Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and the Large Hadron Collider for Heavy Ion Fusion

Heavy Ion Fusion makes use of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Lab and the Large Hadron Collider in Geneva, Switzerland for Inertial Confinement Fusion. Two Storage Rings, which may or may not initially be needed, added to each of the Colliders increases the intensity of the Heavy Ion Beams making it comparable to the Total Energy delivered to the DT target by the National Ignition Facility at the Lawrence Livermore Lab. The basic Physics involved gives Heavy Ion Fusion an advantage over Laser Fusion because heavy ions have greater penetration power than photons. The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider can be used as a Prototype Heavy Ion Fusion Reactor for the Large Hadron Collider.

Single Charged Top-Pion Production at the Next Generation e^＋e^- Colliders

The single charged top-pion production processes e+e- → tbПt- and e+e- → W+Пt- are studied in the framework of top-color-assisted technicolor (TC2) model.Our studies show that the cross section σ(e+e-→tbП-t) reaches the level of tens of fb andσ(e+e-→W+П-t) reaches the level of a few fb. With the yearly integrated luminosity of (ξ) ～ 500 fb-1 expected at the planned colliders, one could collect thousands of charged top-pion of events via the process e+e-→tbП-t and hundreds of events via the process e+e-→W+П-t.The flavor changing decay mode П-t→bc is the best channel to detect charged top-pion due to the clean SM background. With a large number of events and the clean background, the charged top-pion should be observable at the planned colliders. Therefore, our studies in this paper can help us to search for charged top-pion, and furthermore, to test the TC2 model.

High-Energy Lithium-Ion Batteries:Recent Progress and a Promising Future in Applications

It is of great significance to develop clean and new energy sources with high-efficient energy storage technologies,due to the excessive use of fossil energy that has caused severe environmental damage.There is great interest in exploring advanced rechargeable lithium batteries with desirable energy and power capabilities for applications in portable electronics,smart grids,and electric vehicles.In practice,high-capacity and low-cost electrode materials play an important role in sustaining the progresses in lithium-ion batteries.This review aims at giving an account of recent advances on the emerging high-capacity electrode materials and summarizing key barriers and corresponding strategies for the practical viability of these electrode materials.Effective approaches to enhance energy density of lithium-ion batteries are to increase the capacity of electrode materials and the output operation voltage.On account of major bottlenecks of the power lithium-ion battery,authors come up with the concept of integrated battery systems,which will be a promising future for high-energy lithium-ion batteries to improve energy density and alleviate anxiety of electric vehicles.

Production of Top-Pions Associated with W Boson at Next Generation γγ Colliders

In the context of topcolor-assisted technicolor (TC2) model,we study the charged and neutral top-pionsproduction process γγ→ W^+П_t^-П_t^0.We find that the production cross section is larger than that of the processγγ→ W^+H^-H in the minimal supersymmetric standard model.With reasonable values of the parameters in the TC2model,the cross section can reach the level of a few fb.Furthermore,the flavor-changing (FC) decay mode П_t^0 → tc isthe best channel to detect the neutral top-pion due to the clean SM background.With a large number of events and theclean background,the neutral top-pion should be observable at future linear colliders operating in γγ mode at the TeVenergy scale.

Charged Top-Pion Production at Hadron Colliders

We studied the charged top-pion in the topcolor assisted technicolor model(TC2).If the charged top-pionsare heavy,m_(πt)>m_t+m_b,they will decay mainly via the channel π_t^+→tb^-.We also calculated the production of chargedtop-pion at the Tevatron and LHC.The cross section can reach to 100 fb at the Tevatron and dozens of pb at the LHCdepending on the mass of the top-pion.

