Uniformity Control of Scanned Beam in 300 MeV Proton and Heavy Ion Accelerator Complex at SESRI

In recent years,heavy ion accelerator technology has been rapidly developing worldwide and widely applied in the fields of space radiation simulation and particle therapy.Usually,a very high uniformity in the irradiation area is required for the extracted ion beams,which is crucial because it directly affects the experimental precision and therapeutic effect.Specifically,ultra-large-area and high-uniformity scanning are crucial requirements for spacecraft radiation effects assessment and serve as core specification for beamline terminal design.In the 300 MeV proton and heavy ion accelerator complex at the Space Environment Simulation and Research Infrastructure(SESRI),proton and heavy ion beams will be accelerated and ultimately delivered to three irradiation terminals.In order to achieve the required large irradiation area of 320 mm×320 mm,horizontal and vertical scanning magnets are used in the extraction beam line.However,considering the various requirements for beam species and energies,the tracking accuracy of power supplies(PSs),the eddy current effect of scanning magnets,and the fluctuation of ion bunch structure will reduce the irradiation uniformity.To mitigate these effects,a beam uniformity optimization method based on the measured beam distribution was proposed and applied in the accelerator complex at SESRI.In the experiment,the uniformity is successfully optimized from 75%to over 90%after five iterations of adjustment to the PS waveforms.In this paper,the method and experimental results were introduced.

Fuel compression in the magnetized cylindrical implosion driven by a gold tube heated by heavy ion beams

A magnetized cylindrical target composed of a gold tube filled with deuterium-tritium fuel plasma at low density is studied numerically in the present paper.A shock wave is produced when a heavy ion beam heats the gold along the direction of the magnetic field.The density peak of the shock wave increases with the increase in time and it propagates in the-r direction in the cylindrical tube.It seems that this wave is the supermagnetosonic wave.It is found that the Mach number M is between 6.96 and 19.19.The density peak of the shock wave increases as the intensity of the heavy ion beam increases.Furthermore,the density peak of the shock wave increases as the external magnetic field increases.

Non-Uniformity of Heavy-Ion Beam Irradiation on a Direct-Driven Pellet in Inertial Confinement Fusion

Heavy-ion-driven fusion （HIF） is a scheme to achieve inertial confinement fusion （ICF）. Investigation of the non-uniformity of heavy-ion beam （HIB） irradiation is one of the key issues for ICF driven by powerful heavy-ion beams. Ions in HIB impinge on the pellet surface and deposit their energy in a relatively deep and wide area. Therefore, the non-uniformity of HIB irradiation should be evaluated in the volume of the deposition area in the absorber layer. By using the OK1 code with some corrections, the non-uniformity of heavy-ion beam irradiation for the different ion beams on two kinds of targets were evaluated in 12-beam, 20-beam, 60-beam and 120-beam irradiation schemes. The root-mean-square （RMS） non-uniformity value becomes aRMS = 8.39% in an aluminum mono-layer pellet structure and aRMS = 6.53% in a lead-aluminum layer target for the 12-uranium-beam system. The RMS non-uniformity for the lead-aluminum layer target was lower than that for the mono-layer target. The RMS and peak-to-valley （PTV） non-uniformities are reduced with the increase in beam number, and low at the Bragg peak layer.

Calibration for CR－39 Solid State Nuclear Track Detector Using Heavy Ion Accelerator Beams

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Review of heavy-ion inertial fusion physics

In this review paper on heavy ion inertial fusion(HIF),the state-of-the-art scientific results are presented and discussed on the HIF physics,including physics of the heavy ion beam(HIB)transport in a fusion reactor,the HIBs-ion illumination on a direct-drive fuel target,the fuel target physics,the uniformity of the HIF target implosion,the smoothing mechanisms of the target implosion non-uniformity and the robust target implosion.The HIB has remarkable preferable features to release the fusion energy in inertial fusion:in particle accelerators HIBs are generated with a high driver efficiency of~30%-40%,and the HIB ions deposit their energy inside of materials.Therefore,a requirement for the fusion target energy gain is relatively low,that would be~50-70 to operate a HIF fusion reactor with the standard energy output of 1 GWof electricity.The HIF reactor operation frequency would be~10-15 Hz or so.Several-MJ HIBs illuminate a fusion fuel target,and the fuel target is imploded to about a thousand times of the solid density.Then the DT fuel is ignited and burned.The HIB ion deposition range is defined by the HIB ions stopping length,which would be~1 mm or so depending on the material.Therefore,a relatively large density-scale length appears in the fuel target material.One of the critical issues in inertial fusion would be a spherically uniform target compression,which would be degraded by a non-uniform implosion.The implosion non-uniformity would be introduced by the Rayleigh-Taylor(R-T)instability,and the large densitygradient-scale length helps to reduce the R-T growth rate.On the other hand,the large scale length of the HIB ions stopping range suggests that the temperature at the energy deposition layer in a HIF target does not reach a very-high temperature:normally about 300 eV or so is realized in the energy absorption region,and that a direct-drive target would be appropriate in HIF.In addition,the HIB accelerators are operated repetitively and stably.The precise control of the HIB axis manipulation is also realized in the HIF accelerator,and the HIB wobbling motion may give another tool to smooth the HIB illumination non-uniformity.The key issues in HIF physics are also discussed and presented in the paper.

