Phase change materials (PCMs) can be incorporated with low-cost minerals to synthesize composites for thermal energy storage in building applications.Stone coal (SC) after vanadium extraction treatment shows potential...Phase change materials (PCMs) can be incorporated with low-cost minerals to synthesize composites for thermal energy storage in building applications.Stone coal (SC) after vanadium extraction treatment shows potential for secondary utilization in composite preparation.We prepared SC-based composite PCMs with SC as a matrix,stearic acid (SA) as a PCM,and expanded graphite (EG) as an additive.The combined roasting and acid leaching treatment of raw SC was conducted to understand the effect of vanadium extraction on promoting loading capacity.Results showed that the combined treatment of roasting at 900℃ and leaching increased the SC loading of the composite by 6.2%by improving the specific surface area.The loading capacity and thermal conductivity of the composite obviously increased by 127%and 48.19%,respectively,due to the contribution of 3wt% EG.These data were supported by the high load of 66.69%and thermal conductivity of 0.59 W·m^(-1)·K-1of the designed composite.The obtained composite exhibited a phase change temperature of 52.17℃,melting latent heat of 121.5 J·g^(-1),and good chemical compatibility.The SC-based composite has prospects in building applications exploiting the secondary utilization of minerals.展开更多
Hybrid materials of vanadium nitride and porous carbon nanoparticles(VN/PCNPs) were fabricated by a facile pyrolysis process of vanadium pentoxide(V_2O_5) xerogel and melamine at relatively low temperature of 800 ...Hybrid materials of vanadium nitride and porous carbon nanoparticles(VN/PCNPs) were fabricated by a facile pyrolysis process of vanadium pentoxide(V_2O_5) xerogel and melamine at relatively low temperature of 800 °C for supercapacitor application. The effects of the feed ratio of V_2O_5 to melamine(r), and nitrogen flow rate on the microstructure and electrochemical performance were also investigated. It was found that the size of the as-synthesized nanoparticles is about 20 nm. Both r value and N_2 flow rate have enormous impacts on morphology and microstructure of the nanoparticle, which correspondingly determined the electrochemical performance of the material. The VN/C hybrid nanoparticles exhibited high capacitive properties, and a maximum specific capacitance of 255.0 Fg^(-1) was achieved at a current density of 1.0 Ag^(-1) in 2 M KOH aqueous electrolyte and the potential range from 0 to -1.15 V. In addition,symmetrical supercapacitor fabricated with the as-synthesized VN/PCNPs presents a high specific capacitance of 43.5 F g^(-1) at 0.5 A g^(-1) based on the entire cell, and an energy density of 8.0 Wh kg^(-1) when the power density was 575 W kg^(-1). Even when the power density increased to 2831.5 W kg^(-1), the energy density still remained 6.1 Wh kg^(-1).展开更多
Vanadium oxides have attracted one’s wide attention due to their diverse valences and spatial structure as cathode for aqueous zinc ion batteries.However,a strong electrostatic interaction exists between Zn ions and ...Vanadium oxides have attracted one’s wide attention due to their diverse valences and spatial structure as cathode for aqueous zinc ion batteries.However,a strong electrostatic interaction exists between Zn ions and host materials,which leads to their sluggish reaction kinetics and inferior structural stability.Herein,we design a kind of vanadium-based electrode materials with abundant phase boundaries and oxygen defects.The assembled Zn//V_(6)O_(13)/VO_(2) batteries deliver a specific capacity of 498.3 mA h g^(-1)at 0.2 A g^(-1) and retain a capacity of 485.8 mA h g^(-1)after 100 cycles.Moreover,they achieve a retention rate of 96.8% after 5000 cycles at 10 A g^(-1).The soft pack cells also show excellent mechanical stability at different folding conditions.展开更多