Associated Productions of HZZ and HHZ at Linear Colliders in Large Extra Dimension Model

在这篇论文，我们在两 unpolarizedand 在线性 colliders 在二过程 e~+e~- → H~0Z~0Z~0 和 e~+e~- → H~0H~0Z~0 上调查大额外的尺寸的效果极化的碰撞模式。我们发现虚拟 Kaluza-Klein graviton 交换罐头显著地为这二个过程从他们的标准模型期望提高生气的节。过程e~+e~-→ H~0Z~0Z~0 上的带的效果在有效规模女士上给予观察限制到的结果表演在 theunpolarized 和+-被探查直到 9.75 TeV 和 10.1 TeV (λ_e+= 1/2 ，λ_e-=-1/2)极化了横梁碰撞模式(与P_e+= 0.6 ， P_e-= 0.8 )分别地。为过程 e~+e~- → H~0H~0Z~0，女士上的这些限制能在 unpolarized 在 to6.06 TeV 和 6.38 TeV 上面被探查并且极化碰撞模式独立。我们发现λ _e+= 1/2，在两过程 e~+e~- → H~0Z~0Z~0 的λ _e-=-1/2 极化碰撞模式和 e~+e~- → H~0H~0Z~0 可以提供可能性在探查带的效果改进敏感。

Single t-Quark Productions via Flavor-Changing Processes in Topcolor-Assisted Technicolor Model at Hadron Colliders

在最高的帮助颜色的彩色印片法(TC2 ) 的框架当模特儿，在那里存在树级改变风味(FC ) 政变石楠，它能导致联合 tcg 的环级的 FC。联合的如此的 tcg 能在即将来临的大强子 Collider (LHC ) 实验贡献重要线索。在这篇论文，基于 TC2 模型，我们学习包含在 Tevatron 和 LHC 联合的 tcg 的一些单个 t 夸克生产过程：pp (p)→ t (q = u， d， s ) ， tg。我们计算这些过程的生气的节。结果证明在 Tevatron 的生气的节太小，不能观察信号，但是在 LHC，它能到达一些 pb。与高光明， LHC 有可观的能力发现单个 t 夸克信号经由涉及联合 tcg 的一些 FC 进程生产了。在另一方面，这些过程能也向联合 tcg 的一些珍贵信息提供这些过程的详细学习并且而且提供可靠证据测试 TC2 模型。

Cross-satellite calibration of high-energy electron fluxes measured by FengYun-4A based on Arase observations

We use the High-energy Electron Experiments(HEP)instrument onboard Arase(ERG)to conduct an energy-dependent cross-satellite calibration of electron fluxes measured by the High Energy Particle Detector(HEPD)onboard FengYun-4A(FY-4A)spanning from April 1,2017,to September 30,2019.By tracing the two-dimensional magnetic positions(L,magnetic local time[MLT])of FY-4A at each time,we compare the datasets of the conjugate electron fluxes over the range of 245–894 keV in 6 energy channels for the satellite pair within different sets of L×MLT.The variations in the electron fluxes observed by FY-4A generally agree with the Arase measurements,and the percentages of the ratios of electron flux conjunctions within a factor of 2 are larger than 50%.Compared with Arase,FY-4A systematically overestimates electron fluxes at all 6 energy channels,with the corresponding calibration factors ranging from 0.67 to 0.81.After the cross-satellite calibration,the electron flux conjunctions between FY-4A and Arase show better agreement,with much smaller normalized root mean square errors.Our results provide a valuable reference for the application of FY-4A high-energy electron datasets to in-depth investigations of the Earth’s radiation belt electron dynamics.

Lambda polarization at the Electron-ion collider in China

Lambda polarization can be measured through its self-analyzing weak decay, making it an ideal candidate for studying spin effects in high-energy scattering. In lepton-nucleon deep inelastic scattering(DIS), Lambda polarization measurements can probe polarized parton distribution functions(PDFs) and polarized fragmentation functions(FFs). One of the most promising facilities for high-energy nuclear physics research is the proposed Electron-ion collider in China(EicC). As a next-generation facility, EicC is set to advance our understanding of nuclear physics to new heights. In this article, we study the Lambda production in electron-proton collisions at the EicC energy, in particular the reconstruction of Lambda based on the performance of the designed EicC detector. In addition, taking spontaneous transverse polarization as an example, we provide a theoretical prediction with a statistical projection based on one month of EicC data, offering valuable insights into future research prospects.