Progress in particle-beam-driven inertial fusion research: Activities in Japan

Research activities in Japan relevant to particle beam inertial fusion are briefly reviewed.These activities can be ascended to the 1980s.During the past three decades,significant progress in particle beam fusion,pulsed power systems,accelerator schemes for intense beams,target physics,and high-energy-density physics research has been made by a number of research groups at universities and accelerator facilities in Japan.High-flux ions have been extracted from laser ablation plasmas.Controllability of the ion velocity distribution in the plasma by an axial magnetic and/or electric field has realized a stable high-flux low-emittance beam injector.Beam dynamics have been studied both theoretically and experimentally.The efforts have been concentrated on the beam behavior during the final compression stage of intense beam accelerators.A novel accelerator scheme based on a repetitive induction modulator has been proposed as a cost-effective particle-beam driver scheme.Beam-plasma interaction and pulse-powered plasma experiments have been investigated as relevant studies of particle beam inertial fusion.An irradiation method to mitigate the instability in imploding target has been proposed using oscillating heavy-ion beams.The new irradiation method has reopened the exploration of direct drive scheme of particle beam fusion.

GATE simulation based feasibility studies of in-beam PET monitoring in ^(12)C beam cancer therapy

In comparison with conventional radiotherapy techniques,12C beam therapy has its significant advantage in cancer treatment because the radiation dose are mostly concentrated near the Bragg peak region and damage to normal tissues along the beam path is thus greatly reduced.In-beam PET provides a way to monitor dose distribution inside human body since several kinds of positron-emitting nuclei are produced through the interaction between 12C beam and body matters.In this work,we study the quantitative relationship between the spatial location of the Bragg peak and the spatial distribution of positrons produced by positron-emitting nuclei.Monte Carlo package GATE is used to simulate the interactions between the incident 12C beam of different energies(337.5,270.0 and 195.0 MeV/u) and various target matters(water,muscle and spine bone).Several data post-processing operations are performed on the simulated positron-emitting nuclei distribution data to mimic the impacts of positron generation and finite spatial resolution of a typical PET imaging system.Simulation results are compared to published experimental data for verification.In all the simulation cases,we find that 10C and 11C are two dominant positron-emitting nuclei,and there exists a significant correlation between the spatial distributions of deposited energy and positrons.Therefore,we conclude that it is possible to determine the location of Bragg peak with 1 mm accuracy using current PET imaging systems by detecting the falling edge of the positron distribution map in depth direction.

Heating of multi-species upflowing ion beams observed by Cluster on March 28, 2001

Cluster satellites observed three successive outflowing ion beams on 28 March, 2001. It is generally accepted that these ion beams, composed of H^+, He^+, and O^+ ions, with three inverted-V structures in their energy spectra, are produced by acceleration through U-shaped potential structures. By eliminating the background ion population and employing Maxwelling fitting, we find that ions coming from the center of the potential structure have higher temperature than those from the flanks. Higher temperature of O^+ and He+compared to that of H^+ indicates that heavy ions are preferentially heated; we further infer that the heating efficiencies of O^+ and He^+ ions differ between the center and edges of the U-shaped potential structures. Estimation based on pitch angle observations shows that heating may also occur at an altitude above the upper boundary of the auroral acceleration region(AAR), where these beams are generally thought to be formed.

Simultaneous acceleration of two kinds of ion beams in the RISP

The Rare Isotope Science Project (RISP) is a research complex consisting of a heavy-ion accelerator, which contains a front-end system, a super-conducting linear accelerator, an isotope separator online (ISOL) system, and an in-flight system. The original purpose of the post-linear-accelerator (post-linac) section was to accelerate either a stable driver beam derived from an electron cyclotron resonance ion source, or an unstable rare-isotope beam from an ISOL system. The post-linac lattice has now been redesigned using a novel and improved acceleration concept that allows the simultaneous acceleration of both a stable driver beam and a radioisotope beam. To achieve this, the post-linac lattice is set for a mass-to-charge ratio (A/q) that is the average of the two beams. The performance of this simultaneous two-beam acceleration is here assessed using two ion beams: 58Ni^8+ and 132Sn^20+. A beam dynamics simulation was performed using the TRACK and TraceWin codes. The resultant beam dynamics for the new RISP post-linac lattice design are examined. We also estimate the effects of machine errors and their correction on the post-linac lattice.