A high production efficiency synthesis method was used to produce a stacked vanadium nitride nanoparticle structure with an inexpensive raw material as an anode material and high surface area polystyrene was used the ...A high production efficiency synthesis method was used to produce a stacked vanadium nitride nanoparticle structure with an inexpensive raw material as an anode material and high surface area polystyrene was used the cathode material for lithium ion hybrid capacitors. The Li-HCs cell displayed an excellent specific capacitance of 64.2 F·g^-1 at a current density of 0.25 A·g^-1 and a wide potential window of 0.01 to 3.5 V. Furthermore, the device exhibited a high energy density of 109.3 W·h·kg^-1 at a power density of 512.3 W·kg^-1 and retained an energy density of 69.2 W·h·kg^-1 at a high power density of 3 498.9 W· kg^-1 at 2 A·g^-1. Due to the short synthesis time and simple raw materials, this method is suitable for industrial production.展开更多
Ribbon-like Cu doped V6O（13） was synthesized via a simple solvothermal approach followed by heat treatment in air.As an cathode material for lithium ion battery,the ribbon-like Cu doped V6O（13 ）electrode exhibited...Ribbon-like Cu doped V6O（13） was synthesized via a simple solvothermal approach followed by heat treatment in air.As an cathode material for lithium ion battery,the ribbon-like Cu doped V6O（13 ）electrode exhibited good capacity retention with a reversible capacity of over 313 m Ah·g^-1 for up to 50 cycles at 0.1C,as well as a high charge capacity of 306 m Ah·g^-1 at a high current rate of 1 C,in comparison to undoped V6O（13 ）electrode（267 m Ah·g^-1 at 0.1C and 273 m Ah·g^-1 at 1 C）.The high rate capability and better cycleability of the doped electrode can be attributed to the influence of the Cu ions on the mophology and the electronic conductivity of V6O（13） during the lithiation and delithiation process.展开更多
La-doped Li3V2-xLax（PO4）3 （ x = 0.01, 0.02, and 0.03） cathode materials for lithium ion batteries were synthesized by the microwave-assisted carbothermal reduction method （MW-CTR）. The structures and properties ...La-doped Li3V2-xLax（PO4）3 （ x = 0.01, 0.02, and 0.03） cathode materials for lithium ion batteries were synthesized by the microwave-assisted carbothermal reduction method （MW-CTR）. The structures and properties of the prepared samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction （XRD） and electrochemical measurements. The results showed that all the three Li3V2-xLax（PO4）3 samples had the same monocfinic structures and sharper diffraction peaks of the crystal plane compared with those of the undoped Li3V2（PO4）3. The initial charge/discharge specific capacity, coulomb efficiency, and discharge decay rate of all the three Li3V2-xLax（PO4）3 samples were superior to those of the undoped Li3V2（PO4）3 sample, and the Li3V1.98La0.02（PO4）3 sample exhibited the best features among the three La-doped Li3V2-xLax（PO4）3 samples. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS） demonstrated that the Li3V1.98Lao.02（PO4）3 sample had a lower charge transfer resistance and a higher Li ion diffusion coefficient compared with the undoped Li3V2 （PO4）3 sample.展开更多
Potassium-ion batteries(PIBs)have been considered as promising candidates in the post-lithium-ion battery era.Till now,a large number of materials have been used as electrode materials for PIBs,among which vanadium ox...Potassium-ion batteries(PIBs)have been considered as promising candidates in the post-lithium-ion battery era.Till now,a large number of materials have been used as electrode materials for PIBs,among which vanadium oxides exhibit great potentiality.Vanadium oxides can provide multiple electron transfers during electrochemical reactions because vanadium possesses a variety of oxidation states.Meanwhile,their relatively low cost and superior material,structural,and physicochemical properties endow them with strong competitiveness.Although some inspiring research results have been achieved,many issues and challenges remain to be further addressed.Herein,we systematically summarize the research progress of vanadium oxides for PIBs.Then,feasible improvement strategies for the material properties and electrochemical performance are introduced.Finally,the existing challenges and perspectives are discussed with a view to promoting the development of vanadium oxides and accelerating their practical applications.展开更多