Colliding Bodies Optimization with Machine Learning Based Parkinson’s Disease Diagnosis

Parkinson’s disease(PD)is one of the primary vital degenerative diseases that affect the Central Nervous System among elderly patients.It affect their quality of life drastically and millions of seniors are diagnosed with PD every year worldwide.Several models have been presented earlier to detect the PD using various types of measurement data like speech,gait patterns,etc.Early identification of PD is important owing to the fact that the patient can offer important details which helps in slowing down the progress of PD.The recently-emerging Deep Learning(DL)models can leverage the past data to detect and classify PD.With this motivation,the current study develops a novel Colliding Bodies Optimization Algorithm with Optimal Kernel Extreme Learning Machine(CBO-OKELM)for diagnosis and classification of PD.The goal of the proposed CBO-OKELM technique is to identify whether PD exists or not.CBO-OKELM technique involves the design of Colliding Bodies Optimization-based Feature Selection(CBO-FS)technique for optimal subset of features.In addition,Water Strider Algorithm(WSA)with Kernel Extreme Learning Machine(KELM)model is also developed for the classification of PD.CBO algorithm is used to elect the optimal set of fea-tures whereas WSA is utilized for parameter tuning of KELM model which alto-gether helps in accomplishing the maximum PD diagnostic performance.The experimental analysis was conducted for CBO-OKELM technique against four benchmark datasets and the model portrayed better performance such as 95.68%,96.34%,92.49%,and 92.36%on Speech PD,Voice PD,Hand PD Mean-der,and Hand PD Spiral datasets respectively.

基于碰撞的多方向压电电磁能量采集器研究

针对传统单悬臂梁能量采集器工作频带窄,采集效率低,采集方向单一的问题,提出了一种基于碰撞的多方向压电电磁能量采集器。分析了引入碰撞的过程和多种工作模式的理论功率输出,建立了能量采集器的理论模型,制作了实验样机,研究了z方向不同碰撞间距对压电工作模式电压输出的影响,计算了最佳间距下不同工作模式的功率输出结果。结果表明,在碰撞间距为3 mm时,z方向压电工作模式可在更多频段产生机械耦合效应,输出电压最高达19.94 V,带宽为20.5 Hz,在混合采集工作模式下在x方向和z方向输出最高功率分别为0.11 W、0.46 W,带宽分别为18.5 Hz、20.5 Hz。

1.74μm大应变InGaAs/InGaAsP半导体锁模激光器

针对光频梳、医学光声成像及痕量气体探测等应用需要,研制了一种InP基碰撞锁模半导体激光器,可在1.74μm波段实现重复频率为19.3GHz的高效锁模,其射频(RF)谱半高全宽(FWHM)约14kHz。在可饱和吸收区未加偏压时,激光器的阈值电流为83mA,最大出光功率可达到25.83mW。固定吸收区偏置电压在-1.6V,增益区驱动电流高于130mA时,锁模激光器开始输出微波射频信号,并且RF谱的FWHM随着电流增加可下降至十几kHz。固定驱动电流为520mA,在吸收区偏置电压从-1.4V降至-2V过程中,激光发射光谱逐渐展宽,在-2V偏压下,光谱的FWHM为9.88nm,包含40多个间隔为0.2nm的纵模。对比分析了不同驱动电流和偏置电压下的射频频谱和发射光谱的变化趋势,证明了该锁模器件具有高效、稳定的锁模机制。

Revisiting the top-quark pair production at future e^(+)e^(−)colliders

In this study,we reanalyze the top-quark pair production at next-to-next-to-leading order(NNLO)in quantum chromodynamics(QCD)at future e^(+)e^(−)colliders using the Principle of Maximum Conformality(PMC)method.The PMC renormalization scales inαs are determined by absorbing the non-conformalβterms by recursively using the Renormalization Group Equation(RGE).Unlike the conventional scale-setting method of fixing the scale at the center-of-mass energyμ_(r)=√s,the determined PMC scale Q_(⋆)is far smaller than the √sand increases with the √s,yielding the correct physical behavior for the top-quark pair production process.Moreover,the convergence of the pQCD series for the top-quark pair production is greatly improved owing to the elimination of the renormalon divergence.For a typical collision energy of √s=500 GeV,the PMC scale is Q_(⋆)=107 GeV;the QCD correction factor K for conventional results is K∼1+0.1244+0.0102+0.0012−0.0087−0.0011+0.0184−0.0086+0.0002+0.0061−0.0003,where the first error is caused by varying the scaleμr∈[√s/2,2√s]and the second error is from the top-quark massΔm_(t)=±0.7 GeV.After applying the PMC,the renormalization scale uncertainty is eliminated,and the QCD correction factor K is improved to K∼1+0.1507_(−0.0015)^(+0.0015)−0.0057_(−0.0000)^(+0.0001),where the error is from the top-quark massΔm_(t)=±0.7 GeV.The PMC improved predictions for the top-quark pair production are helpful for detailed studies of the properties of the top-quark at future e^(+)e^(−)colliders.

