal with the challenges and opportunities facing the Chinese manufacturing industry,meanwhile,it may contribute to the theoretical system of IE.

Fundamental Theories and Key Technologies for Smart andOptimal Manufacturing in the Process Industry

Given the significant requirements for transforming and promoting the process industry, we present themajor limitations of current petrochemical enterprises, including limitations in decision-making, produc-tion operation, efficiency and security, information integration, and so forth. To promote a vision of theprocess industry with efficient, green, and smart production, modern information technology should beutilized throughout the entire optimization process for production, management, and marketing. To focuson smart equipment in manufacturing processes, as well as on the adaptive intelligent optimization of themanufacturing process, operating mode, and supply chain management, we put forward several key scien-tific problems in engineering in a demand-driven and application-oriented manner, namely：intelligentsensing and integration of all process information, including production and management information; collaborative decision-making in the supply chain, industry chain, and value chain, driven by knowledge; cooperative control and optimization of plant-wide production processes via human-cyber-physical in-teraction; and Q life-cycle assessments for safety and environmental footprint monitoring, in addition totracing analysis and risk control. In order to solve these limitations and core scientific problems, we furtherpresent fundamental theories and key technologies for smart and optimal manufacturing in the processindustry. Although this paper discusses the process industry in China, the conclusions in this paper can beextended to the larocess industry around the world.

Parallel Manufacturing for Industrial Metaverses:A New Paradigm in Smart Manufacturing

To tackle the complexity of human and social factors in manufacturing systems, parallel manufacturing for industrial metaverses is proposed as a new paradigm in smart manufacturing for effective and efficient operations of those systems, where Cyber-Physical-Social Systems(CPSSs) and the Internet of Minds(Io M) are regarded as its infrastructures and the "Artificial systems", "Computational experiments"and "Parallel execution"(ACP) method is its methodological foundation for parallel evolution, closed-loop feedback, and collaborative optimization. In parallel manufacturing, social demands are analyzed and extracted from social intelligence for product R&D and production planning, and digital workers and robotic workers perform the majority of the physical and mental work instead of human workers, contributing to the realization of low-cost, high-efficiency and zero-inventory manufacturing. A variety of advanced technologies such as Knowledge Automation(KA), blockchain, crowdsourcing and Decentralized Autonomous Organizations(DAOs) provide powerful support for the construction of parallel manufacturing, which holds the promise of breaking the constraints of resource and capacity, and the limitations of time and space. Finally, the effectiveness of parallel manufacturing is verified by taking the workflow of customized shoes as a case,especially the unmanned production line named Flex Vega.

Opportunities and Challenges of Artificial Intelligence for Green Manufacturing in the Process Industry

Smart manufacturing is critical in improving the quality of the process industry. In smart manufacturing, there is a trend to incorporate different kinds of new-generation information technologies into process- safety analysis. At present, green manufacturing is facing major obstacles related to safety management, due to the usage of large amounts of hazardous chemicals, resulting in spatial inhomogeneity of chemical industrial processes and increasingly stringent safety and environmental regulations. Emerging informa- tion technologies such as arti cial intelligence (AI) are quite promising as a means of overcoming these dif culties. Based on state-of-the-art AI methods and the complex safety relations in the process industry, we identify and discuss several technical challenges associated with process safety: ① knowledge acquisition with scarce labels for process safety;② knowledge-based reasoning for process safety;③ accurate fusion of heterogeneous data from various sources;and ④ effective learning for dynamic risk assessment and aided decision-making. Current and future works are also discussed in this context.

Fog-IBDIS:Industrial Big Data Integration and Sharing with Fog Computing for Manufacturing Systems

Industrial big data integration and sharing(IBDIS)is of great significance in managing and providing data for big data analysis in manufacturing systems.A novel fog-computing-based IBDIS approach called Fog-IBDIS is proposed in order to integrate and share industrial big data with high raw data security and low network traffic loads by moving the integration task from the cloud to the edge of networks.First,a task flow graph(TFG)is designed to model the data analysis process.The TFG is composed of several tasks,which are executed by the data owners through the Fog-IBDIS platform in order to protect raw data privacy.Second,the function of Fog-IBDIS to enable data integration and sharing is presented in five modules:TFG management,compilation and running control,the data integration model,the basic algorithm library,and the management component.Finally,a case study is presented to illustrate the implementation of Fog-IBDIS,which ensures raw data security by deploying the analysis tasks executed by the data generators,and eases the network traffic load by greatly reducing the volume of transmitted data.