The paper is a summary of Russian material studies performed in frames of activi-ties aiming at substantiation of safety of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor(ITER) after 2001. Subthreshold sputterin...The paper is a summary of Russian material studies performed in frames of activi-ties aiming at substantiation of safety of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor(ITER) after 2001. Subthreshold sputtering of tungsten by 5 eV deuterons was revealed at temper-atures above 1150℃. Mechanism of globular films formation was further studied. Computationsof tritium permeation into vacuum vessel coolant confirmed the acceptability of vacuum vesselcooling system for removal of the decay heat. The most dangerous accident with high-currentare in toroidal superconducting magnets able to burn out a bore up to 0.6 m in diameter in thecryostat vessel was determined. Radiochemical reprocessing of V-Cr-Ti alloy and its purificationfrom activation products down to a contact dose rate of ～ 10 μSv/h was developed.展开更多
Rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries are promising candidate for gridscale energy storage.However,the development of zinc-ion batteries has been plagued by the lack of cathode materials with high specific capacity ...Rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries are promising candidate for gridscale energy storage.However,the development of zinc-ion batteries has been plagued by the lack of cathode materials with high specific capacity and superior lifespan.Herein,hexagonal Cs_(0.3)V_(2)O_(5)cathode is fabricated and investigated in zinc-ion batteries.Compared with the traditional vanadium oxides,the introduction of Cs changes the periodic atomic arrangements,which not only stabilizes the open framework structure but also facilitates the Zn^(2+)diffusion with a lower migration energy barrier.Consequently,high specific capacity of 543.8 mA h g^(-1)at 0.1 A g^(-1)is achieved,which surpasses most of reported cathode materials in zinc-ion batteries.The excellent cycle life is achieved over 1000 cycles with about 87.8%capacity retention at 2 A g^(-1).Furthermore,the morphological evolution and energy storage mechanisms are also revealed via a series of techniques.This work opens up a phase engineering strategy to fabricate the hexagonal vanadium oxide and elucidate the application of phase-dependent cathodes in zinc-ion batteries.展开更多
Hard carbons are promising anode materials for sodium-ion batteries.To meet practical requirements,searching for durable and conductive carbon with a stable interface is of great importance.Here,we prepare a series of...Hard carbons are promising anode materials for sodium-ion batteries.To meet practical requirements,searching for durable and conductive carbon with a stable interface is of great importance.Here,we prepare a series of vanadiummodified hard carbon submicrospheres by using hydrothermal carbonization followed by high-temperature pyrolysis.Significantly,the introduction of vanadium can facilitate the nucleation and uniform growth of carbon spheres and generate abundant V-O-C interface bonds,thus optimizing the reaction kinetic.Meanwhile,the optimized hard carbon spheres modified by vanadium carbide,with sufficient pseudographitic domains,provide more active sites for Na ion migration and storage.As a result,the HC/VC-1300 electrode exhibits excellent Na storage performance,including a high capacity of 420 mAh g^(-1) at 50mA g^(-1) and good rate capability at 1 A g^(-1).This study proposes a new strategy for the synthesis of hard carbon spheres with high tap density and emphasizes the key role of pseudographitic structure for Na storage and interface stabilization.展开更多
首先,将9,9-二(3,5-二甲基-4-羟基苯基)芴(DMBHF)、9,9-双(4-羟苯基)芴(BHF)和4,4’-二氟二苯甲酮(DFB)在高温下缩聚,得到聚芴醚酮(PFEK-x)(x=30、40、50,x为DMBHF含量,以DFB的物质的量计,下同);接着,利用溴代反应将PFEK-x的甲基功能化...首先,将9,9-二(3,5-二甲基-4-羟基苯基)芴(DMBHF)、9,9-双(4-羟苯基)芴(BHF)和4,4’-二氟二苯甲酮(DFB)在高温下缩聚,得到聚芴醚酮(PFEK-x)(x=30、40、50,x为DMBHF含量,以DFB的物质的量计,下同);接着,利用溴代反应将PFEK-x的甲基功能化为溴甲基;然后,通过4-羟基苯磺酸钠的SN2亲核取代制得具有不同离子交换容量的磺化聚芴醚酮(SPFEK-x);最后,通过溶液浇铸法成膜并酸化,制得新型低成本质子交换膜(PEMs)。采用^(1)HNMR、FTIR、TGA对其进行了表征,并对其性能进行了测试。结果表明,SPFEK-40膜具有较高的质子传导率及离子选择性、较低的钒离子渗透率及面电阻,综合性能优异。以SPFEK-40膜组装的全钒液流电池(VRFB)在电流密度为80 m A/cm^(2)时的能量效率为88.2%,高于以Nafion 212膜组装的VRFB的84.8%。此外,以SPFEK-40膜组装的VRFB在30次循环后放电容量保持率为84.3%,远高于以Nafion 212膜组装的VRFB(66.1%)。该合成路线的原料来源广泛,价格低廉,不涉及危险的磺化反应,易于工业放大。制得的SPFEK-x均具有良好的机械性能和氧化稳定性。展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, China (Nos. 52274252 and 51874047)the Special Fund for the Construction of Innovative Provinces in Hunan Province, China (No. 2020RC3038)the Changsha City Fund for Distinguished and Innovative Young Scholars, China (No. kq1802007)。