对撞射流下通风空间的流场结构实验研究

为了研究送风口和回风口位置对室内流场结构的影响,本文搭建了采用多条缝对置撞击送风的通风缩比模型实验平台,利用激光粒子测速技术研究了等温和非等温工况下多条缝通风空间中不稳定气流场的速度和湍流信息。结果表明:等温和非等温工况下,送风口截面的流场速度、湍动能和涡量的空间分布类似,最大值分别可以达到1.3 m/s、0.1 m^(2)/s~2和60 s^(-1),射流碰撞形成2个大尺度涡旋,造成流场结构不稳定;CS4.5截面,流场速度、湍动能和涡量最大值分别可以达到0.9 m/s、0.04 m^(2)/s~2和30 s^(-1);CS3.5截面,速度与涡量最大值均出现在近壁面附近,分别为0.42 m/s、8 s^(-1),湍动能最大值出现在截面中间位置,为0.13 m^(2)/s~2,且流场中形成了大规模的涡旋;非等温工况下,送风口截面和CS3.5截面中小尺度涡旋增加,大尺度涡旋减少,热羽流抑制了大尺度流场结构,增加了小尺度流场结构。

A compact X-band backward traveling-wave accelerating structure

Very high-energy electrons(VHEEs)are potential candidates for FLASH radiotherapy for deep-seated tumors.We proposed a compact VHEE facility based on an X-band high-gradient high-power technique.In this study,we investigated and realized the first X-band backward traveling-wave(BTW)accelerating structure as the buncher for a VHEE facility.A method for calculating the parameters of single cell from the field distribution was introduced to simplify the design of the BTW structure.Time-domain circuit equations were applied to calculate the transient beam parameters of the buncher in the unsteady state.A prototype of the BTW structure with a thermionic cathode-diode electron gun was designed,fabricated,and tested at high power at the Tsinghua X-band high-power test stand.The structure successfully operated with 5-MW microwave pulses from the pulse compressor and outputted electron bunches with an energy of 8 MeV and a pulsed current of 108 mA.

基于ACBO-GM联合方法的高维变量结构模型修正

工程结构模型修正常面临变量维度高、非线性程度强等现实问题,其模型修正的精度和效率受到严重影响,为改善这一不足,提出基于改进物体碰撞算法(Advanced Colliding Bodies Optimization,ACBO)和高斯白噪声扰动(Gaussian-white-noise Mutation,GM)的联合修正方法。在联合方法中,ACBO实现从传统的“一对一”到“优对多”的碰撞模式的转变,GM则用于保证碰撞过程中种群的多样性,可有效提升结构模型修正效率。基于一系列测试函数,对比分析标准物体碰撞算法(Colliding Bodies Optimization,CBO)和联合优化方法的优化性能;给出基于ACBO-GM联合方法的修正流程,并将其应用于钢框架修正算例和悬臂梁修正实例,对比研究基于联合修正方法与基于遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)的修正精度和效率。研究表明,ACBO-GM联合优化方法在精度和效率方面都明显优于传统的CBO方法,该优化方法的可行性得到验证;基于ACBO-GM联合方法在钢框架和悬臂梁两个工程结构修正案例中的应用,其修正精度均与基于GA方法的精度一致,但修正效率显著优于基于GA的修正方法。