Future Digital Design and Manufacturing: Embracing Industry 4.0 and Beyond

Digital design and manufacturing have been around for several decades from the numerical control of machine tools and automating engineering design in 1960s, through early Computer Aided Design （CAD）/Computer Aided Engineering analysis （CAE）/Computer Aided Manufacturing （CAM）, to modem digital design and manufacturing [1], and cloud manufacturing [2] converging into product lifecycle management （PLM） [3, 4] and Internet-enabled personalized manufacturing [5].

Empirical analysis of carbon tariff's effect on the export structure of China's manufacturing industry and social welfare based on the GTAP model

In recent years,carbon emissions have gradually evolved from an environment issue into a political and economic one.Carbon tariff has brought about new trade barriers of developed countries,and in order to enhance the industrial competitiveness of developed countries,it will produce unfavorable impact on developing countries.Concentrated on the manufacturing industry,which is the most intensive high-carbon industry in China's export structure,this article studies the relationship between carbon tariff policy and industry structure of export trade and builds up a relation between climate change and international trade.First,by means of establishing a partial equilibrium model,it applies geometric analysis and mathematical analysis to compute the impact on China's manufacturing export trade and the consequences of the introduction of the US carbon tariff to China's manufacturing industry that has already imposed a domestic shipping carbon tax.Furthermore,with the application of the GTAP model,it estimates the overall economic and welfare effects on China's manufacturing industry if the US and Europe introduce carbon tariff by means of four ways,and then analyzes the influence on China's manufacturing industry export structure and social welfare as well.The result shows that the introduction of the US carbon import tariff lowers China's export price and export volume,and the implementation of a domestic carbon tax justifies a higher export price and a lower export volume for China.However,the degree of export reduction is smaller than that under the effect of the US carbon tariff.In the case of developed countries imposing carbon tariff on China's energy-intensive industries,such as chemical rubber products,oil and coal-processing industry and paper industry,whose export would be reduced,the negative impact on the paper industry is the severest,which will decrease the paper industry's export ranging from 1.79%to 6.05%,whereas the other industries' export will increase.Anyhow,it will promote China's manufacturing industry to adjust the export structure to a certain extent.In addition,it will lead to a decrease in China's welfare,with a decrease between $2,134 billion and $8,347 billion.Finally,this paper provides information on international coordination,export structure adjustment and green manufacturing adjustment as a reference for the development of China's manufacturing industry.

Industry Linkage and Low-carbon Development--Based on Logistics Industry & Manufacturing Industry

Key project of " manufacturing industry and logistics industry linkage"was proposed in the Logistics Adjustment and Revitalization Plan by the state council in 2009. However the consumption and pollution generated by manufacturing industry and logistics industry linkage in China are also large at present. How to conduct manufacturing industry and logistics industry linkage by the low-carbon manner is one of most important issues under current low-carbon economy background. In this paper,the issue is studied and analyzed by constructing system dynamics model,which could propose suggestions for low-carbon linkage development of manufacturing industry and logistics industry.

Impact of the green credit policy on external financing,economic growth and energy consumption of the manufacturing industry

China attempts to achieve energy conservation,emission reduction and environmental protection through the implementation of the green credit policy,but its implementation impact is still controversial.An important content of the green credit policy is to require banking and financial institutions to tighten the credit exposure of industries of‘high pollution and high energy consumption’and industries with overcapacity,so as to use economic leverage to curb their blind expansion and reduce energy consumption by controlling external financing.This paper examined the impact and the lingering effects of the green credit policy on external financing,economic growth and energy consumption in the manufacturing industry,which was most influenced by the green credit policy,from 2003 to 2016 by using the DID method.Furthermore,this paper estimated the dynamic endogenous relationships among external financing,economic growth and energy consumption with two-step system GMM model to investigate the influential path of the green credit policy.The results showed that:the green credit policy had a significant negative impact on the external financing of manufacturing industry,but its negative impact on the economic growth and energy consumption of manufacturing industry was not statistically significant,and the effect of the green credit policy had a dynamic feature of weakening with time.Additionally,in the manufacturing industry,there was a bilateral causal relationship between the energy consumption and economic growth of the control group industry and the processing group industry.There was a bilateral causal relationship between the economic growth and external financing of the control group industries in the manufacturing industry.There was a unilateral causal relationship between the economic growth and external financing of the processing group industries in the manufacturing industry,while the external causality existed between the control group industries and the processing group industries in the manufacturing industry.The causal relationship between the financing and energy consumption was not statistically significant.At present,the transmission path of the green credit policy is that the green credit policy controls external financing,then affects economic growth and ultimately inhibits energy consumption,but the effectiveness of the path is not statistically significant.The conclusion of this paper provides policy reference and scientific basis for the adjustment and improvement of green credit.