文摘Phase change materials (PCMs) can be incorporated with low-cost minerals to synthesize composites for thermal energy storage in building applications.Stone coal (SC) after vanadium extraction treatment shows potential for secondary utilization in composite preparation.We prepared SC-based composite PCMs with SC as a matrix,stearic acid (SA) as a PCM,and expanded graphite (EG) as an additive.The combined roasting and acid leaching treatment of raw SC was conducted to understand the effect of vanadium extraction on promoting loading capacity.Results showed that the combined treatment of roasting at 900℃ and leaching increased the SC loading of the composite by 6.2%by improving the specific surface area.The loading capacity and thermal conductivity of the composite obviously increased by 127%and 48.19%,respectively,due to the contribution of 3wt% EG.These data were supported by the high load of 66.69%and thermal conductivity of 0.59 W·m^(-1)·K-1of the designed composite.The obtained composite exhibited a phase change temperature of 52.17℃,melting latent heat of 121.5 J·g^(-1),and good chemical compatibility.The SC-based composite has prospects in building applications exploiting the secondary utilization of minerals.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51203071, 51363014 and 51463012)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2014M552509, 2015T81064)+2 种基金Natural Science Funds of the Gansu Province (2015GS05123)Program for Hongliu Distinguished Young Scholars in Lanzhou University of Technology (J201402)University Scientific Research Project of Gansu Province (2014B-025)
文摘Hybrid materials of vanadium nitride and porous carbon nanoparticles(VN/PCNPs) were fabricated by a facile pyrolysis process of vanadium pentoxide(V_2O_5) xerogel and melamine at relatively low temperature of 800 °C for supercapacitor application. The effects of the feed ratio of V_2O_5 to melamine(r), and nitrogen flow rate on the microstructure and electrochemical performance were also investigated. It was found that the size of the as-synthesized nanoparticles is about 20 nm. Both r value and N_2 flow rate have enormous impacts on morphology and microstructure of the nanoparticle, which correspondingly determined the electrochemical performance of the material. The VN/C hybrid nanoparticles exhibited high capacitive properties, and a maximum specific capacitance of 255.0 Fg^(-1) was achieved at a current density of 1.0 Ag^(-1) in 2 M KOH aqueous electrolyte and the potential range from 0 to -1.15 V. In addition,symmetrical supercapacitor fabricated with the as-synthesized VN/PCNPs presents a high specific capacitance of 43.5 F g^(-1) at 0.5 A g^(-1) based on the entire cell, and an energy density of 8.0 Wh kg^(-1) when the power density was 575 W kg^(-1). Even when the power density increased to 2831.5 W kg^(-1), the energy density still remained 6.1 Wh kg^(-1).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52172218)。
文摘Vanadium oxides have attracted one’s wide attention due to their diverse valences and spatial structure as cathode for aqueous zinc ion batteries.However,a strong electrostatic interaction exists between Zn ions and host materials,which leads to their sluggish reaction kinetics and inferior structural stability.Herein,we design a kind of vanadium-based electrode materials with abundant phase boundaries and oxygen defects.The assembled Zn//V_(6)O_(13)/VO_(2) batteries deliver a specific capacity of 498.3 mA h g^(-1)at 0.2 A g^(-1) and retain a capacity of 485.8 mA h g^(-1)after 100 cycles.Moreover,they achieve a retention rate of 96.8% after 5000 cycles at 10 A g^(-1).The soft pack cells also show excellent mechanical stability at different folding conditions.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51762031)the Foundation for Innovation Groups of Basic Research in the Gansu Province(No.1606RJIA322)
文摘A high production efficiency synthesis method was used to produce a stacked vanadium nitride nanoparticle structure with an inexpensive raw material as an anode material and high surface area polystyrene was used the cathode material for lithium ion hybrid capacitors. The Li-HCs cell displayed an excellent specific capacitance of 64.2 F·g^-1 at a current density of 0.25 A·g^-1 and a wide potential window of 0.01 to 3.5 V. Furthermore, the device exhibited a high energy density of 109.3 W·h·kg^-1 at a power density of 512.3 W·kg^-1 and retained an energy density of 69.2 W·h·kg^-1 at a high power density of 3 498.9 W· kg^-1 at 2 A·g^-1. Due to the short synthesis time and simple raw materials, this method is suitable for industrial production.