Strategies to achieve effective nitrogen activation

Ammonia serves as a crucial chemical raw material and hydrogen energy carrier.Aqueous electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction(NRR),powered by renewable energy,has attracted tremendous interest during the past few years.Although some achievements have been revealed in aqueous NRR,significant challenges have also been identified.The activity and selectivity are fundamentally limited by nitrogen activation and competitive hydrogen evolution.This review focuses on the hurdles of nitrogen activation and delves into complementary strategies,including materials design and system optimization(reactor,electrolyte,and mediator).Then,it introduces advanced interdisciplinary technologies that have recently emerged for nitrogen activation using high-energy physics such as plasma and triboelectrification.With a better understanding of the corresponding reaction mechanisms in the coming years,these technologies have the potential to be extended in further applications.This review provides further insight into the reaction mechanisms of selectivity and stability of different reaction systems.We then recommend a rigorous and detailed protocol for investigating NRR performance and also highlight several potential research directions in this exciting field,coupling with advanced interdisciplinary applications,in situ/operando characterizations,and theoretical calculations.

Proposal of a Deuterium-Deuterium Fusion Reactor Intended for a Large Power Plant

This article looks for the necessary conditions to use Deuterium-Deuterium (D-D) fusion for a large power plant. At the moment, for nearly all the projects (JET, ITER…) only the Deuterium-Tritium (D-T) fuel is considered for a power plant. However, as shown in this article, even if a D-D reactor would be necessarily much bigger than a D-T reactor due to the much weaker fusion reactivity of the D-D fusion compared to the D-T fusion, a D-D reactor size would remain under an acceptable size. Indeed, a D-D power plant would be necessarily large and powerful, i.e. the net electric power would be equal to a minimum of 1.2 GWe and preferably above 10 GWe. A D-D reactor would be less complex than a D-T reactor as it is not necessary to obtain Tritium from the reactor itself. It is proposed the same type of reactor yet proposed by the author in a previous article, i.e. a Stellarator “racetrack” magnetic loop. The working of this reactor is continuous. It is reminded that the Deuterium is relatively abundant on the sea water, and so it constitutes an almost inexhaustible source of energy. Thanks to secondary fusions (D-T and D-He3) which both occur at an appreciable level above 100 keV, plasma can stabilize around such high equilibrium energy (i.e. between 100 and 150 keV). The mechanical gain (Q) of such reactor increases with the internal pipe radius, up to 4.5 m. A radius of 4.5 m permits a mechanical gain (Q) of about 17 which thanks to a modern thermo-dynamical conversion would lead to convert about 21% of the thermal power issued from the D-D reactor in a net electric power of 20 GWe. The goal of the article is to create a physical model of the D-D reactor so as to estimate this one without the need of a simulator and finally to estimate the dimensions, power and yield of such D-D reactor for different net electrical powers. The difficulties of the modeling of such reactor are listed in this article and would certainly be applicable to a future D-He3 reactor, if any.

Stable operation of highly loaded pure Si-Fe anode under ambient pressure via carboxy silane-directed robust solid electrolyte interphase

Incorporation of higher content Si anode material beyond 5 wt% to Li-ion batteries(LIBs)is challenging,owing to large volume change,swelling,and solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)instability issues.Herein,a strategy of diacetoxydimethylsilane(DAMS)additive-directed SEI stabilization is proposed for a stable operation of Si-0.33FeSi_(2)(named as Si-Fe)anode without graphite,which provides siloxane inorganics and organics enrichment that compensate insufficient passivation of fluoroethylene carbonate(FEC)additive and reduce a dependence on FEC.Unprecedented stable cycling performance of highly loaded(3.5 mA h cm^(-2))pure Si-Fe anode is achieved with 2 wt%DAMS combined with 9 wt%FEC additives under ambient pressure,yielding high capacity 1270 mA h g^(-1)at 0.5 C and significantly improved capacity retention of 81% after 100 cycles,whereas short circuit and rapid capacity fade occur with FEC only additive.DAMS-directed robust SEI layer dramatically suppresses swelling and particles crossover through separator,and therefore prevents short circuit,demonstrating a possible operation of pure Si or Sidominant anodes in the next-generation high-energy-density and safe LIBs.