Analysis of products of thymine irradiated by ^(18)O^(8+) ion beam in N_2O saturated aqueous solution

Some methods of capillary gas chromatography, such as GC, GC-MS,GC-FT-IR, are used to analyze the products of thymine irradiated by 18O8+ ion beam in N2O saturated aqueous solution. From the results of GC-MS the molecular weight of products can be determined, and from the results of GC-FT-IR some molecular structure information of products can be obtained. By this way the products,5,6-Dihydrothyndne, 5-Hydroxyl-5-Methylhydantoin, 5-Hydroxyl-6-Hydrothymine, 5-Hydro-6-Hydroxylthymine, 5-Hydroxymethyluracil, Trans-Thymine glycol, Cis-Thymine glycol and dimers are determined without separation of them from samples. Though these products are as same as those products of thymine irradiated by γ rays in N2O saturated aqueous solution, the mechanism of thymine irradiated by heavy ion beam in aqueous solution is different from that by γ rays. The main products of thymine irradiated by 18O8+ ion beam in N2O saturated aqueous solution are hydroxyl adducts at 5-6 band of thymine, while the main products of thymine irradiated by γ ray in N2O saturated aqueous solution are dimers of thymine.

重离子辐照育种对西蓝花幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

西蓝花(Brassica oleracea var.italica)是我国重要的蔬菜作物之一,其种子主要源于进口,亟需开发属于我国的创新型品种。为探究高能重离子束对西蓝花的当代生物学效应,本研究采用碳离子束辐照西蓝花种子,检测其幼苗期的生长指标、抗氧化酶活性、光合指标和叶绿素荧光等参数。结果表明:100~500 Gy的辐照对种子的萌发没有显著影响,600 Gy显著抑制其萌发。100~600 Gy辐照后根长、芽长、苗高、叶面积总体上随剂量增加而降低。碳离子束辐照西蓝花的半致死剂量(Median lethal dose,LD50)为415.89 Gy,使根长减半的剂量为495.12 Gy。辐照后幼苗的超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)和过氧化物酶(Peroxidase,POD)活性均高于对照,过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)的活性低于对照,400 Gy辐照后丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)含量显著升高。随吸收剂量的增加光合色素(叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素)呈现先升高再降低的趋势,最高值出现在300 Gy处。净光合作用、蒸腾速率和气孔导度均与吸收剂量负相关,辐照后非光合淬灭系数显著升高。结果表明,重离子束辐照抑制了西蓝花植株的生长,影响了抗氧化酶活性和光合作用。本研究为西蓝花的重离子束辐照诱变育种提供了基础数据。

Xe^(23+)离子束轰击低温工况下的无氧铜表面解吸性能研究

强流重离子加速器运行时产生动态真空效应引起束流寿命缩短,需安装无氧铜束流准直器来降低该效应。为探究无氧铜材料在离子束轰击下的解吸性能,本工作设计并研制了满足低温工况的解吸率测试装置,在兰州重离子加速器国家实验室利用Xe^(23+)离子束完成了无氧铜温度在4.2 K、20 K、77 K和300 K,以及束流能量为0.58 MeV/u、0.96 MeV/u和1.3 MeV/u的在束试验。结果表明,离子束轰击无氧铜表面时解吸出最多的分子为H_(2),其次分别为H2O、CO、CO_(2)、Ar和O_(2);当温度为4.2 K、束流能量为0.58 MeV/u时无氧铜解吸出H2的比例为87.74%。在同一能量下,随着无氧铜表面温度的升高,解吸率呈增加趋势,能量为0.58 MeV/u时,4.2 K下无氧铜的解吸率仅为25 mol/ion,小于300 K时的600 mol/ion,表明温度越高其解吸产额越大。在同一温度下,随着束流能量的升高无氧铜表面解吸率增加,但增加趋势逐渐减缓,解吸产额趋向饱和。

我国水稻辐射诱变育种研究进展

水稻(Oryza sativa L.)是主要粮食作物之一,其品种改良对我国农业可持续发展和粮食安全至关重要。辐射诱变技术为改良高产、优质、抗逆的水稻品种提供了有效途径,为种业自主创新作出了重要贡献。本文综述了近二十余年来水稻辐射诱变各类辐射源的应用,选育方法体系,辐射诱发突变的分子机理,水稻产量、抗性、品质等各类表型及相关基因突变体和获得的新品种等领域所取得的研究进展,并对未来使用辐射诱变技术为我国培育产量更高、适应性更强、品质更优的水稻新品种与创制更多用于基因功能研究的新种质等应用前景进行了展望。