基金Funded by the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University of Ministry of Education,(No.NCET-12-0655)the Guangxi Natural Science Foundation(No.2014GXNSFFA118004)
文摘Ribbon-like Cu doped V6O（13） was synthesized via a simple solvothermal approach followed by heat treatment in air.As an cathode material for lithium ion battery,the ribbon-like Cu doped V6O（13 ）electrode exhibited good capacity retention with a reversible capacity of over 313 m Ah·g^-1 for up to 50 cycles at 0.1C,as well as a high charge capacity of 306 m Ah·g^-1 at a high current rate of 1 C,in comparison to undoped V6O（13 ）electrode（267 m Ah·g^-1 at 0.1C and 273 m Ah·g^-1 at 1 C）.The high rate capability and better cycleability of the doped electrode can be attributed to the influence of the Cu ions on the mophology and the electronic conductivity of V6O（13） during the lithiation and delithiation process.
基金supported by the Key Research Project of the Science and Technology Department of Jiangxi Province,China (2006)
文摘La-doped Li3V2-xLax（PO4）3 （ x = 0.01, 0.02, and 0.03） cathode materials for lithium ion batteries were synthesized by the microwave-assisted carbothermal reduction method （MW-CTR）. The structures and properties of the prepared samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction （XRD） and electrochemical measurements. The results showed that all the three Li3V2-xLax（PO4）3 samples had the same monocfinic structures and sharper diffraction peaks of the crystal plane compared with those of the undoped Li3V2（PO4）3. The initial charge/discharge specific capacity, coulomb efficiency, and discharge decay rate of all the three Li3V2-xLax（PO4）3 samples were superior to those of the undoped Li3V2（PO4）3 sample, and the Li3V1.98La0.02（PO4）3 sample exhibited the best features among the three La-doped Li3V2-xLax（PO4）3 samples. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS） demonstrated that the Li3V1.98Lao.02（PO4）3 sample had a lower charge transfer resistance and a higher Li ion diffusion coefficient compared with the undoped Li3V2 （PO4）3 sample.
基金the Shenyang University of Technology(QNPY202209-4)the Key R&D project of Liaoning Province of China(2020JH2/10300079)+2 种基金the“Liaoning BaiQianWan Talents Program”(2018921006)the Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program(XLYC1908034)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21571132).
文摘Potassium-ion batteries(PIBs)have been considered as promising candidates in the post-lithium-ion battery era.Till now,a large number of materials have been used as electrode materials for PIBs,among which vanadium oxides exhibit great potentiality.Vanadium oxides can provide multiple electron transfers during electrochemical reactions because vanadium possesses a variety of oxidation states.Meanwhile,their relatively low cost and superior material,structural,and physicochemical properties endow them with strong competitiveness.Although some inspiring research results have been achieved,many issues and challenges remain to be further addressed.Herein,we systematically summarize the research progress of vanadium oxides for PIBs.Then,feasible improvement strategies for the material properties and electrochemical performance are introduced.Finally,the existing challenges and perspectives are discussed with a view to promoting the development of vanadium oxides and accelerating their practical applications.
文摘The paper is a summary of Russian material studies performed in frames of activi-ties aiming at substantiation of safety of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor(ITER) after 2001. Subthreshold sputtering of tungsten by 5 eV deuterons was revealed at temper-atures above 1150℃. Mechanism of globular films formation was further studied. Computationsof tritium permeation into vacuum vessel coolant confirmed the acceptability of vacuum vesselcooling system for removal of the decay heat. The most dangerous accident with high-currentare in toroidal superconducting magnets able to burn out a bore up to 0.6 m in diameter in thecryostat vessel was determined. Radiochemical reprocessing of V-Cr-Ti alloy and its purificationfrom activation products down to a contact dose rate of ～ 10 μSv/h was developed.