An Application of Non–Linear Cobb-Douglas Production Function to Selected Manufacturing Industries in Bangladesh

Recently, businessmen as well as industrialists are very much concerned about the theory of firm in order to make correct decisions regarding what items, how much and how to produce them. All these decisions are directly related with the cost considerations and market situations where the firm is to be operated. In this regard, this paper should be helpful in suggesting the most suitable functional form of production process for the major manufacturing industries in Bangladesh. This paper considers Cobb-Douglas (C-D) production function with additive error and multiplicative error term. The main purpose of this paper is to select the appropriate Cobb-Douglas production model for measuring the production process of some selected manufacturing industries in Bangladesh. We use different model selection criteria to compare the Cobb-Douglas production function with additive error term to Cobb-Douglas production function with multiplicative error term. Finally, we estimate the parameters of the production function by using optimization subroutine.

Cross-border Urban Networks Based on Manufacturing Global Value Chain:A Study of Listed Companies in Western China

Cross-border investment is essential for western China’s globalization.Global value chain(GVC)forms cross-border investment networks between industries in western China and overseas cities.Focusing on GVC,this study uses the social network analysis method,entropy method,multi-index comprehensive evaluation method,and quadratic assignment procedure analysis method to examine the characteristics and influencing factors of the urban networks of research and development(R&D),production,and sales formed as a result of the overseas investments of listed manufacturing companies in western China.Results showed that the three types of investment networks involved multiple industry types and multiple central cities with differentiated diversity and multicentrality.The R&D urban network’s leading sub-industries were the mechanical equipment and instruments,medicine and biological products,and metal and nonmetal industries.The destination cities were mostly those home to educational and scientific research centers.The production urban network’s leading sub-industries were the mechanical equipment,instrument,and food and beverage industries.The destination cities were mostly regional central cities in developing countries.The sales urban network’s leading sub-industries were the mechanical equipment and instrument,metal and nonmetal,and petrochemical and plastics industries.The destination cities were numerous and scattered.In addition,the R&D urban network easily formed specialized clusters,core nodes easily controlled the production urban network,and individual nodes did not easily control the sales urban network.Technological and economic system advantages greatly impacted the three network types.Considering the different influencing factors,this study suggests optimizing the institutional investment environment to narrow the institutional gap,adjusting and optimizing the investment layout to expand overseas markets,and increasing R&D funds to stimulate technological progress and overseas investments in western China.

Spatial Organization of Innovation in the Oil Equipment Manufacturing Industry: Case of Dongying, China

As innovation and technological change have become increasingly important for the competitiveness and sustainable growth of firms,cooperative innovation is now crucial for traditional industries in the context of globalization.This paper proposes a framework for analyzing the spatial pattern of cooperative innovation for traditional industries in developing countries.Based on in-depth interviews with 35 firms in the oil equipment manufacturing industry in Dongying City,China,this study argues that different firms in the innovation pyramid have various innovation activity preferences and spatial patterns.Firms with high innovation abilities tend to cooperate with various partners that are geographically dispersed and continuously expanding,while firms with inferior abilities usually cooperate with nearby fixed partners.Due to the differences in innovation environment and actor locations,firms tend to make different choices regarding innovation types and models,which highlight the importance of personnel training and basic scientific research at the global scale and practical product research and development at the national scale.Additionally,talent flow is the most important way to realize relationships for firm innovation activity.

Geographical Agglomeration of Chinese Manufacturing Industries

Based on the plant level data from the First National Census of Basic Units, the Second National Census of Basic Units, and the First National Economic Census of China, this paper ex- amines the geographical agglomeration of Chinese manufacturing industries at a more disaggregated level both by industrial classi-fication and spatial unit analysis. Applying the agglomeration index proposed by Maurel and Sedillot, studies show that the most agglomerated industries are resource-intensive, and capital and technology intensive while industries demanding localized inputs or serving localized markets or favored by local governments are fairly dispersed. The more disaggregated industries are more spa- tially agglomerated. At the finer spatial scale, industries are more dispersed. Results indicate that within-county spillovers are stronger than nearby-county spillovers, and within-prefecture spillovers are stronger than nearby prefecture spillovers. Local- ized spillovers are still quite substantial at a range beyond that of counties. Comparing the agglomeration index of Chinese manu- facturing industries in 1996, 2001 and 2004, agglomeration seems to be a general tendency. Results also indicate that some industries have experienced remarkable changes in their levels of agglom- eration in the period 1996–2004.