中高能重离子束全径迹辐照材料和细胞的实验装置设计及效应分析

中高能重离子束注入生物材料的径迹显著深于生物靶,且不同径迹点上的剂量分布、理化效应等又大不相同,所以,同一靶点通常不可能接受所有理化因子的作用(即全径迹辐照)。本实验设计思路:基于CR-39核径迹探测手段,在纯水介质中验证全径迹辐照综合效应特征;通过沿径迹上连续逆向移动靶材料或细胞培养液,以探究全径迹的辐照效应。最后,与对照组相比较,揭示重离子束全径迹的辐照效应及其潜在的分子改性、细胞改良和发酵工程等方面的应用价值。

Design and tests of the prototype a beam monitor of the CSR external target experiment

A prototype beam monitor was designed to provide tracking information for heavy-ion projectiles for the cool storage ring(CSR)external target experiment(CEE)at the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou(HIRFL).High granularity and direct charge sensing are the main features of this device.It measures the beam position in a two-dimensional(2D)plane transverse to the beam direction on an event-by-event basis.The current design consists of two field cages inside a single vessel that operates independently and has electrical drift fields in orthogonal directions.Preliminary tests of the prototype were performed using a^(241)Am a source.The results show that a spatial resolution of less than 40μm and a time resolution of less than 600 ns can be achieved.

A compact isotope identification telescope with a wide dynamic range

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The 150 most important questions in cancer research and clinical oncology series:questions 67–75

Since the beginning of 2017, Chinese Journal of Cancer has published a series of important questions in cancer research and clinical oncology, which sparkle diverse thoughts, interesting communications, and potential collaborations among researchers all over the world. In this article, 9 more questions are presented as followed. Question 67. How could we overcome the resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma against chemotherapeutics? Question 68. Is pursuit of non-covalent small-molecule binders of RAS proteins viable as a strategy of cancer drug discovery? Question 69. In what oligomeric structures do RAS proteins signal? Question 70. How can we achieve non-invasive early detection and diagnosis of lung cancer? Question 71. Does genetic information influence the volatolome enabling diagnosis of lung cancer with genetic mutations via cell headspace or breath analysis? Question 72. Is heavy ion beam radiotherapy e ective to kill cancer stem cells? Question 73. Is there any diversity among di erent types of cancer in terms of sensitivity to heavy ion beam radiotherapy? Question 74. Can targeted alpha-particle therapy augment the e ect of carbon ion radiotherapy on malignancies? Question 75. How does chromosomal instability drive tumor progression?

Power Balance Consideration in the Design of Indirectly Driven Targets

A preliminary design for a heavy ion driver inertial fusion（HIDIF） target is presented. The effect of target material and dimensions on transfer efficiency and symmetrical irradiation in the hohlraum are investigated.The analysis led to the evaluation of optimal target materials and dimensions to achieve a positive power balance of an ICF power plant.The results show that the best choice is a high Z material for cavity wall materials and a low Z material for the capsule ablator.It is concluded that for achieving the highest transfer efficiency and best symmetrization we need an area ratio between 5≤A2/A1≤9.

关于高能重离子束辐射诱变北方粳稻育种方法的思考

高能重离子束(80 MeV/u)辐射作为一种新的诱变育种技术,已在小麦、甜高粱等作物育种上得到了应用,但在北方粳稻育种领域研发及应用还不多。2013年中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所利用国家大型重离子加速器装置,开展了高能重离子束(^(12)C^(6+))辐射北方粳稻的诱变育种工作。经过10年的研发,创建了高能重离子束辐射北方粳稻“少而精”诱变育种技术体系。本文对辐射亲本选择、辐射参数确立、后代材料的种植和选择及新品种培育等方面进行了归纳总结,并对辐射亲本的敏感性、M1代材料的天然杂交、高世代材料的“疯狂分离”等方面的问题进行了探讨和思考,期望为今后水稻高能重离子束辐射诱变育种工作提供参考。

Prospects of nuclear physics research using rare isotope beams at RAON in Korea

Korea plans to build a new radioactive ion-beam accelerator RAON together with various experimental facilities. In particular, KOBRA(the Korea Broad Acceptance Recoil Spectrometer & Apparatus) and LAMPS(the Large-Acceptance Multi-Purpose Spectrometer) will be constructed for the nuclear physics experiments.The primary goal of KOBRA is to study the structure of exotic nuclei near drip lines and various astrophysical processes at low energies. On the other hand, LAMPS will investigate the density dependence of the nuclear symmetry energy in wide beam energy range up to 2 times normal nuclear densities. This paper provides an overview of RAON and the experimental setup for the nuclear physics program.