基金financialy supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22109140,21875221,and 22075223)Distinguished Young Scholars Innovation Team of Zhengzhou University(No.32320275)the Youth Talent Support Program of High-Level Talents Special Support Plan in Henan Province(ZYQR201810148)
文摘Rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries are promising candidate for gridscale energy storage.However,the development of zinc-ion batteries has been plagued by the lack of cathode materials with high specific capacity and superior lifespan.Herein,hexagonal Cs_(0.3)V_(2)O_(5)cathode is fabricated and investigated in zinc-ion batteries.Compared with the traditional vanadium oxides,the introduction of Cs changes the periodic atomic arrangements,which not only stabilizes the open framework structure but also facilitates the Zn^(2+)diffusion with a lower migration energy barrier.Consequently,high specific capacity of 543.8 mA h g^(-1)at 0.1 A g^(-1)is achieved,which surpasses most of reported cathode materials in zinc-ion batteries.The excellent cycle life is achieved over 1000 cycles with about 87.8%capacity retention at 2 A g^(-1).Furthermore,the morphological evolution and energy storage mechanisms are also revealed via a series of techniques.This work opens up a phase engineering strategy to fabricate the hexagonal vanadium oxide and elucidate the application of phase-dependent cathodes in zinc-ion batteries.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:51874362,51932011,52002407Scientific Research Project of Hunan Provincial Department of Education,Grant/Award Number:21B0815。
文摘Hard carbons are promising anode materials for sodium-ion batteries.To meet practical requirements,searching for durable and conductive carbon with a stable interface is of great importance.Here,we prepare a series of vanadiummodified hard carbon submicrospheres by using hydrothermal carbonization followed by high-temperature pyrolysis.Significantly,the introduction of vanadium can facilitate the nucleation and uniform growth of carbon spheres and generate abundant V-O-C interface bonds,thus optimizing the reaction kinetic.Meanwhile,the optimized hard carbon spheres modified by vanadium carbide,with sufficient pseudographitic domains,provide more active sites for Na ion migration and storage.As a result,the HC/VC-1300 electrode exhibits excellent Na storage performance,including a high capacity of 420 mAh g^(-1) at 50mA g^(-1) and good rate capability at 1 A g^(-1).This study proposes a new strategy for the synthesis of hard carbon spheres with high tap density and emphasizes the key role of pseudographitic structure for Na storage and interface stabilization.
文摘首先,将9,9-二(3,5-二甲基-4-羟基苯基)芴(DMBHF)、9,9-双(4-羟苯基)芴(BHF)和4,4’-二氟二苯甲酮(DFB)在高温下缩聚,得到聚芴醚酮(PFEK-x)(x=30、40、50,x为DMBHF含量,以DFB的物质的量计,下同);接着,利用溴代反应将PFEK-x的甲基功能化为溴甲基;然后,通过4-羟基苯磺酸钠的SN2亲核取代制得具有不同离子交换容量的磺化聚芴醚酮(SPFEK-x);最后,通过溶液浇铸法成膜并酸化,制得新型低成本质子交换膜(PEMs)。采用^(1)HNMR、FTIR、TGA对其进行了表征,并对其性能进行了测试。结果表明,SPFEK-40膜具有较高的质子传导率及离子选择性、较低的钒离子渗透率及面电阻,综合性能优异。以SPFEK-40膜组装的全钒液流电池(VRFB)在电流密度为80 m A/cm^(2)时的能量效率为88.2%,高于以Nafion 212膜组装的VRFB的84.8%。此外,以SPFEK-40膜组装的VRFB在30次循环后放电容量保持率为84.3%,远高于以Nafion 212膜组装的VRFB(66.1%)。该合成路线的原料来源广泛,价格低廉,不涉及危险的磺化反应,易于工业放大。制得的SPFEK-x均具有良好的机械性能和氧化稳定性。
